ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Refinement currently offered in new sound processors may improve noise listening capability reducing constant background noise and enhancing listening in challenging signal-to-noise conditions. This study aimed to identify whether the new version of speech processor preprocessing strategy contributes to speech recognition in background noise compared to the previous generation processor. METHODS: This was a multicentric prospective cross-sectional study. Post-lingually deaf adult patients, with at least 1 year of device use and speech recognition scores above 60% on HINT sentences in quiet were invited. Speech recognition performance in quiet and in noise with sound processors with previous and recent technologies was assessed under four conditions with speech coming from the front: (a) quiet (b) fixed noise coming from the front, (c) fixed noise coming from the back, and (d) adaptive noise ratios with noise coming from the front. RESULTS: Forty-seven cochlear implant users were included. No significant difference was found in quiet condition. Performance with the new processor was statistically better than the previous sound processor in all three noisy conditions (p < 0.05). With fixed noise coming from the back condition, speech recognition was 62.9% with the previous technology and 73.5% on the new one (p < 0.05). The mean speech recognition in noise was also statistically higher, with 5.8 dB and 7.1 dB for the newer and older technologies (p < 0.05), respectively. CONCLUSION: New technology has shown to provide benefits regarding speech recognition in noise. In addition, the new background noise reduction technology, has shown to be effective and improves speech recognition in situations of more intense noise coming from behind.
Subject(s)
Cochlear Implantation , Cochlear Implants , Speech Perception , Adult , Cross-Sectional Studies , Humans , Prospective Studies , SpeechABSTRACT
Farming is a risky occupation, especially family farming in developing country. The occupational hazards commonly used in such activity could affect all family members, including children and adolescents. This study describes the pattern of pesticide exposure among students and their families from a farming region located in Nova Friburgo, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sociodemographic characteristics, habits, working practices and the degree of exposure to pesticides were assessed by a questionnaire. Our study population consisted of students and family members of both sexes, aged between 6 and 85 years old (N = 352) being 167 women and 185 men. There was a predominance of participants between 10-19 years (71.3%), singles (77.5%), and most had not completed primary education (54.5%). In terms of occupation, 45.5% reported to be farmers and 39.6% were students. The variables mostly associated with pesticide exposure were sex (p < 0.001), educational level (p < 0.001), and being a farmer (p < 0.001). Our results showed that children and teenagers seemed to have the same degree of exposure to pesticides as the adults. Our findings also suggest that sex, occupation and educational level, despite teachers were included, are directly associated with degree of exposure.
Subject(s)
Family Health , Occupational Exposure/analysis , Occupational Health , Pesticides/analysis , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Agriculture , Brazil , Child , Educational Status , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Sex Factors , Students/statistics & numerical data , Surveys and Questionnaires , Young AdultABSTRACT
Abstract Farming is a risky occupation, especially family farming in developing country. The occupational hazards commonly used in such activity could affect all family members, including children and adolescents. This study describes the pattern of pesticide exposure among students and their families from a farming region located in Nova Friburgo, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sociodemographic characteristics, habits, working practices and the degree of exposure to pesticides were assessed by a questionnaire. Our study population consisted of students and family members of both sexes, aged between 6 and 85 years old (N = 352) being 167 women and 185 men. There was a predominance of participants between 10-19 years (71.3%), singles (77.5%), and most had not completed primary education (54.5%). In terms of occupation, 45.5% reported to be farmers and 39.6% were students. The variables mostly associated with pesticide exposure were sex (p < 0.001), educational level (p < 0.001), and being a farmer (p < 0.001). Our results showed that children and teenagers seemed to have the same degree of exposure to pesticides as the adults. Our findings also suggest that sex, occupation and educational level, despite teachers were included, are directly associated with degree of exposure.
