Caries dental y calidad de vida de escolares de 6 a 8 años / Dental caries and quality life of schoolchildren aged 6 to 8 years

Introducción: la caries dental ocasiona dolor y alteración de la salud. La calidad de vida se refiere a la percepción de uno con base en su situación física, emocional y social. Objetivo: analizar la percepción de la calidad de vida en un grupo de escolares con caries. Metodología: 270 escolares de 6-8 años de edad con y sin experiencia de lesiones cariosas contestaron con sus padres un cuestionario basado en la Scale of Oral Health Outcomes (SOHO). Las respuestas se registraron con escala de tipo Likert. Se obtuvieron frecuencias, porcentajes, promedios y desviación estandar. Se compararon los grupos con chi cuadrada y t de Student, y se calculó la razón de momios (RM). Resultados: el 58% presentó experiencia de caries. El 64% de los escolares con caries informó que tenía antecedentes de dolor dentario y la media en los dominios sobre funciones bucales y relación familiar fue mayor para los escolares con caries (p = 0.001). Tener caries fue determinante para presentar dificultades para comer: RM 8.7 (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC 95%] 4.7-16); beber: RM 5.9 (IC 95% 3.4-10); dormir: RM 5.3 (IC 95% 3.1-9); jugar: 5.2 (IC 95% 2.7-10), p < 0.001. Desde la autopercepción del escolar, el 87% manifestó no sentirse contento por la presencia de caries. Conclusiones: la percepción de los escolares y padres del grupo con experiencia de caries dental mostró deterioro en la calidad de vida.

Background: Dental caries causes pain and alteration of integral health. Quality of life refers to oneself's perception of their physical, emotional and social situation. Objective: To analyze the perception of quality of life in a group of schoolchildren with caries. Methodology: 270 schoolchildren aged 6-8 years with and without experience of carious lesions, with their parents, answered a questionnaire based on the Scale of Oral Health Outcomes (SOHO). The answers were recorded with a Likert-type scale. Frequencies, percentages, averages and standard deviation were obtained. The groups were compared with chi squared and Student's t test, and odds ratios (OR) were calculated. Results: 58% presented caries experience. 64% of schoolchildren with caries reported antecedents of dental pain, and the mean in the domains on oral functions and family relationship was higher for schoolchildren with caries (p = 0.001). Having caries was determinant for eating difficulties: OR 8.7 (95% CI 4.7-16); drink: OR 5.9 (95% CI 3.4-10); sleeping: OR 5.3 (95% CI 3.1-9); play: OR 5.2 (95% CI 2.7-10), p < 0.001. From schoolchildren auto-perception 87% said they did not feel happy about their decayed teeth. Conclusions: The perception of the schoolchildren and parents belonging to the group with experience of dental caries showed deterioration in the quality of life.

Photoelasticity for Stress Concentration Analysis in Dentistry and Medicine.

Complex stresses are created or applied as part of medical and dental treatments, which are linked to the achievement of treatment goals and favorable prognosis. Photoelasticity is an optical technique that can help observe and understand biomechanics, which is essential for planning, evaluation and treatment in health professions. The objective of this project was to review the existing information on the use of photoelasticity in medicine and dentistry and determine their purpose, the areas or treatments for which it was used, models used as well as to identify areas of opportunity for the application of the technique and the generation of new models. A literature review was carried out to identify publications in dentistry and medicine in which photoelasticity was used as an experimental method. The databases used were: Sciencedirect, PubMed, Scopus, Ovid, Springer, EBSCO, Wiley, Lilacs, Medigraphic Artemisa and SciELO. Duplicate and incomplete articles were eliminated, obtaining 84 articles published between 2000 and 2019 for analysis. In dentistry, ten subdisciplines were found in which photoelasticity was used; those related to implants for fixed prostheses were the most abundant. In medicine, orthopedic research predominates; and its application is not limited to hard tissues. No reports were found on the use of photoelastic models as a teaching aid in either medicine or dentistry. Photoelasticity has been widely used in the context of research where it has limitations due to the characteristics of the results provided by the technique, there is no evidence of use in the health area to exploit its application in learning biomechanics; on the other hand there is little development in models that faithfully represent the anatomy and characteristics of the different tissues of the human body, which opens the opportunity to take up the qualitative results offered by the technique to transpolate it to an application and clinical learning.

[Fluorides in water for consumption in northern and western Mexico]. / Fluoruros en agua de consumo al norte y occidente de México.

