The Intellectual Landscape of Nanovaccines: A Bibliometric Perspective on Scientific Progress and Future Directions.

This bibliometric study provides a comprehensive analysis of the burgeoning field of nanovaccine research, leveraging data sourced from Scopus and employing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flowchart for the meticulous screening, inclusion, and exclusion of relevant studies. Utilizing sophisticated bibliometric tools, such as Biblioshiny and CiteSpace, we dissected the expansive literature to unearth critical insights into the annual scientific output, identifying key contributors and pivotal publications that have shaped the domain. The analysis delineates the most influential authors, sources, and globally cited documents, offering a macroscopic view of the field's intellectual structure and growth trajectory. Trend topics and thematic mapping underscored the evolution of research foci, from fundamental immunological mechanisms to cutting-edge nanomaterial applications. Factorial analysis and keyword co-occurrence networks revealed the intricate associations and thematic concentrations within the literature. The study's robust methodology also pinpointed the keywords exhibiting the strongest citation bursts, signifying emergent areas of intense academic interest. Networks of cited authors illuminated collaborative patterns among scholars, while timeline network visualizations of country collaborations depicted the global interplay in nanovaccine development. Crucially, this study identified notable research gaps and practical implications, suggesting directions for future investigation and highlighting the translational potential of nanovaccines in public health and personalized medicine. This bibliometric investigation not only maps the current landscape but also charts a course for the trajectory of nanovaccine research, emphasizing its role as a cornerstone of innovative immunotherapeutic strategies.

A Rare Case of Recurrent Pneumonia in Heterotaxy Syndrome, Polysplenia/Left Isomerism.

Heterotaxy syndrome (HS) or situs ambiguous refers to the abnormal arrangement of viscera across the body axis, and abnormalities arise depending on the isomerism of the right or left atrial appendage. The cause remains unexplained and is attributed to a combination of genetic mutations and environmental factors. It is a rare condition and may remain undiagnosed for a long time. In this report, we aim to highlight an unusual presentation and aggravation of an infection due to the underlying isomerism of the left atrial appendage. We discuss the case of a female patient who presented with symptoms of fever and cough. The patient underwent prolonged antibiotic treatment, and her recovery was slow. The presence of bilobed lungs, vertical left-bronchus, and polysplenia on CT scan explained the left-sided aspiration pneumonia. The hypofunctioning spleen (polysplenia) caused her to have a weak immunological response, necessitating prolonged antibiotic use. She was followed up over time and had a recurrence of pneumonia within a few months. The condition is associated with high morbidity and mortality, and the role of early diagnosis and reporting to prevent complications is paramount. The recurrent pneumonia observed in the patient also raises questions related to long-term antibiotic use and immunization in the case of polysplenia in this patient population.