Resumo Agricultura é uma ocupação de risco, principalmente a familiar em países em desenvolvimento. Os perigos ocupacionais comuns a essa atividade podem atingir a toda família, incluindo crianças e adolescentes. Este estudo descreve o padrão do uso de agrotóxicos entre estudantes e seus familiares em uma região agrícola localizada em Nova Friburgo, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Características sociodemográficas, hábitos, práticas de trabalho e grau de exposição a agrotóxicos foram adquiridas através do uso de questionário. Nossa população de estudo consistiu em estudantes e seus familiares de ambos os sexos, entre 6 e 85 anos de idade (N = 352) sendo 167 mulheres e 185 homens. Houve a predominância de participantes entre 10 - 19 anos (71,3%), solteiros (77,5%), e a maioria com o ensino fundamental incompleto (54,5%). Quanto à ocupação, 45,5% reportaram-se como agricultores e 39,6% como estudantes. As variáveis mais associadas à exposição a agrotóxicos foram sexo (p < 0,001), nível educacional (p < 0,001) e ser agricultor (p < 0,001). Nossos resultados mostraram que crianças e adolescentes parecem ter o mesmo grau de exposição a agrotóxicos que adultos. Nossos achados também sugerem que sexo, ocupação e nível educacional, incluindo professores, estão diretamente associados ao grau de exposição.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Pesticides/analysis , Family Health , Occupational Exposure/analysis , Occupational Health , Students/statistics & numerical data , Brazil , Sex Factors , Surveys and Questionnaires , Age Factors , Agriculture , Educational Status , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Objetivos avaliar o sistema auditivo periférico, por meio de audiometria tonal, em agricultores residentes em área de intenso uso de agrotóxicos no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Métodos foram avaliados 70 indivíduos, de ambos os gêneros, moradores de Campos dos Goytacazes, com idade variando entre 25 e 59 anos, sendo 35 agricultores e 35 não agricultores. Todos os indivíduos tiveram sua audição periférica avaliada, por meio de audiometria tonal nas frequências de 250, 500, 1.000, 2.000, 3.000, 4.000, 6.000 e 8.000Hz. Foram excluídos indivíduos com alteração de orelha externa e média e/ou com alguma queixa otológica. Além disso, foi realizada anamnese com questões relacionadas à saúde, situação sócio-econômica, educação e exposição ao agrotóxico. Foi considerada perda auditiva, os limiares maiores ou iguais a 25dB em qualquer das frequências testadas. Resultados o Odds Ratio de perda auditiva foi 3,67 vezes (IC95%: 2,08-6,48) maior entre agricultores (94,3%), quando comparados aos não agricultores (25,7%). Além disso, a maior parte das alterações auditivas foi observada nas frequências mais agudas. Conclusão o presente estudo sugere que a atividade agrícola e possivelmente a exposição a agrotóxicos aumenta o risco de perda auditiva. .
Purposes to evaluate the peripheral auditory system, by means of pure tone audiometry for farmers living in areas of heavy use of pesticides in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Methods 70 individuals of genders, 35 farmers and 35 non-farmers, with ages between 25 and 59 years, residents Campos dos Goytacazes, were enrolled into the study. All subjects had their peripheral hearing evaluated by means of pure tone audiometry at frequencies of 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, 6,000 and 8,000 Hz. Individuals with alterations in external and middle ear and/or with a otologic complaint were excluded from the study. In addition, interview was conducted regarding health issues, socioeconomic status, education and exposure to pesticides. Hearing loss was considered if hearing thresholds were equal or more than 25 dB at any frequency tested. Results the Odds Ratio of hearing loss was 3.67 times (95% CI: 2.08 - 6.48) higher among agricultural workers (94.3%) when compared to non-agricultural workers (25.7%). Furthermore, most of the hearing alterations were observed in the higher frequencies. Conclusion this study suggests that the agricultural activity and possible exposure to pesticides increases the risk of hearing loss. .
ABSTRACT
The World Health Organization reports a total of 3 million annual cases of acute pesticide poisoning (2.1 million cases in the developing countries alone). Pesticide use has reached alarming proportions in Brazil in the last decade. Pesticide sales skyrocketed from 2001 to 2008, making Brazil the world's leading consumer of poisons. This study aimed to assess whether pesticide exposure causes peripheral or central auditory disorders and thus focused on the importance of hearing tests in populations with acute or chronic exposure. This was a systematic review of studies on the effects of pesticide exposure on the auditory system. The context and methodological quality of the full texts were analyzed. The review identified 143 studies on the theme, 16 of which met the inclusion criteria. All articles showed that pesticide exposure is ototoxic and leads to hearing loss.
