Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage in children: an international multicentre study.

Background: Paediatric diffuse alveolar haemorrhage (DAH) is a rare heterogeneous condition with limited knowledge on clinical presentation, treatment and outcome. Methods: A retrospective, descriptive multicentre follow-up study initiated from the European network for translational research in children's and adult interstitial lung disease (Cost Action CA16125) and chILD-EU CRC (the European Research Collaboration for Children's Interstitial Lung Disease). Inclusion criteria were DAH of any cause diagnosed before the age of 18 years. Results: Data of 124 patients from 26 centres (15 counties) were submitted, of whom 117 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Diagnoses were idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis (n=35), DAH associated with autoimmune features (n=20), systemic and collagen disorders (n=18), immuno-allergic conditions (n=10), other childhood interstitial lung diseases (chILD) (n=5), autoinflammatory diseases (n=3), DAH secondary to other conditions (n=21) and nonspecified DAH (n=5). Median (IQR) age at onset was 5 (2.0-12.9) years. Most frequent clinical presentations were anaemia (87%), haemoptysis (42%), dyspnoea (35%) and cough (32%). Respiratory symptoms were absent in 23%. The most frequent medical treatment was systemic corticosteroids (93%), hydroxychloroquine (35%) and azathioprine (27%). Overall mortality was 13%. Long-term data demonstrated persistent abnormal radiology and a limited improvement in lung function. Conclusions: Paediatric DAH is highly heterogeneous regarding underlying causes and clinical presentation. The high mortality rate and number of patients with ongoing treatment years after onset of disease underline that DAH is a severe and often chronic condition. This large international study paves the way for further prospective clinical trials that will in the long term allow evidence-based treatment and follow-up recommendations to be determined.

Cryotherapy in the paediatric airway: Indications, success and safety.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Cryotherapy in interventional bronchoscopy is a new treatment modality, which has recently been made available for the paediatric airway. Lack of experience and safety concerns have led to hesitant adaptation. The aim of this study was to assess indications, success rates and complications of airway cryotherapy in children. METHODS: Bronchoscopists from medical centre performing cryotherapy in patients between 0 and 18 years were invited to participate in a prospective study based on an online questionnaire. Patient and participant data were collected between June 2020 and June 2021. RESULTS: A total of 69 cryotherapy procedures were performed in 57 patients a for three main indications: Biopsy (30), restoration of airway patency (23) and foreign body aspiration (16). The overall success rate was 93%, the remaining 7% were performed for foreign body removal and required a switch of technique. Restoration of airway patency was successfully applied in various pathologies, including mucus plugs, bronchial casts and post traumatic stenosis. The diagnostic yield of transbronchial biopsies was 96%. No severe complications were encountered; one pneumothorax following a cryobiopsy required a chest drain for 48 h. No child was admitted to intensive care or died from a procedural complication. CONCLUSION: In this largest paediatric case collection to date, cryotherapy was safe and carried a high success rate. Cryobiopsy compares favourably to the widely used forceps biopsy and could replace it in the future. Paediatric bronchoscopists are encouraged to add cryotherapy to their armamentarium of airway interventions.

Access to medicines for rare diseases: beating the drum for primary ciliary dyskinesia.

Primary ciliary dyskinesia, a rare disease causing bronchiectasis, lacks a sound evidence base for treatment. @beatpcd proposes 1) forming a PCD European clinical trial network to address this situation and 2) conducting n-of-1 trials to access medication. https://bit.ly/3j5blfM.

Relation between BCG vaccine scar and an interferon-gamma release assay in immigrant children with "positive" tuberculin skin test (≥10 mm).

BACKGROUND: Immigrants from countries with high incidence of tuberculosis (TB) are usually offered screening when they arrive to low incidence countries. The tuberculin skin test (TST) is often used. The interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs) are more specific and not affected by BCG vaccination. The aims of this study were 1. To see if there if there is a correlation between a positive IGRA (QFT) and presence of a BCG scar in children with TST ≥10 mm, 2. To compare the TST diameter with QFT result, 3. To see if chest X-ray can be omitted in QFT negative children despite TST ≥10 mm. METHODS: 762 healthy children/adolescents (median age 14 years) arriving to Gothenburg and surroundings with TST ≥10 mm were tested with QFT. RESULTS: A total of 163/492 (33 %) children with BCG scar had positive QFT, whereas 205/270 (76 %) without BCG scar had positive QFT (p < 0.0001). The median TST was 12 mm in QFT negative and 18 mm in QFT positive children (p < 0.0001) but with considerable overlap. Median TST was the same (12 mm) in QFT negative children with and without BCG scar. Among the QFT positive children 25/368 had chest X-ray changes compared to 2/393 among the QFT negative children (p < 0.0007). CONCLUSIONS: Previous BCG vaccination had an effect on the TST diameter so an IGRA is recommended to diagnose latent TB. Using only TST for screening of latent TB would lead to overdiagnosis. The TST diameter was larger in QFT positive than in QFT negative children but could not predict QFT in the individual patient. Chest X ray contributes little to the diagnosis of TB in QFT negative children but can not be omitted because of late seroconversion of QFT in some patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not applicable.

Treatment and Follow-Up of Patients with Long-Gap Esophageal Atresia: 15 Years' of Experience from the Western Region of Sweden.

OBJECTIVE: This retrospective study aims to report treatment results in patients with long-gap esophageal atresia (LGEA), gross A + B type, and discuss the value of different clinical findings and physiological tests in the follow-up. METHODS: This retrospective observational study comprises all patients with LGEA admitted to our department between 1995 and 2010. RESULTS: A total of 16 patients were included. Their mean gestational age was 35(+2) weeks and their mean birth weight was 1,945 g (-2.5 standard deviation scores). No catch-up growth in height could be seen and they remained smaller than the average population during the study period. Gastrostomy was performed as the first surgical procedure. Overall, 11 of the 16 patients had a delayed primary anastomosis. Elongation of the distal esophageal segment was required in 3 of the 16 patients and a colonic interposition in 2 of the 16 patients. The median age at definitive surgery was 150 days. All the patients had gastroesophageal reflux after their definitive surgery. Three of the 16 patients required surgery due to aspiration and all 3 had a pathological lung clearance index (LCI) at multiple-breath washout (MBW). At the age of 1 or 7 years, the LCI was pathological in 4 of the 14 patients, and spirometry showed an obstruction in 9 of the 14 patients. CONCLUSION: LGEA is a severe congenital malformation, with severe morbidity. No mortality was seen. MBW could be a useful tool for the early detection of progressive pulmonary damage.

Epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacteria among patients with cystic fibrosis in Scandinavia.

BACKGROUND: Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are an emerging threat to cystic fibrosis (CF) patients but their epidemiology is not well described. METHODS: In this retrospective observational study we identified all Scandinavian CF patients with a positive NTM culture from airway secretions from 2000 to the end of 2012 and used national CF databases to describe microbiological and clinical characteristics. RESULTS: During the 13-year period 157 (11%) CF patients were culture positive for NTM at least once. Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABSC) (45%) and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) (32%) were the predominant species with geographical differences in distribution. Younger patients were more prone to MABSC (p<0.01). Despite treatment, less than one-third of MABSC patients with repeated positive cultures cleared their infection and a quarter had a lung transplant or died. CONCLUSION: NTM are significant CF pathogens and are becoming more prevalent in Scandinavia. MABSC and MAC appear to target distinct patient groups. Having multiple positive cultures despite treatment conveys a poor outcome.