Nódulos necrobióticos pulmonares: una manifestación excepcional de la enfermedad de Crohn / Pulmonary Necrobiotic Nodules: A Rare Manifestation of Crohn's Disease

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Cytotoxic Natural Killer Subpopulations as a Prognostic Factor of Malignant Pleural Effusion.

BACKGROUND: Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is a sign of advanced disease of poor prognosis. As natural killer (NK) cells are involved in the first line of tumour defence, we aimed to validate a new diagnostic and prognostic indicator for MPE based on NK subpopulations of pleural fluid (PF) and peripheral blood (PB). METHODS: NK subpopulations were determined in PF and PB in 71 patients with malignant, paramalignant or benign pleural effusion. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, Kaplan-Meier, multivariable Cox model and decision trees created with the CHAID (Chi-square automatic interaction detector) methodology were employed. RESULTS: We demonstrated that the PF/PB ratios of the CD56 bright CD16- and CD56 dim CD16- NK subpopulations were higher (p = 0.013 and p = 0.003, respectively) in MPEs and paramalignant pleural effusions (PPEs) than in benign ones, with an AUC of 0.757 and 0.741, respectively. The PF/PB ratio of CD16+ NK and CD57+ NK obtained a higher hazard ratio (HR) in the crude Cox's regression analysis. In the adjusted Cox's regression analysis, the PF/PB ratio of CD16+ NK gave the highest HR (HR 6.1 [1.76-21.1]) (p = 0.004). In the decision tree created for the MPE prognosis, we observed that the main predictor variable among the studied clinical, radiological, and analytical variables was lung mass, and that 92.9% of the patients who survived had a PF/PB ratio of the CD56 dim CD16+ NK subpopulation ≤ 0.43. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that both the PF/PB ratios of cytotoxic subpopulations CD57+ NK and CD16+ NK are useful as a prognostic factor of MPE. Other subpopulations (CD56 bright CD16- and CD56 dim CD16- NK) could help to diagnose MPE.

Pulmonary cysts in smoking-related interstitial fibrosis: a form of pseudocyst secondary to pulmonary interstitial emphysema / Quistes pulmonares en el contexto de la fibrosis intersticial pulmonar relacionada con el tabaco: una forma de seudoquiste secundario a enfisema intersticial pulmonar

Smoking-related interstitial fibrosis is a distinct form of fibrosis, found in smokers, which has striking histopathological features. We present a case of pulmonary interstitial fibrosis with cysts in a 58-year-old woman who was a significant active smoker, presenting with a 7 month history of progressive dyspnea. TAC revealed thin-walled pulmonary cysts. An open lung biopsy was performed and the histopathological study showed hyaline fibrous thickening of the alveolar septa, respiratory bronchiolitis and cysts in the thickness of the interlobar septa. Immunohistochemically, the absence of an epithelial, vascular or lymphatic endothelial lining of the cysts would suggest that the cysts had been caused by pulmonary interstitial emphysema. Immunohistochemistry is essential in the differential diagnosis that includes, in this case, true cysts, pseudocysts and pulmonary lymphangiectasia

La fibrosis intersticial relacionada con el tabaco es una forma especial de fibrosis con histología característica que ocurre en fumadores. Presentamos un caso de fibrosis intersticial pulmonar con quistes en una mujer de 58 años con historia de tabaquismo importante, que refería disnea progresiva en los últimos 7 meses. La TAC reveló quistes pulmonares de paredes delgadas. Se realizó una biopsia pulmonar abierta y el estudio histopatológico mostró engrosamiento fibroso hialino de los septos alveolares, bronquiolitis respiratoria y quistes en el espesor de los septos interlobares. Inmunohistoquímicamente, la ausencia de revestimiento epitelial, endotelial vascular y linfático de los quistes, apoya que estos son causados por enfisema intersticial pulmonar. La inmunohistoquímica es esencial en el diagnóstico diferencial que incluye en este caso, quistes verdaderos, seudoquistes y linfangiectasia pulmonar

Prognosis and Follow-Up of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a devastating progressive interstitial lung disease (ILD) with no known cause, is the most common and deadly of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. With a median survival of 3⁻5 years following diagnosis, IPF is characterized by a progressive decline in lung function and quality of life in most patients. Prognostic factors recognized classically that influence mortality include functional, clinical and radiological parameters. However, in recent years, there has also been progress in the knowledge of genetic factors and biomarkers that may be useful in the prognostic evaluation of these patients. On the other hand, the monitoring of the disease throughout its evolution is key to improving the prognosis of the patients, as it allows for taking therapeutic measures based on this evolution, even early remission for lung transplantation. This article reviews the main prognostic factors of the disease, as well as the most useful way to monitor the disease follow-up.

