eHealth Literacy in German Skin Cancer Patients.

The global incidence of skin cancer has steadily increased in recent years, and malignant melanoma still has one of the fastest-growing incidence rates among all malignant tumors in the western world. Thus, newly diagnosed patients have an increased need for health information concerning their disease. Using a standardized questionnaire, our study aims to investigate our patients' primary sources of health-related information as well as their self-proclaimed eHealth literacy. We received 714 questionnaires. Regardless of age, the primary source of information was the treating dermato-oncologist, followed by the treating general practitioner and the Internet. However, with increasing age, the usage of the Internet decreased. Hence, younger participants were better equipped to find health-related information while using the Internet. Additionally, comprehending health-related information and gaining medical knowledge was significantly increased in better-educated participants. Overall, our study shows that with increased use of eHealth services, accessing web-based information increased, correlating with a better eHealth literacy of our patients. eHealth technologies are increasingly becoming more prevalent as a primary source of information in our modern health care system. Thus, it is crucial to educate cancer patients in eHealth literacy to make autonomous, informed decisions and gain more confidence in dealing with their disease.

Impact of a preceding radiotherapy on the outcome of immune checkpoint inhibition in metastatic melanoma: a multicenter retrospective cohort study of the DeCOG.

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) is an essential treatment option in melanoma. Its outcome may be improved by a preceding radiation of metastases. This study aimed to investigate the impact of a preceding radiotherapy on the clinical outcome of ICI treatment. METHODS: This multicenter retrospective cohort study included patients who received anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) or anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) ICI with or without preceding radiotherapy for unresectable metastatic melanoma. ICI therapy outcome was measured as best overall response (BOR), progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Response and survival analyses were adjusted for confounders identified by directed acyclic graphs. Adjusted survival curves were calculated using inverse probability treatment weighting. RESULTS: 835 patients who received ICI (anti-CTLA-4, n=596; anti-PD-1, n=239) at 16 centers were analyzed, whereof 235 received a preceding radiotherapy of metastatic lesions in stage IV disease. The most frequent organ sites irradiated prior to ICI therapy were brain (51.1%), lymph nodes (17.9%) and bone (17.9%). After multivariable adjustment for confounders, no relevant differences in ICI therapy outcome were observed between cohorts with and without preceding radiotherapy. BOR was 8.7% vs 13.0% for anti-CTLA-4 (adjusted relative risk (RR)=1.47; 95% CI=0.81 to 2.65; p=0.20), and 16.5% vs 25.3% for anti-PD-1 (RR=0.93; 95% CI=0.49 to 1.77; p=0.82). Survival probabilities were similar for cohorts with and without preceding radiotherapy, for anti-CTLA-4 (PFS, adjusted HR=1.02, 95% CI=0.86 to 1.25, p=0.74; OS, HR=1.08, 95% CI=0.81 to 1.44, p=0.61) and for anti-PD-1 (PFS, HR=0.84, 95% CI=0.57 to 1.26, p=0.41; OS, HR=0.73, 95% CI=0.43 to 1.25, p=0.26). Patients who received radiation last before ICI (n=137) revealed no better survival than those who had one or more treatment lines between radiation and start of ICI (n=86). In 223 patients with brain metastases, we found no relevant survival differences on ICI with and without preceding radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: This study detected no evidence for a relevant favorable impact of a preceding radiotherapy on anti-CTLA-4 or anti-PD-1 ICI treatment outcome in metastatic melanoma.

Impact of radiation, systemic therapy and treatment sequencing on survival of patients with melanoma brain metastases.

