ABSTRACT
(1) Background: RX-3117 (fluorocyclopentenyl-cytosine) is a cytidine analog that inhibits DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1). We investigated the mechanism and potential of RX-3117 as a demethylating agent in several in vitro models. (2) Methods: we used western blotting to measure expression of several proteins known to be down-regulated by DNA methylation: O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) and the tumor-suppressor genes, p16 and E-cadherin. Transport of methotrexate (MTX) mediated by the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) was used as a functional assay. (3) Results: RX-3117 treatment decreased total DNA-cytosine-methylation in A549 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, and induced protein expression of MGMT, p16 and E-cadherin in A549 and SW1573 NSCLC cells. Leukemic CCRF-CEM cells and the MTX-resistant variant (CEM/MTX, with a deficient reduced folate carrier) have a very low expression of PCFT due to promoter hypermethylation. In CEM/MTX cells, pre-treatment with RX-3117 increased PCFT-mediated MTX uptake 8-fold, and in CEM cells 4-fold. With the reference hypomethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine similar values were obtained. RX-3117 also increased PCFT gene expression and PCFT protein. (4) Conclusion: RX-3117 down-regulates DNMT1, leading to hypomethylation of DNA. From the increased protein expression of tumor-suppressor genes and functional activation of PCFT, we concluded that RX-3117 might have induced hypomethylation of the promotor.
Subject(s)
Cytidine/analogs & derivatives , DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1/metabolism , Proton-Coupled Folate Transporter/metabolism , Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism , Cell Line, Tumor , Cytidine/pharmacology , DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1/genetics , DNA Methylation/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Humans , Methotrexate/pharmacology , Proton-Coupled Folate Transporter/genetics , Tumor Suppressor Proteins/geneticsABSTRACT
Fluorocyclopentenylcytosine (RX-3117) is an orally available cytidine analog, currently in Phase I clinical trial. RX-3117 has promising antitumor activity in various human tumor xenografts including gemcitabine resistant tumors. RX-3117 is activated by uridine-cytidine kinase (UCK). Since UCK exists in two forms, UCK1 and UCK2, we investigated which form is responsible for RX-3117 phosphorylation. For that purpose we transfected A549 and SW1573 cell lines with UCK-siRNAs. Transfection of UCK1-siRNA efficiently downregulated UCK1-mRNA, but not UCK2-mRNA expression, and did not affect sensitivity to RX-3117. However, transfection of UCK2-siRNA completely downregulated UCK2-mRNA and protein and protected both A549 and SW1573 against RX-3117. UCK enzyme activity in two panels of tumor cell lines and xenograft cells correlated only with UCK2-mRNA expression (r = 0.803 and 0.915, respectively), but not with UCK1-mRNA. Moreover, accumulation of RX-3117 nucleotides correlated with UCK2 expression. In conclusion, RX-3117 is activated by UCK2 which may be used to select patients potentially sensitive to RX-3117.