Subject(s)
Auditory Diseases, Central/chemically induced , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Pesticides/toxicity , Hearing Loss, Central/chemically induced , Humans , Occupational Exposure/adverse effectsABSTRACT
De acordo com a Organização Mundial da Saúde, as intoxicações agudas por agrotóxicos são da ordem de 3 milhões anuais, com 2,1 milhões de casos só nos países em desenvolvimento. Na última década, no Brasil, o uso de agrotóxicos assumiu proporções assustadoras. Entre 20012008 a venda desses produtos saltou, quando o país alcançou a posição de maior consumidor mundial de venenos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar por meio de uma revisão sistemática se a exposição ao agrotóxico causa alterações auditivas no sistema auditivo periférico/central, atentando assim para a importância da avaliação auditiva em populações expostas de forma crônica ou aguda. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática dos estudos publicados sobre os efeitos da exposição ao agrotóxico no sistema auditivo. Analisaram-se os trabalhos contemplados na íntegra e também sua qualidade metodológica. A pesquisa identificou 143 estudos sobre o tema, sendo que 16 se enquadraram nos critérios de inclusão. Todos os artigos analisados evidenciaram que a exposição ao agrotóxico é ototóxica e induz ao dano às vias auditivas.
The World Health Organization reports a total of 3 million annual cases of acute pesticide poisoning (2.1 million cases in the developing countries alone). Pesticide use has reached alarming proportions in Brazil in the last decade. Pesticide sales skyrocketed from 2001 to 2008, making Brazil the world's leading consumer of poisons. This study aimed to assess whether pesticide exposure causes peripheral or central auditory disorders and thus focused on the importance of hearing tests in populations with acute or chronic exposure. This was a systematic review of studies on the effects of pesticide exposure on the auditory system. The context and methodological quality of the full texts were analyzed. The review identified 143 studies on the theme, 16 of which met the inclusion criteria. All articles showed that pesticide exposure is ototoxic and leads to hearing loss.
El objetivo de este artículo es presentar un estudio sobre el uso de la historia oral de vida como estrategia de aproximación entre cuidador y anciano, con el fin de contribuir a la humanización en la relación entre el profesional de la salud y el paciente. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa y descriptiva. Hemos reunido a siete ancianos, varones y mujeres, con más de 65 años que, a partir de entrevistas abiertas y semi-estructuradas, hicieron posible la producción de relatos de vida que, una vez finalizados, fueron devueltos a los colaboradores en forma de cuadernos personalizados para que ellos dispusieran de ellos como quisieran. Como resultado ha sido posible percibir que tal metodología contribuye a la generación de un vínculo entre enfermero y anciano, presentándose no solamente como elemento humanizador, sino también terapéutico.
Subject(s)
Humans , Auditory Diseases, Central/chemically induced , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Pesticides/toxicity , Hearing Loss, Central/chemically induced , Occupational Exposure/adverse effectsABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: estudar comparativamente as amplitudes das emissões otoacústicas produto de distorção em indivíduos normo ouvintes, com perdas auditivas de graus leve e moderado. MÉTODOS: a amostra compôs-se de 41 indivíduos na faixa etária de 18 a 45 anos, sendo 25 do sexo feminino e 16 do sexo masculino. Foram realizadas audiometrias tonal e vocal para classificar os grupos conforme perfil audiométrico; imitanciometria para avaliar as condições da orelha média; e emissões otoacústicas produto de distorção, utilizando os protocolos L1 = 65 dB NPS e L2 = 55 dB NPS e L1=L2= 70 dB NPS. No total, foram analisadas 63 orelhas (32 orelhas direitas e 31 orelhas esquerdas). Os indivíduos selecionados foram distribuídos em três grupos distintos, sendo o primeiro grupo (G1) composto de 21 orelhas com audiometria tonal com limiares dentro da normalidade (grupo controle); o segundo grupo (G2) composto de 21 orelhas com perdas auditivas neurossensoriais de grau leve; e o terceiro grupo (G3) composto por 21 orelhas com perdas auditivas neurossensoriais de grau moderado. Os dados audiométricos foram comparados com os resultados das Emissões Otoacústicas Produto de Distorção (DPOAE). RESULTADOS: encontrou-se diminuição e ausência das amplitudes no grupo com perda auditiva de grau leve (G2) e ausência de respostas no grupo com perda auditiva de grau moderado (G3) em ambos os protocolos. CONCLUSÃO: com relação ao grau da perda auditiva, pode-se concluir que quanto maior a perda auditiva, menor o aumento da amplitude das EOAPD.