BACKGROUND: Combining stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and active systemic therapies (STs) achieved favourable survival outcomes in patients with melanoma brain metastases (MBMs) in retrospective analyses. However, several aspects of this treatment strategy remain poorly understood. We report on the overall survival (OS) of patients with MBM treated with a combination of radiotherapy (RT) and ST as well as the impact of the v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF)-V600 mutation (BRAFmut) status, types of RT and ST and their sequence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data of 208 patients treated with SRS or whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) and either immunotherapy (IT) or targeted therapy (TT) within a 6-week interval to RT were analysed retrospectively. OS was calculated from RT to death or last follow-up. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses were performed to determine prognostic features associated with OS. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 7.3 months. 139 patients received IT, 67 received TT and 2 received IT and TT within 6 weeks to RT (WBRT 45%; SRS 55%). One-year Kaplan-Meier OS rates were 69%, 65%, 33% and 18% (P < .001) for SRS with IT, SRS with TT, WBRT with IT and WBRT with TT, respectively. Patients with a BRAFmut receiving IT combined with RT experienced higher OS rates (88%, 65%, 50% and 18%). TT following RT or started before and continued thereafter was associated with improved median OS compared with TT solely before RT (12.2 [95% confidence interval {CI} 9.3-15.1]; 9.8 [95% CI 6.9-12.6] versus 5.1 [95% CI 2.7-7.5]; P = .03). CONCLUSION: SRS and IT achieved the highest OS rates. A BRAFmut appears to be a favourable prognostic factor for OS. For the combination of RT and TT, the sequence appears to be crucial. Combinations of WBRT and ST achieved unprecedentedly high OS rates and warrant further studies.

Use of complementary and alternative medicine: A multicenter cross-sectional study in 1089 melanoma patients.

BACKGROUND: About half of patients with cancer use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). So far, data on melanoma patients are missing. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to evaluate the prevalence and predictors for the use of CAM in this patient group. METHODS: All patients with melanoma being attended at one of 7 skin cancer centres in Germany between March 2012 and March 2013 were invited to take part in a survey using a structured questionnaire on CAM. The physicians filled in a second part on the diagnosis, state and former and current therapy. RESULTS: Nearly half of the 1089 participants (41.0%) used CAM and half of those using CAM (56.8%) marked that this made them feel better. Biological-based CAMs which consists of substances taken were used by 25.9% of all patients (63.1% of those using CAM). Predictors of CAM use were education, psychological support, interest in CAM and previous CAM use. CAM users show higher physical activity, more often use psychosocial help and have contact with a self-help group. Family and friends (41.0%) as well as print media (41.7%) are the main sources of information. Most important reasons to use CAM are to strengthen one's own forces (57.7%) or the immune system (63.4%) and to be able to do something for oneself (53.7%). CONCLUSION: Communication on CAM should become a regular topic in counselling melanoma patients. To increase safety, patients and physicians must have access to evidence-based information on these methods and their interactions with modern cancer treatments.

Preferences of German melanoma patients for interferon (IFN) α-2b toxicities (the DeCOG "GERMELATOX survey") versus melanoma recurrence to quantify patients' relative values for adjuvant therapy.

Currently interferon alfa-2b (IFNα-2b) is an approved adjuvant drug for high-risk melanoma patients that leads to an improvement in disease-free survival (DFS). However, it is unclear whether it also impacts overall survival. Widespread use of adjuvant high-dose IFNα has been tempered by its significant toxicity and its limited efficacy. Current therapeutic strategies like immune checkpoint blockade or targeted therapy may also be useful in the adjuvant setting. Therefore, it is important to weigh the trade-offs between possible side effects and therapeutic benefit.We assessed patient utilities for health states associated with IFN therapy. Utilities are measures of preference for a specific health state on a scale of 0 (death) to 1 (perfect health).Utilities were determined for health states associated with adjuvant IFN among 130 German low-risk melanoma patients using the standard gamble technique. Four IFNα-2b toxicity scenarios and the following 3 posttreatment outcomes were assessed: disease-free health and melanoma recurrence (with or without previous use of IFNα-2b) resulting in cancer death. Patients were asked to trade-off the improvement in 5-year DFS and the IFN-related side effects.Utilities for melanoma recurrence (mean 0.60) were significantly lower than for all IFNα-2b toxicity scenarios (mean 0.81-0.90). Patients were willing to tolerate mild-to-moderate and severe toxicity for a 50% and 75% chance of 5-year DFS, respectively. Both utilities and threshold benefits were mostly independent from patient characteristics like gender, income, and social situation. Significant impact was only observed by age and previous personal experience with cancer.On average, German patients were willing to trade even severe IFNα-2b toxicity for reducing the rate of melanoma recurrence. This result points out the importance of a relapse-free survival for melanoma patients. The utilities measured in our study can be applied to decision-making processes in clinical trials of new adjuvant drugs.

