Association of constipation with increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular events in elderly Australian patients.

The association between constipation and cardiovascular risk is unclear. This population-level matched cohort study compared the association of constipation with hypertension and incident cardiovascular events in 541,172 hospitalized patients aged ≥ 60 years. For each constipation admission, one exact age-matched non-constipated admission was randomly selected from all hospitalizations within 2 weeks to form the comparison cohort. The association of constipation with hypertension and cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, angina, stroke and transient ischemic attack) were analysed using a series of binary logistic regressions adjusting for age, sex, cardiovascular risk factors, gastrointestinal disorders and sociological factors. Patients with constipation had a higher multivariate-adjusted risk for hypertension (odds ratio [OR], 1.96; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.94-1.99; P < 0.001). Compared to patients with neither constipation nor hypertension, there was a higher multivariate-adjusted risk for cardiovascular events in patients with constipation alone (OR, 1.58; 95% CI 1.55-1.61; P < 0.001) or hypertension alone (OR, 6.12; 95% CI 5.99-6.26; P < 0.001). In patients with both constipation and hypertension, the risk for all cardiovascular events appeared to be additive (OR, 6.53; 95% CI 6.40-6.66; P < 0.001). In conclusion, among hospital patients aged 60 years or older, constipation is linked to an increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular events. These findings suggest that interventions to address constipation may reduce cardiovascular risk in elderly patients.

Aldosterone-induced hypertension is sex-dependent, mediated by T cells and sensitive to GPER activation.

AIMS: The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER) may modulate some effects of aldosterone. In addition, G-1 (a GPER agonist) can lower blood pressure (BP) and promote T cell-mediated anti-inflammatory responses. This study aimed to test the effects of G-1 and G-15 (a GPER antagonist) on aldosterone-induced hypertension in mice and to examine the cellular mechanisms involved. METHODS AND RESULTS: C57Bl/6 (wild-type, WT), RAG1-deficient and GPER-deficient mice were infused with vehicle, aldosterone (0.72 mg/kg/day S.C. plus 0.9% NaCl for drinking) ± G-1 (0.03 mg/kg/day S.C.) ± G-15 (0.3 mg/kg/day S.C.) for 14 days. G-1 attenuated aldosterone-induced hypertension in male WT but not male GPER-deficient mice. G-15 alone did not alter hypertension but it prevented the anti-hypertensive effect of G-1. In intact female WT mice, aldosterone-induced hypertension was markedly delayed and suppressed compared with responses in males, with BP remaining unchanged until after Day 7. In contrast, co-administration of aldosterone and G-15 fully increased BP within 7 days in WT females. Similarly, aldosterone robustly increased BP by Day 7 in ovariectomized WT females, and in both sexes of GPER-deficient mice. Whereas aldosterone had virtually no effect on BP in RAG1-deficient mice, adoptive transfer of T cells from male WT or male GPER-deficient mice into male RAG1-deficient mice restored the pressor response to aldosterone. This pressor effect could be attenuated by G-1 in RAG1-deficient mice that were reconstituted with either WT or GPER-deficient T cells, suggesting that G-1 does not act via T cells to lower BP. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that although aldosterone-induced hypertension is largely mediated by T cells, it can be attenuated by activation of GPER on non-T cells, which accounts for the sex difference in sensitivity to the pressor effect.

Risk of Major Cardiovascular Events in People with Down Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Improved medical care over more than five decades has markedly increased life expectancy, from 12 years to approximately 60 years, in people with Down syndrome (DS). With increased survival into late adulthood, there is now a greater need for the medical care of people with DS to prevent and treat aging-related disorders. In the wider population, acquired cardiovascular diseases such as stroke and coronary heart disease are common with increasing age, but the risks of these diseases in people with DS are unknown. There are no population-level data on the incidence of acquired major cerebrovascular and coronary diseases in DS, and no data examining how cardiovascular comorbidities or risk factors in DS might impact on cardiovascular event incidence. Such data would be also valuable to inform health care planning for people with DS. Our objective was therefore to conduct a population-level matched cohort study to quantify the risk of incident major cardiovascular events in DS. METHODS AND FINDINGS: A population-level matched cohort study compared the risk of incident cardiovascular events between hospitalized patients with and without DS, adjusting for sex, and vascular risk factors. The sample was derived from hospitalization data within the Australian state of Victoria from 1993-2010. For each DS admission, 4 exact age-matched non-DS admissions were randomly selected from all hospitalizations within a week of the relevant DS admission to form the comparison cohort. There were 4,081 people with DS and 16,324 without DS, with a total of 212,539 person-years of observation. Compared to the group without DS, there was a higher prevalence in the DS group of congenital heart disease, cardiac arrhythmia, dementia, pulmonary hypertension, diabetes and sleep apnea, and a lower prevalence of ever-smoking. DS was associated with a greater risk of incident cerebrovascular events (Risk Ratio, RR 2.70, 95% CI 2.08, 3.53) especially among females (RR 3.31, 95% CI 2.21, 4.94) and patients aged ≤ 50 years old. The association of DS with ischemic strokes was substantially attenuated on adjustment for cardioembolic risk (RR 1.93, 95% CI 1.04, 3.20), but unaffected by adjustment for atherosclerotic risk. DS was associated with a 40-70% reduced risk of any coronary event in males (RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.40, 0.84) but not in females (RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.73, 1.77). CONCLUSIONS: DS is associated with a high risk of stroke, expressed across all ages. Ischemic stroke risk in DS appears mostly driven by cardioembolic risk. The greater risk of hemorrhagic stroke and lower risk of coronary events (in males) in DS remain unexplained.

