ABSTRACT
Astaxanthin (AXT) is classified as a xanthophyll carotenoid compound which have broader functions including potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Considerable researches have demonstrated that AXT shows preventive and therapeutic properties against for Diabetes, Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis. However, the protective effect of AXT on liver disease has not yet been reported. In this study, we investigated effects of AXT on ethanol-induced liver injury in chronic plus binge alcohol feeding model. The hepatic steatosis and inflammation induced by ethanol administration were alleviated by AXT. Serum levels of aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase were decreased in the livers of AXT administrated group. The ethanol-induced expression of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), pro-inflammatory proteins, cytokines, chemokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were also reduced in the livers of AXT administrated group. Moreover, ethanol-induced infiltration of neutrophils was decreased in the livers of AXT administrated group. Docking model and pull-down assay showed that AXT directly binds to the DNA binding site of STAT3. Moreover, AXT decreased STAT3 phosphorylation in the liver of AXT administration group. Therefore, these results suggest that AXT could prevent ethanol-induced hepatic injury via inhibition of oxidant and inflammatory responses via blocking of STAT3 activity.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/pharmacology , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/drug therapy , Inflammation/drug therapy , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism , Animals , Antioxidants/therapeutic use , Aspartate Aminotransferases/blood , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/metabolism , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/pathology , Cytokines/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Ethanol/adverse effects , Inflammation/metabolism , Inflammation/pathology , Liver/drug effects , Liver/metabolism , Liver/pathology , Male , Mice , Phosphorylation/drug effects , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Xanthophylls/pharmacology , Xanthophylls/therapeutic useABSTRACT
The low expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP-3) is important in inflammatory responses. Therefore, inhibition of TIMP-3 may promote tumor development. Our study showed that expression of TIMP-3 was elevated in lL-32γ mice lung tissues. In this study, we investigated whether IL-32γ mice inhibited lung tumor development through overexpression of TIMP-3 and its methylation. To explore the possible underlying mechanism, lung cancer cells were transfected with IL-32γ cDNA plasmid. A marked increase in TIMP-3 expression was caused by promoter methylation. Mechanistic studies indicated that TIMP-3 overexpression reduced NF-κB activity, which led to cell growth inhibition in IL-32γ transfected lung cancer cells. We also showed that IL-32γ inhibits expression of DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1). Moreover, IL-32γ inhibits the binding of DNMT1 to TIMP-3 promoter, but this effect was reversed by the treatment of DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (5-Aza-CdR) and NF-κB inhibitor (PS1145), suggesting that a marked increase in TIMP-3 expression was caused by inhibition of promoter hypermethylation via decreased DNMT1 expression through the NF-κB pathway. In an in vivo carcinogen induced lung tumor model, tumor growth was inhibited in IL-32γ overexpressed mice with elevated TIMP-3 expression and hypomethylation accompanied with reduced NF-κB activity. Moreover, in the lung cancer patient tissue, the expression of IL-32 and TIMP-3 was dramatically decreased at a grade-dependent manner compared to normal lung tissue. In summary, IL-32γ may increase TIMP-3 expression via hypomethylation through inactivation of NF-κB activity, and thereby reduce lung tumor growth.