Risk of interactions between complementary and alternative medicine and medication for comorbidities in patients with melanoma.

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is used widely among cancer patients. Beside the risk of interaction with cancer therapies, interactions with treatment for comorbidities are an underestimated problem. The aim of this study was to assess prevalence of interactions between CAM and drugs for comorbidities from a large CAM usage survey on melanoma patients and to classify herb-drug interactions with regard to their potential to harm. Consecutive melanoma outpatients of seven skin cancer centers were asked to complete a standardized CAM questionnaire including questions to their CAM use and their taken medication for comorbidities and cancer. Each combination of conventional drugs and complementary substances was evaluated for their potential of interaction. 1089 questionnaires were eligible for evaluation. From these, 61.6% of patients reported taking drugs regularly from which 34.4% used biological-based CAM methods. Risk evaluation for interaction was possible for 180 CAM users who listed the names or substances they took for comorbidities. From those patients, we found 37.2% at risk of interaction of their co-consumption of conventional and complementary drugs. Almost all patients using Chinese herbs were at risk (88.6%). With a high rate of CAM usage at risk of interactions between CAM drugs and drugs taken for comorbidities, implementation of a regular assessment of CAM usage and drugs for comorbidities is mandatory in cancer care.

Genomic correlates of response to CTLA-4 blockade in metastatic melanoma.

Monoclonal antibodies directed against cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), such as ipilimumab, yield considerable clinical benefit for patients with metastatic melanoma by inhibiting immune checkpoint activity, but clinical predictors of response to these therapies remain incompletely characterized. To investigate the roles of tumor-specific neoantigens and alterations in the tumor microenvironment in the response to ipilimumab, we analyzed whole exomes from pretreatment melanoma tumor biopsies and matching germline tissue samples from 110 patients. For 40 of these patients, we also obtained and analyzed transcriptome data from the pretreatment tumor samples. Overall mutational load, neoantigen load, and expression of cytolytic markers in the immune microenvironment were significantly associated with clinical benefit. However, no recurrent neoantigen peptide sequences predicted responder patient populations. Thus, detailed integrated molecular characterization of large patient cohorts may be needed to identify robust determinants of response and resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Novel DNA methylation markers with potential prognostic relevance in advanced malignant melanoma identified using COBRA assays.

Aberrant methylation of promoter regions involved in silencing of tumor suppressor genes is a key feature of many human cancers including melanoma. These DNA methylation events occur early in cancer development, increase with progression, and may therefore serve as biomarkers for the detection and staging of cancer. In our study, we used an epigenomic reactivation screening approach including Combined Bisulfite Restriction Analyses (COBRA) assays to identify novel methylation markers in late-stage melanoma. Two human xenograft melanoma models have been used to identify genes methylated in cancer and reactivated upon treatment with a histone deacetylase inhibitor. Gene expression analysis and promoter scanning for DNA methylation by COBRA assays and bisulfite sequencing were used to identify candidate genes. The methylation status of the CpG island promoter region of genes related to melanoma pathophysiology in skin, lymph node, and visceral metastatic metastases in 28 patients (samples n=35) were assessed. These methylation markers have been evaluated in melanoma metastasis tissue and in control samples from normal skin. The screening in in-vitro and in-vivo systems for methylated genes in melanoma samples showed 10 candidate genes. Using COBRA assays, we detected a methylation pattern in the promoter region of 10 genes with two genes (BASP1, CDH11), together with the patient's age and the log-S100B-level at biopsy, constructing a descriptor with a trend to correlate with shorter time to death.

Upstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway inhibition: MEK inhibitor followed by a BRAF inhibitor in advanced melanoma patients.