The amount of fluoride in water in some regions of Mexico represents a public health problem. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of original studies that report fluoride levels in tap and bottled water from the northern and western regions of Mexico. A systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA method in PubMed, Scopus, Medigraphic and Scielo databases. The keywords fluoride OR fluorosis AND water AND Mexico were used for the search and the records found were included and excluded according to the previous established criteria. We reviewed data in articles published between January 1st, 2010 and March 30th, 2021. We identified a total of 36 records. Most showed data found in the western region (n = 23), while the rest reported data found in the north. Both regions reported maximum and mean sample ranges above those suggested by the World Health Organization and national regulations. According to the analyzed data, in Mexico, the northern and western regions of the country show a concerning situation due to the high levels of fluoride reported by many authors in tap and bottled water. Almost all authors reported data above those recommended for national and international regulations, which represent an important public health problem that requires attention.

La cantidad de fluoruros en el agua en algunas regiones de México representa un problema de salud pública. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una revisión sistemática de estudios originales que reportaran niveles de fluoruros en agua corriente y embotellada de la región norte y occidente de México. Esta revisión sistemática se elaboró utilizando el sistema PRISMA en las bases de datos de PubMed, Scopus, Medigraphic y Scielo. Se implementaron las palabras clave de fluoride OR fluorosis AND water AND Mexico, y se incluyeron y excluyeron registros de acuerdo con los criterios previamente establecidos. Fueron revisados aquellos artículos publicados entre el 1 de enero del 2010 y el 30 de marzo del 2021. Se identificaron 36 registros en total. La mayoría mostraban datos encontrados en la región occidente del país (n = 23) mientras que los restantes fueron realizados al norte. Ambas regiones se mostraron con rangos máximos y medias muestrales por encima de lo sugerido por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y los organismos reguladores nacionales. De acuerdo con los estudios aquí analizados en México, las regiones Norte y Occidente del país muestran una situación preocupante por los elevados niveles de fluoruros que reportan los autores en agua corriente y embotellada, los niveles se encuentran casi en su totalidad por encima de los recomendados a nivel nacional e internacional lo cual significa un problema de salud pública que requiere de atención.

Association of Age and Temperamental Traits with Children's Behaviour during Dental Treatment.

During paediatric dental treatment, cooperation by children is essential, and temperament can determine their behaviour style. This study aimed to associate temperamental traits and age with behaviour during paediatric dental treatment. This was an observational and cross-sectional study of patients aged 3-10 years. To determine the temperamental traits, an Emotionality Activity and Sociability Temperament Survey (EAS) was performed with the children's parents. The type of behaviour was determined with Frankl's criteria. The total scores for temperamental traits, means, and standard deviations were obtained. The chi-squared test, one-way ANOVA and Student's t-test were applied. A total of 140 patients, who were 5 ± 2.1 years old, participated in the study. Age was determinant for negative behaviour, with a greater frequency in children ≤5 years old (p < 0.05), and a significant negative correlation between age and behaviour (rho = -0.245, p = 0.001). Patients with higher emotionality and activity presented negative and definitely negative behaviours more frequently (p < 0.01). The values for sociability and shyness were similar for positive or negative behaviours. In conclusion, the temperamental traits of emotionality and activity were more frequent in children with disruptive behaviours; therefore, conducting a survey on temperamental traits can be useful for planning behavioural approaches in paediatric dentistry.

Oral diseases in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia with chemotherapy treatment / Alteraciones bucodentales en niños con leucemia linfoblástica aguda bajo tratamiento con quimioterapia

Background: Pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) usually develop oral manifestations due to the disease itself, as well as side effects of chemotherapy that severely affect their health and quality of life. The aim of this paperis to determine the prevalence of oral diseases in pediatric all patients with and without chemotherapy and its relation to the different phases of chemotherapy. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in 103 pediatric patients with all between 3-15 years. They were classified into groups: without chemotherapy and with chemotherapy at phase of consolidation, enhancement, maintenance and monitoring. Clinical diagnosis was performed and gingival inflammation index (IMPA) and caries criteria (dmf and DMF) were applied. Results: The prevalence oral manifestations in the chemotherapy group were mucositis (98%), ulcers (90%), gingivitis (86%) and candidiasis (78%). The induction phase related with mucositis: RM = 7.6, 95%CI: 4.4-13, p = 0.0001; candidiasis: OR = 103, 95%CI: 13.0-818, p = 0.0001; gingivitis: OR = 16.2, 95%CI: 5.5-47, p = 0.0001; ulcers OR = 61.5, 95%CI: 8.7-432, p = 0.0001. Conclusions: The frequency and severity of oral diseases was hight and associated with the induction phase of chemotherapy, altering the overall nutrition and health of children.