Augmented superoxide production by Nox2-containing NADPH oxidase causes cerebral artery dysfunction during hypercholesterolemia.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We tested the hypothesis that elevated superoxide production by Nox2-NADPH oxidase occurs in cerebral arteries during hypercholesterolemia and causes decreased nitric oxide function. METHODS: Wild-type (WT), apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) and Nox2(-/-)/ApoE(-/-) mice were fed a high-fat diet for 7 to 14 weeks. Basal superoxide production by cerebral arteries was measured using L-012 (100 micromol/L)-enhanced chemiluminescence. Nitric oxide function was assessed in isolated middle cerebral arteries through the constrictor response to N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 100 micromol/L). Western blotting was used to measure protein expression of Nox2, p47phox, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and superoxide dismutases (1-3). RESULTS: Morphology of cerebral arteries was similar in WT and ApoE(-/-) mice. In ApoE(-/-), but not Nox2(-/-)/ApoE(-/-) mice, superoxide production by cerebral arteries was approximately 50% greater than in WT mice (P<0.05). Moreover, the magnitude of L-NAME-induced contractions of isolated middle cerebral arteries from ApoE(-/-) mice was <50% of that in WT mice (P<0.05), whereas in Nox2(-/-)/ApoE(-/-) mice, the contractile response was comparable to WT responses. In the presence of the superoxide scavenger, tempol (1 mmol/L), L-NAME-induced contractions of middle cerebral arteries were similar between WT and ApoE(-/-) mice. Expression of p47phox was approximately 2-fold higher in ApoE(-/-) versus WT mice, whereas Nox2, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and superoxide dismutase isoforms were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated superoxide production and reduced basal nitric oxide-mediated relaxation occur in cerebral arteries of hypercholesterolemic mice even in the absence of lesions. These changes appear to be exclusively due to increased activity of Nox2-NADPH oxidase, possibly through increased expression of its regulatory subunit p47phox.

Direct evidence of a role for Nox2 in superoxide production, reduced nitric oxide bioavailability, and early atherosclerotic plaque formation in ApoE-/- mice.

The Nox family NADPH oxidases are reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating enzymes that are strongly implicated in atherogenesis. However, no studies have examined which Nox isoform(s) are involved. Here we investigated the role of the Nox2-containing NADPH oxidase in atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-null (ApoE(-/-)) mice. Wild-type (C57Bl6/J), ApoE(-/-), and Nox2(-/y)/ApoE(-/-) mice were maintained on a high-fat (21%) diet from 5 wk of age until they were 12 or 19 wk old. Mice were euthanized and their aortas removed for measurement of Nox2 expression (Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry), ROS production (L012-enhanced chemiluminescence), nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability (contractions to N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine), and atherosclerotic plaque development along the aorta and in the aortic sinus. Nox2 expression was upregulated in the aortic endothelium of ApoE(-/-) mice before the appearance of lesions, and this was associated with elevated ROS levels. Within developing plaques, macrophages were also a prominent source of Nox2. The absence of Nox2 in Nox2(-/y)/ApoE(-/-) double-knockout mice had minimal effects on plasma lipids or lesion development in the aortic sinus in animals up to 19 wk of age. However, an en face examination of the aorta from the arch to the iliac bifurcation revealed a 50% reduction in lesion area in Nox2(-/y)/ApoE(-/-) versus ApoE(-/-) mice, and this was associated with a marked decrease in aortic ROS production and an increased NO bioavailability. In conclusion, this is the first demonstration of a role for Nox2-NADPH oxidase in vascular ROS production, reduced NO bioavailability, and early lesion development in ApoE(-/-) mice, highlighting this Nox isoform as a potential target for future therapies for atherosclerosis.

NADPH-induced contractions of mouse aorta do not involve NADPH oxidase: a role for P2X receptors.

Reactive oxygen species elicit vascular effects ranging from acute dilatation because of hydrogen peroxide-mediated opening of K(+) channels to contraction arising from superoxide-dependent inactivation of endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Given that NADPH oxidases are major sources of superoxide in the vascular wall, this study examined the effects of exogenous NADPH, a substrate of these enzymes, on superoxide generation and isometric tone in mouse isolated aortic rings. NADPH caused concentration-dependent increases in superoxide generation (measured by lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence) and vascular tone (isometric tension recordings). However, surprisingly, whereas oxidized NADP(+) was unable to support superoxide production, it was equally as effective as reduced NADPH at stimulating vasocontraction. In addition, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium, markedly attenuated NADPH-induced superoxide production, yet had no effect on vasocontractions to NADPH. In contrast, a broad specificity P2X receptor antagonist, pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid, as well as the P2X1 selective antagonist, NF023, markedly attenuated both endothelium-dependent and -independent vasocontractions to NADPH, as did the P2X-desensitizing agent alpha,beta-methylene-ATP. Importantly, alpha,beta-methylene-ATP had no effect on superoxide production induced by NADPH. In conclusion, these findings suggest little role for NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide in the contractile effects of NADPH in the mouse aorta. Rather, NADPH seems to act as an agonist at two distinct P2X receptor populations; one located on the endothelium and the other on smooth muscle layer, both of which ultimately lead to contraction.