Predicting Malignant and Paramalignant Pleural Effusions by Combining Clinical, Radiological and Pleural Fluid Analytical Parameters.

BACKGROUND: The usefulness of clinical, radiological and pleural fluid analytical parameters for diagnosing malignant and paramalignant pleural effusion is not clearly stated. Hence this study aimed to identify possible predictor variables of diagnosing malignancy in pleural effusion of unknown aetiology. METHODS: Clinical, radiological and pleural fluid analytical parameters were obtained from consecutive patients who had suffered pleural effusion of unknown aetiology. They were classified into three groups according to their final diagnosis: malignant, paramalignant and benign pleural effusion. The CHAID (Chi-square automatic interaction detector) methodology was used to estimate the implication of the clinical, radiological and analytical variables in daily practice through decision trees. RESULTS: Of 71 patients, malignant (n = 31), paramalignant (n = 15) and benign (n = 25), smoking habit, dyspnoea, weight loss, radiological characteristics (mass, node, adenopathies and pleural thickening) and pleural fluid analytical parameters (pH and glucose) distinguished malignant and paramalignant pleural effusions (all with a p < 0.05). Decision tree 1 classified 77.8% of malignant and paramalignant pleural effusions in step 2. Decision tree 2 classified 83.3% of malignant pleural effusions in step 2, 73.3% of paramalignant pleural effusions and 91.7% of benign ones. CONCLUSIONS: The data herein suggest that the identified predictor values applied to tree diagrams, which required no extraordinary measures, have a higher rate of correct identification of malignant, paramalignant and benign effusions when compared to techniques available today and proved most useful for usual clinical practice. Future studies are still needed to further improve the classification of patients.

Síndrome platipnea-ortodeoxia cardiaco: una causa «misteriosa» de hipoxemia / Cardiac platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome: A «mysterious» cause of hypoxemia

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Análisis de la utilización del dímero D en urgencias: ajuste por edad, uso inapropiado y predicción de extensión y gravedad de la embolia pulmonar / D-dimer testing in the emergency department: age adjustment, inappropriateuse, and ability to predict the extension and severity of pulmonary embolism

Objetivos: Valorar la mejora de la precisión diagnóstica del dímero D (DD) al ajustar por la edad aplicando la fórmula publicada por Douma et al., así como evaluar la adecuación de la solicitud del DD a la sospecha clínica y relacionar sus valores con la extensión y gravedad de la embolia pulmonar. Método: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo que incluye 1.833 pacientes atendidos en el servicio de urgencias de nuestro hospital a lo largo de 1 año, a los que se solicitó determinación del DD. Se calculó sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y negativo de su valor utilizando el punto de corte de nuestro centro (250 μg/mL) y ajustado por edad (fórmula de Douma et al. modificada) y se correlacionó con la extensión y gravedad de la embolia pulmonar cuando la hubo. Resultados: El ajuste por edad del valor de DD supone aumentar la proporción de casos verdaderos negativos, la especificidad y el valor predictivo positivo de esta determinación. Se encuentra una correlación significativa entre el valor del DD con la extensión de la embolia pulmonar (r = 0,41, p < 0,05) pero no con la gravedad clínica del episodio. Conclusiones: El ajuste del DD por la edad mejora la precisión diagnóstica de la embolia pulmonar, aunque, en nuestro entorno, su sospecha no se establece siguiendo las guías recomendadas. El valor del DD se relaciona con la extensión pero no con la gravedad de la embolia pulmonar (AU)

Objectives: To evaluate whether using D-dimer test results adjusted for age according to the formula proposed by Douma et al. improves diagnostic accuracy; to assess the appropriateness of ordering D-dimer tests on clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism; and to explore the association of test results with the extension and severity of the embolism. Methods: Retrospective observational study of 1833 cases in which D-dimer testing was ordered for patients in our hospital’s emergency department in the course of a year. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values using our hospital’s D-dimer cutoff of 250 μg/mL adjusted for age with a modification of Douma et al.’s formula. When information about pulmonary embolism extension and severity was on record, we assessed the correlation with test results. Results: Adjusting D-dimer level for age increased the number of true negatives and the specificity and positive predictive value of the test. D-dimer level correlated significantly with the extension of pulmonary embolism (r=0.41, P<.05) but not with clinical severity. Conclusions: Adjusting the D-dimer test result by age improves accuracy in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, even though clinical suspicion in Spain does not follow guideline recommendations. Our findings suggest that Ddimer level correlates with the extension but not the severity of pulmonary embolism (AU)