BRAF-mutant melanoma can be successfully treated by BRAF kinase inhibitors (BRAFi) and MEK kinase inhibitors (MEKi). However, the administration of BRAFi followed by MEKi did not generate promising response rate (RR). The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the time to progression (TTP) with a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway upstream inhibition strategy in BRAF mutated melanoma patients. BRAF mutation positive metastatic melanoma patients were identified within the Dermatology Cooperative Oncology Group (DeCOG) network and were treated first with a MEKi and upon progression with a selective BRAFi. A total of 23 melanoma patients (six females, 17 males, aged 47-80 years) were retrospectively analysed for TTP. The total median TTP was 8.9 months. The median TTP for MEKi was 4.8 (1.2-23.2) and subsequent for BRAFi 4.5 (1.2-15.7) months, respectively. A higher RR for MEKi (39%, nine partial responses and 0 complete responses) than previously reported was observed. Our analysis suggests that the reversed inhibition of the MAPK pathway is feasible in BRAF mutated melanoma. The median TTP (8.9 months) is close to the promising BRAF- and MEKi combination therapy (median progression-free survival (PFS) 9.4 months). The total treatment duration of the MAPK inhibition when a MEKi is administered first is similar compared to the reversed sequence, but TTP shifts in favour to the MEKi. This approach is feasible with reasonable tolerability. This clinical investigation encourages further studies in prospective clinical trials to define the optimal treatment schedule for the MAPK pathway inhibition and should be accompanied by molecular monitoring using repeated biopsies.

The price of tumor control: an analysis of rare side effects of anti-CTLA-4 therapy in metastatic melanoma from the ipilimumab network.

BACKGROUND: Ipilimumab, a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) blocking antibody, has been approved for the treatment of metastatic melanoma and induces adverse events (AE) in up to 64% of patients. Treatment algorithms for the management of common ipilimumab-induced AEs have lead to a reduction of morbidity, e.g. due to bowel perforations. However, the spectrum of less common AEs is expanding as ipilimumab is increasingly applied. Stringent recognition and management of AEs will reduce drug-induced morbidity and costs, and thus, positively impact the cost-benefit ratio of the drug. To facilitate timely identification and adequate management data on rare AEs were analyzed at 19 skin cancer centers. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Patient files (n = 752) were screened for rare ipilimumab-associated AEs. A total of 120 AEs, some of which were life-threatening or even fatal, were reported and summarized by organ system describing the most instructive cases in detail. Previously unreported AEs like drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), granulomatous inflammation of the central nervous system, and aseptic meningitis, were documented. Obstacles included patients delay in reporting symptoms and the differentiation of steroid-induced from ipilimumab-induced AEs under steroid treatment. Importantly, response rate was high in this patient population with tumor regression in 30.9% and a tumor control rate of 61.8% in stage IV melanoma patients despite the fact that some patients received only two of four recommended ipilimumab infusions. This suggests that ipilimumab-induced antitumor responses can have an early onset and that severe autoimmune reactions may reflect overtreatment. CONCLUSION: The wide spectrum of ipilimumab-induced AEs demands doctor and patient awareness to reduce morbidity and treatment costs and true ipilimumab success is dictated by both objective tumor responses and controlling severe side effects.

Update on immunologic therapy with anti-CTLA-4 antibodies in melanoma: identification of clinical and biological response patterns, immune-related adverse events, and their management.

Immune-modifying monoclonal antibodies may induce or enhance the natural immune response against tumor cells. The complex interaction between antigen-presenting cells and T lymphocytes as an immune response is strongly affected by anti-CD152 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4, CTLA-4)-antibodies. However, specific CTLA-4 antibodies can block the CTLA-4 receptor and thus induce an unrestrained T-cell activation. To this stage, treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma with the CTLA-4 antibodies ipilimumab and tremelimumab has only been investigated within clinical trials. The results of a phase III trial in patients with advanced disease treated with ipilimumab alone or in combination with a peptide vaccination (gp100) recently presented at the 2010 annual meeting of the Ameircan Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) made groundbreaking news as ipilimumab was demonstrated to be the first drug in melanoma treatment to show a significant prolongation of survival time. Patients undergoing treatment with CTLA-4 antibodies may experience immune-related phenomena and adverse events (irAEs) that differ greatly from the well-known adverse events of cytotoxic drugs and which are due to the CTLA-4 antibodies' specific mode of action. This review gives a condensed overview on the mechanisms of action, an update on clinical data of the two CTLA-4 antibodies, ipilimumab and tremelimumab, and detailed recommendations for adverse event management strategies.