PURPOSE: to comparatively study the amplitudes of otoacoustic emission distortion product in normal hearing with mild and moderate sensorineural hearing loss. METHODS: forty-one adults, 25 female and 16 male ranging from 18 to 25 years old took part in the study. Pure tone and speech audiometry were performed in order to separate the groups, according to their audiometric profile, impedance audiometries were performed in order to evaluate the middle ear conditions and distortion product otoacoustic emission were using T1 (L1 = 65dBSPL and L2 = 55dBNSPL) and T2 (L1=L2=7-dBSPL) protocols. Sixty-three ears were examined (32 right ear and 31 left ear). Selected subjects were distributed into three groups: G1 including 21 subjects with normal pure tone and speech audiometry (control group), G2 including 21 subjects with mild sensorineural hearing losses and G3 including 21 subjects with moderate sensorineural hearing impaired. The results of pure tone and speech audiometry were compared with the results of DPOAE. RESULTS: there is evidence of reduced amplitude or absence of response in the group with mild hearing loss (G2) and absence of response in the group with moderate hearing loss (G3). CONCLUSION: these findings suggest that the amplitudes of DPOAE decreased in agreement with the increase hearing loss level.
Subject(s)
Audiometry , Auditory Perception , Auditory Perceptual Disorders , Hearing , Hearing Loss , Hearing Tests , Otoacoustic Emissions, SpontaneousABSTRACT
Objetivo: estudar os efeitos da estimulação contralateral com ruído branco, sobre as emissõesotoacústicas transitórias. Métodos: o estudo utilizou 29 mulheres (idades entre 20-45 anos), semhistória pregressa de patologia auditiva e com exame audiométrico dentro da normalidade (audição<20 dB entre 250 e 8000Hz na audiometria com tom puro). Timpanometria com curvas tipo A e presençade reflexos acústicos contralaterais bilateralmente. As emissões otoacústicas transitórias foramcaptadas utilizando o aparelho Navigator Pro, da Bio-logic e o estímulo contralateral foi apresentado a50dBWN. Resultados: os resultados revelaram diferença significativa (p=0,0001 na OD e p=0,029 naOE) na supressão contralateral das emissões otoacústicas transitórias, principalmente na média dasfreqüências 1.3-3.5kHz. A supressão das emissões otoacústicas foi menor para a orelha esquerda doque para a orelha direita, com diferença estatisticamente significante somente nas freqüências 2.0kHz(p=0,026) e 4.0kHz (p=0,046). Conclusão: a supressão da resposta ocorrida devido à presença deruído branco contralateral confirmou resultados já encontrados na literatura, indicando boa atividadeda via olivococlear do sistema auditivo.
Purpose: to study the effect of contralateral acoustic stimulation with white noise, on transient evokedotoacoustic emissions. Methods: the study involved 29 women (age 20-45 years) with no history ofauditory pathology, and with normal audiometric functions (<20dB loss between 250 and 8000Hz onpure tone audiogram). Timpanometry with type A curve and middle ear reflexes were present bilaterally.Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions recording were carried out using the Navigator Pro, from Biologic,and the contralateral stimulation was presented at 50dBWN. Results: the results revealed asignificant (p=0.0001 in RE and p=0.029 in LE) contralateral suppression of transient evoked acousticemission, mainly on the 1.3-3.5kHz mean frequencies. Suppression of emissions in left ear was weakerthan in right ear, with significant statistical difference just for 2.0kHz (p=0.026) and 4.0kHz (p=0.046)frequencies. Conclusion: the suppression of transient evoked emissions by contralateral white noiseconfirmed literature findings, that indicate a good function of the medial olivocochlear system.