[D-dimer testing in the emergency department: age adjustment, inappropriate use, and ability to predict the extension and severity of pulmonary embolism]. / Análisis de la utilización del dímero D en urgencias: ajuste por edad, uso inapropiado y predicción de extensión y gravedad de la embolia pulmonar.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether using D-dimer test results adjusted for age according to the formula proposed by Douma et al. improves diagnostic accuracy; to assess the appropriateness of ordering D-dimer tests on clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism; and to explore the association of test results with the extension and severity of the embolism. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective observational study of 1833 cases in which D-dimer testing was ordered for patients in our hospital's emergency department in the course of a year. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values using our hospital's D-dimer cutoff of 250 µg/mL adjusted for age with a modification of Douma et al.'s formula. When information about pulmonary embolism extension and severity was on record, we assessed the correlation with test results. RESULTS: Adjusting D-dimer level for age increased the number of true negatives and the specificity and positive predictive value of the test. D-dimer level correlated significantly with the extension of pulmonary embolism (r=0.41, P<.05) but not with clinical severity. CONCLUSION: Adjusting the D-dimer test result by age improves accuracy in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, even though clinical suspicion in Spain does not follow guideline recommendations. Our findings suggest that Ddimer level correlates with the extension but not the severity of pulmonary embolism.

OBJETIVO: Valorar la mejora de la precisión diagnóstica del dímero D (DD) al ajustar por la edad aplicando la fórmula publicada por Douma et al., así como evaluar la adecuación de la solicitud del DD a la sospecha clínica y relacionar sus valores con la extensión y gravedad de la embolia pulmonar. METODO: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo que incluye 1.833 pacientes atendidos en el servicio de urgencias de nuestro hospital a lo largo de 1 año, a los que se solicitó determinación del DD. Se calculó sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y negativo de su valor utilizando el punto de corte de nuestro centro (250 µg/mL) y ajustado por edad (fórmula de Douma et al. modificada) y se correlacionó con la extensión y gravedad de la embolia pulmonar cuando la hubo. RESULTADOS: El ajuste por edad del valor de DD supone aumentar la proporción de casos verdaderos negativos, la especificidad y el valor predictivo positivo de esta determinación. Se encuentra una correlación significativa entre el valor del DD con la extensión de la embolia pulmonar (r = 0,41, p < 0,05) pero no con la gravedad clínica del episodio. CONCLUSIONES: El ajuste del DD por la edad mejora la precisión diagnóstica de la embolia pulmonar, aunque, en nuestro entorno, su sospecha no se establece siguiendo las guías recomendadas. El valor del DD se relaciona con la extensión pero no con la gravedad de la embolia pulmonar.

[Pneumococcal pneumonia in hospitalized patients. Therapeutic implications of resistances to penicillin and erythromycin]. / Neumonía neumocócica en pacientes hospitalizados. Implicaciones terapéuticas de las resistencias a la penicilina y la eritromicina.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Streptococcus pneumoniae is the main etiological agent of community-acquired pneumonia. The aim of this work was to ascertain the resistance profiles of pneumococcus to penicillin and erythromycin and to analyse whether such profiles lead to different disease developments. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A retrospective analysis was carried out in 75 cases of pneumococcal pneumonia corresponding to hospitalized patients. Comorbidity factors were evaluated including their influence on the appearance of resistance. RESULTS: 67 patients (89.3%) presented comorbidity factors. 49.3% isolates displayed some type of resistance: 38.6% to penicillin, 36% to erythromycin and 13.3% to cefotaxime. No relationship was observed between the severity of the pneumonia and antibiotic resistance. Complications and mortality were not influenced by the susceptibility of pneumococcus to antibiotics. CONCLUSION: The increase in the resistance to antibiotics, especially erythromycin, makes betalactams the best choice for the treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia.

Neumonía neumocócica en pacientes hospitalizados. Implicaciones terapéuticas de las resistencias a la penicilina y la eritromicina / Pneumococcal pneumonia in hospitalized patients. Therapeutic implications of resistances to penicillin and erythromycin

FUNDAMENTO Y OBJETIVO: Streptococcus pneumoniae es el principal causante de la neumonía comunitaria. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar las resistencias del neumococo a la penicilina y eritromicina, así como su influencia en la evolución de la enfermedad. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de 75 pacientes con neumonía neumocócica hospitalizada valorando factores de comorbilidad y sensibilidad a betalactámicos y eritromicina. RESULTADOS: Sesenta y siete pacientes (89,3 por ciento) presentaban factores de comorbilidad. El 49,3 por ciento de las cepas presentaba algún tipo de resistencia: el 38,6 por ciento a la penicilina, el 36 por ciento a la eritromicina y el 13,3 por ciento a la cefotaxima. No se observó relación entre la gravedad de la neumonía, las complicaciones o la evolución con la resistencia a los fármacos. CONCLUSIÓN: El aumento de las resistencias a los antibióticos, sobre todo a la eritromicina, hace que los betalactámicos sean los antibióticos más adecuados para el tratamiento de la neumonía neumocócica (AU)