Introducción: los pacientes pediátricos con leucemia linfoblástica aguda habitualmente desarrollan manifestaciones bucales debidas a la propia enfermedad, así como por efectos secundarios de la quimioterapia (QT) que afectan severamente su salud y calidad de vida. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la prevalencia de patologías bucales en pacientes pediátricos con leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA) con y sin tratamiento QT, así como su relación con las fases del tratamiento QT. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal, observacional y analítico en pacientes pediátricos con LLA de 3 a 15 años. Se clasificaron en varios grupos: sin tratamiento, con tratamiento QT en fase de inducción, consolidación, intensificación, mantenimiento y vigilancia. Se realizó un examen clínico de los tejidos bucales y se aplicaron los índices de inflamación gingival (IPMA) y caries (ceod y CPOD). Resultados: el grupo bajo QT presentó mucositis (98%), úlceras (90%), gingivitis (86%) y candidiasis (78%). La fase de inducción se asoció con la presencia de mucositis: RM = 7.6, IC95%: 4.4-13, p = 0.0001; candidiasis: RM = 103, IC95%: 13.0-818, p = 0.0001; gingivitis: RM = 16.2, IC95%: 5.5-47, p = 0.0001; úlceras RM = 61.5, IC95%: 8.7-432, p = 0.0001. Conclusiones: la mayor frecuencia y severidad de las patologías bucodentales se asociaron a la fase de inducción, alterando la alimentación y la salud integral de los niños.

[Dental caries experience and its relation to oral hygiene in Mexican children]. / La caries y su relación con la higiene oral en preescolares mexicanos.

INTRODUCTION: Dental caries is public health problem in Mexico and there are few studies on preschool children. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the caries experience in preschool children and its relation to oral hygiene in an underserved area of ​​the state of Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive, observational and analytical study in children aged four and five years of age enrolled in children´s centers. The sociodemographic variables were obtained through a questionnaire. Clinical evaluation of each of the infants was performed using the CPOD index for primary teeth caries , the criteria of the World Health Organization, and the significant caries index was calculated and oral hygiene was assessed using the criteria of the O'Leary index. Calibration was kappa>0.86 for indexes. RESULTS: The study population consisted of children of both genders: 69.5% had caries experience, and the index of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) was 3.52±3.7 (d=3.37±3.5; m=0; f=0.11±0.51). The significant caries index was 8.95±0.39 (d=8.68±0.41; f=0.26±0.13). In total, 98.2% of children with caries experience had poor oral hygiene (DMFT: 4.91: 95% CI: 3.99-5.84), whereas in children with good hygiene it was 0.17 (95% CI: -0.18-0.51); existing association between caries experience and oral hygiene RM 913 (95% CI: 864-962; p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The caries experience of preschool children was high and was associated with poor oral hygiene affecting their dentition and usually is associated with caries in permanent dentition associated to social deprivation. Preventive programs are recommended from the first stage of life.

Obesidad y Caries Dental Problemas de Salud Pública en una Población Escolar / Obesity and Dental Caries Public Health Problems in a School Population

En diversos estudios se ha planteado a la obesidad como un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de la caries dental, sin embargo la literatura ha demostrado resultados discordantes, por lo que es necesario seguir investigando sobre la asociación de éstos dos problemas que son considerados de salud pública. Identificar la asociación entre el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) y la caries dental de la población escolar de seis a doce años de 19 escuelas primarias públicas localizadas en los doce pueblos en que se organiza la delegación Milpa Alta, en el Distrito Federal (México). El estudio fue descriptivo, comparativo y transversal, con una muestra por conveniencia de 4734 escolares que presentaron la autorización por escrito, previo consentimiento informado de los padres o tutores. El sobrepeso se midió con el IMC y la caries dental con el indicador CPOD. La información se capturó en el Programa de Cómputo SPSS Versión 15.0. Del total de escolares el 9,3% se ubicó en el percentil de bajo peso con un promedio de dientes cariados de 1,9. El 50,4% dentro del normal con 2,5 dientes cariados, el 19,6% con sobrepeso y con 2,6 dientes con historia de caries dental, el 11,1% con obesidad y 3,2 dientes cariados y el 9,5% con obesidad endógena y 2,9 dientes con caries dental. Es importante estudiar la posible asociación entre la caries dental y la obesidad ya que tienen un riesgo en común, la nutrición.

