ABSTRACT
The construction of novel functional proteins has been a key area of protein engineering. However, there are few reports of functional proteins constructed from artificial scaffolds. Here, we have constructed a genetic library encoding alpha3beta3 de novo proteins to generate novel scaffolds in smaller size using a binary combination of simplified hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acid sets. To screen for folded de novo proteins, we used a GFP-based screening system and successfully obtained the proteins from the colonies emitting the very bright fluorescence as a similar intensity of GFP. Proteins isolated from the very bright colonies (vTAJ) and bright colonies (wTAJ) were analyzed by circular dichroism (CD), 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) binding assay, and analytical size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). CD studies revealed that vTAJ and wTAJ proteins had both alpha-helix and beta-sheet structures with thermal stabilities. Moreover, the selected proteins demonstrated a variety of association states existing as monomer, dimer, and oligomer formation. The SEC and ANS binding assays revealed that vTAJ proteins tend to be a characteristic of the folded protein, but not in a molten-globule state. A vTAJ protein, vTAJ13, which has a packed globular structure and exists as a monomer, was further analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance. NOE connectivities between backbone signals of vTAJ13 suggested that the protein contains three alpha-helices and three beta-strands as intended by its design. Thus, it would appear that artificially generated alpha3beta3 de novo proteins isolated from very bright colonies using the GFP fusion system exhibit excellent properties similar to folded proteins and would be available as artificial scaffolds to generate functional proteins with catalytic and ligand binding properties.