Serum S100B and LDH are not useful in predicting the sentinel node status in melanoma patients.

BACKGROUND: Serum S100B and LDH, as well as the status of the sentinel node, have been reported as prognostic markers in melanoma patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of serum S-100B and LDH in melanoma patients prior to sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND) with respect to the clinical outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Serum S100B and LDH were measured prior to SLND in 259 melanoma patients between 2000 and 2006. Upper institutional limits were 0.12 microg/l for S100B and 240U/l for LDH. RESULTS: The median follow-up time was 27.1 months. The median S-100B value for SN-negative and SN-positive patients was 0.06 microg/l and 0.05 microg/l, respectively (p=0.291). Similarly for LDH, the values were 171.5 U/l and 166.5 U/l, respectively (p=0.763). Neither of the proposed markers were a statistically significant prognostic parameter for disease-free survival (DFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) and overall survival (OS). CONCLUSION: In the present study neither serum S100B nor LDH prior to SLND were useful in predicting the histopathological status of the sentinel node. None of them correlated with DFS, DMFS or OS.

Pegylated interferons: prospects for the use in the adjuvant and palliative therapy of metastatic melanoma.

Classic interferon-alpha formulations have antitumour activity in a variety of neoplastic diseases, including the adjuvant and palliative setting of metastatic melanoma, as single agents or in combination with chemotherapy and/or interleukin-2. Pegylated interferon, widely used for the treatment of hepatitis, seems to be at least equally efficacious as standard recombinant interferon in the treatment of metastatic melanoma, and the available evidence suggests that equi-efficacious doses have somewhat lower acute toxicity. Moreover, the favourable pharmacokinetic properties of pegylated interferon allow the administration on a weekly basis, with sustained exposure to interferon during that entire period. Several clinical trials have been conducted testing adjuvant and palliative treatment with pegylated interferon-alpha in high-risk melanoma patients with promising results. The role of pegylated interferons in the setting of advanced metastatic melanoma will need further investigation in clinical trials, potentially in combination with targeted or cytotoxic agents with regard to synergistic antiangiogenic and cytotoxic effects. The use of pegylated interferons in earlier stage melanomas will be investigated in upcoming trials.

Anti-CTLA-4 therapy-related autoimmune hypophysitis in a melanoma patient.

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is an immunoregulatory molecule expressed by activated T cells and resting CD4+CD25 T cells. In patients with advanced melanoma, anti-CTLA-4 antibody therapy achieves cancer regression in 15% of patients. Treatment may be associated with grade III/IV autoimmune manifestations that included dermatitis, enterocolitis, hepatitis, uveitis, and rarely hypophysitis. Many of these toxicities require and respond to brief courses of high-dose corticosteroids. We report on a case of autoimmune hypophysitis with severe clinical symptoms that resolved rapidly after treatment with steroids. It is important to consider both autoimmune hypophysitis and brain metastasis in the differential diagnosis of melanoma patients receiving CTLA-4 blockade who present this constellation of symptoms.

Melanocytic schwannoma of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues: three cases and a review of the literature.

Melanocytic schwannoma is a rare soft-tissue tumor, which arises most commonly in the paraspinal sympathetic chain. In general, 25% of the patients develop metastasis. To date, only 17 cases of a cutaneous and subcutaneous melanocytic schwannoma have been reported. None of these patients developed metastasis. Three cases of cutaneous melanocytic schwannoma, diagnosed in our institution are reported. For further literature overview we performed a search on Medline using the terms 'melanocytic schwannoma' or 'melanotic schwannoma' or 'Carney complex' combined with 'skin' or 'cutaneous', for the period 1970-2007. Seventeen patients were described to have melanocytic schwannoma of the skin or subcutaneous tissues. These papers were reviewed for clinical data. Two of the three patients showed metastatic disease, one of them died of disseminated metastases. In contrast, none of the reported cases of cutaneous or subcutaneous melanocytic schwannomas was characterized by a malignant course. The differential diagnosis, especially with regard to malignant melanoma, is made by histology and by its clinical course, which differs from melanoma in its tendency to recur at the site of excision and slow rate of growth. Commonly misdiagnosed as melanoma, this tumor reveals insights into the origin of both melanocytes and Schwann cells. It is likely that the biological bases for melanoma and melanocytic schwannoma differ. It is necessary to differentiate this tumor from melanoma because of the differing prognosis and the association of melanocytic schwannoma with the Carney complex. Owing to the lack of clinical trials, we recommend that patients be treated according to the existing guidelines for melanoma.