Several studies have proposed obesity as a risk factor for the development of dental caries, but the literature has shown conflicting results, so further research is needed on the association of these two problems which are considered health public. The objective of this study was to identify the association between body mass index (BMI) and dental caries in schoolchildren aged six to twelve years of 19 public elementary schools located in the twelve villages in the Milpa Alta delegation is organized in the Federal District (Mexico). The study was descriptive, comparative and transversal, with a convenience sample of 4734 students who took the written consent, informed consent from parents or guardians. Overweight was measured using the BMI and dental caries CPOD indicator. The information is captured in the Software SPSS version 15.0. Of the total 9.3% of school started off low weight percentile with an average of 1.9 decayed teeth. 50.4% within the normal with 2.5 decayed teeth, 19.6% overweight and 2.6 teeth with a history of dental caries, 11.1% obese and 3.2 decayed teeth and 9.5% with endogenous obesity and 2.9 teeth with dental caries. It is important to study the possible association between dental caries and obesity as they have a common risk, nutrition.

[Preventive and remineralization effect over incipient lesions of caries decay by phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate]. / Efecto preventivo y de remineralizacion de caries incipientes del fosfopeptido de caseina fosfato de calcio amorfo.

INTRODUCTION. Dental caries continues to affect a large percentage of Mexican children and currently advises that if diagnosed at an early stage can be reversed with minimally invasive treatments. The casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate known as CPP-ACP is a phosphoprotein capable of releasing calcium and phosphate ions in the oral environment promoting remineralization. OBJECTIVE. To evaluate the effect of CPP-ACP with fluoride added in a scholar preventive program. MATERIAL AND METHODS. A cuasi- experimental study was conducted in 104 schools of six years old. The children were classified into three groups and received six months biweekly applications of different treatments: casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate added fluoride (CPP-ACPF), sodium fluoride (NaF) and a control group. Clinical evaluation was performed with the laser fluorescence technique (Diagnodent model 2095). 1340 teeth were included: 294 teeth with incipient lesions and 1,046 healthy teeth. Statistical tests of χ2 y Mc Nemar were used. RESULTS. In the group that received the application of CPP-ACPF, 38% of incipient carious lesions were remineralizing compared with 21% in the group receiving the NaF (p < 0.001) and 15% in the control group (p < 0.0001) The percentage of teeth free of caries were preserved in the therapy group phosphoprotein was the biggest. This group also showed the lower proportion of deep carious lesion development (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION. The application biweekly for six months of CPP-ACPF showed a protective and remineralizing effect on incipient carious lesions. His action was better than the application of NaF. However, to reduce the impact from dental caries in schoolchildren is important to have a comprehensive preventive approach that includes promoting self-care, as well as the application of sealants.

[Caries prevalence in preschool children with overweight and obesity]. / Prevalencia de caries en preescolares con sobrepeso y obesidad.

OBJECTIVE: The diet with high and frequent carbohydrates consumption specially between meals increases the risk of nutritional diseases and dental decay. Also, in Mexico in the last years the changes in feeding patterns have increased the cases augmented of overweight and obesity in children, so the aim of the present study was to determine if dental decay is associated to overweight and obesity in preschool children from Mexico City. METHODOLOGY: A comparative cross-sectional study was carried out in 189 children aged of 3 to 6 years old, selected by convenience from Iztapalapa's area of Mexico City. According the body mass index (BMI) the children were qualified in three groups: 63 with normal weight, 63 with overweight and 63 with obesity. The clinical examination was performance by one observer. There were registered dmf-t, dmf-s indexes and the index of dental plaque of O'Leary. The chi2 and ANOVA tests were applied to compare among the groups, and odds ratio to estimate association. RESULTS. Caries prevalence was of 77% for the children with normal weight, 84% for those with overweight and 79% for the obese group. There was not association between caries with overweight, neither obesity, with exception for the obese girls who presented a higher affectation of dental decay in comparison with the obese boys(OR = 4.24; IC95%: 1.04-17.31, p < 0.05). In the overweight group, those children with poor hygienic habits showed more dental caries (OR = 7.83; IC95%: 1.74-35.21 p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence on dental caries was observed in preschool children, nevertheless, overweight and obesity did not correlate with to dental decay.

[Fluoride urinary excretion in Mexico City's preschool children]. / Excreción urinaria de flúor por preescolares en la ciudad de México.

OBJECTIVE: The assessment of urinary fluoride excretion during dental developing stage has been reported for different countries with community fluoride programs. Also, one of the factors that could influence on retention and excretion of fluoride is the deficient nutrition so the aim of this study was to determine fluoride urinary excretion by a group of preschool children with and without malnutrition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Urinary samples from 24 hours were collected from 60 preschool children selected by convenience from Iztapalapa area of Mexico City, 30 with malnutrition and 30 with standard nutritrional status by weight for age. The samples were analyzed by fluoride especific electrode. Orion 720A. RESULTS: The average concentration of fluoride in urine from preschool children with and without malnutrition were 0.89 +/- 0.4 mg/L and 0.80 +/- 0.3 mg/L, respectively. The mean of 24 hours total fluoride excreted were 367 +/- 150 microg/24 hrs. in malnutrition children and 355 +/- 169 microg/24 hrs. for those with standard nutritional status. There were no differences statistically significant between groups. CONCLUSION: The urinary fluoride excretion for children with and without malnutrition were in the optimal range of fluoridation for the prevention of caries decay. Malnutrition was no associated with changes on fluoride orine concentration and excretion rates.

Prevalencia y factores de riesgo asociados a enfermedad periodontal en preescolares de la Ciudad de México / Prevalence and risk factors periodontal disease among preeschool children in Mexico City

Objetivo: La enfermedad periodontal constituye uno de los padecimientos de mayor frecuencia en la cavidad bucal, manifestándose principalmente como gingivitis en el paciente pediátrico. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia y severidad de enfermedad periodontal en niños de edad preescolar de una zona del oriente de la Cd. de México. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional y descriptivo en 382 preescolares aplicándose los índices IHOS, IPMA e IP. Se buscó asociación con factores de riesgo. Resultados: Presentaron alteraciones periodontales 70% de los niños. El promedio del IHOS fue de 1.38±0.51; IPMA 0.62 ± 0.72 e IP de 0.51±0.42. Los factores determinantes para enfermedad periodontal fueron la caries y las restauraciones con interferencia cervical, así como los procesos de erupción y exfoliación. La gingivitis crónica leve fue la más observada. Conclusiones: Es importante promover programas preventivos dirigidos a mejorar los hábitos higiénicos y alimenticios de los preescolares.

Periodontal disease is one of the most frequent oral cavity diseases. Its main characteristic among pediatric patients is gingivitis. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease among preschool children living in an eastern suburb of Mexico City. Study design: We carried out a descriptive/ observational study of 382 school age children. The following indexes were administered: IHOS, IPMA and IP. Risk factors for periodontal disease were analyzed. Results: 70% of the children studied had periodontal disease. The index averages were: IHOS of 1.38+0.51; IPMA of 0.62+0.72 and IP of 0.51+0.42. Cervical cavities, restorations with cervical interference and eruption- exfoliation processes were associated with periodontal disease. Mild chronic gingivitis was the most prevalent. We must strengthen preventive programs aimed at improving oral health, hygienic and dietary habits among preschool children in Mexico.

[Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis and Caries in Mexico City Schoolchildren]. / Prevalencia de fluorosis dental y caries en escolares de la ciudad de México.

UNLABELLED: This study was conducted to determine prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis and dental caries in school-children living in two zones of the Mexico City's East Area. METHODS: Fluorosis and caries scores were recorded for 1,569 children according to the Dean Community Index, DMFT and DMFS indexes, and the relationship between fluorosis and fluoride sources was investigated. RESULTS: Dental fluorosis was found in 60.42% of children. Dean's Community score was 0.96 (SD-0.58). Quantity of toothpaste employed, toothbrushing frequency, and early initiation of toothbrushing correlated well with fluorosis (p = 0.03). Caries was present in 70.52% of children, DMFT and DMFS scores were 2.64 (SD 2.4) and 3.97 (SD 4.18) respectively. DMFT and DMFS scores were lower in children with mild and moderate fluorosis than in those fluorosis-free children. (p = 0.03).