Long-term survival analysis in metastatic melanoma: serum S100B is an independent prognostic marker and superior to LDH.

BACKGROUND: The prognosis of metastatic melanoma is poor. The purpose of this study was to perform a long-term survival analysis on patients with advanced melanoma to determine clinical and laboratory prognostic factors for treatment outcome and long-term survival. The prognostic importance of S100B serum levels on overall survival compared to lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was evaluated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The medical records of 105 AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer) stage IV melanoma patients from 1994 to 2001 were analyzed retrospectively. Median time to progression and overall survival were assessed. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to determine prognostic factors. RESULTS: 86 (81.9%) of the 105 patients died during the observation period. In univariate analysis, pre-therapeutic LDH and S100B levels in serum samples (p = 0.01 and p = 0.002, respectively), tumor stage (AJCC IVa-IVc, p = 0.005), and response to the firstline therapy (p < 0.001) were found to be significant prognostic markers. However, in the multivariate analysis, pre-therapeutic S100B serum levels (p = 0.005, odds ratio (OR): 2.22, confidence interval (CI): 1.22-4.1) as well as presence of brain metastases (p = 0.009, OR: 5.08, CI: 1.51-17.05) were the only independent prognostic factors for overall survival. CONCLUSION: In metastatic melanoma, S100B is a strong prognostic factor for overall and long-term survival, and superior to LDH.

Combined treatment with pegylated interferon-alpha-2a and dacarbazine in patients with advanced metastatic melanoma: a phase 2 study.

BACKGROUND: Dacarbazine (DTIC) and pegylated interferon (IFN)-alpha-2a have both demonstrated some efficacy as single agents in metastatic melanoma. To the authors' knowledge, the current study is the first to test a combination of these 2 agents in a phase 2 trial. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients with stage IV melanoma without brain metastases were treated with DTIC (at a dose of 850 mg/m(2) every 3 weeks) combined with weekly pegylated IFN-alpha-2a at a dose of 180 microg. The study was initiated to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of the combination. The primary study endpoint was objective response. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients were evaluable for response. Two patients (8.0%) achieved a complete response that continued for >480 days and 746 days, respectively. Four patients (16.0%) demonstrated a partial response, and another patient experienced stable disease. Six of 7 nonprogressive patients had either not received treatment or had not developed disease progression during adjuvant IFN treatment for stage II/III disease. The median duration of response was 236 days, the median progression-free survival was 56 days, and the overall survival time was 403 days. Few grade 3 toxicities and only 1 grade 4 toxicity were observed (according to National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of DTIC and pegylated IFN-alpha-2a was found to be well tolerated in patients with metastatic melanoma. The response rate of 24%, including 2 long-lasting complete responses, is encouraging, but must be confirmed in larger trials.

Multicenter phase II trial of the histone deacetylase inhibitor pyridylmethyl-N-{4-[(2-aminophenyl)-carbamoyl]-benzyl}-carbamate in pretreated metastatic melanoma.

Systemic treatment of metastatic melanoma is of low efficacy, and new therapeutic strategies are needed. Histone deacetylase inhibitors are supposed to restore the expression of tumor suppressor genes and induce tumor cell differentiation, growth arrest, and apoptosis. This study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of the histone deacetylase inhibitor pyridylmethyl-N-{4-[(2-aminophenyl)-carbamoyl]-benzyl}-carbamate (MS-275) in patients with pretreated metastatic melanoma. Patients with unresectable AJCC stage IV melanoma refractory to at least one earlier systemic therapy were randomized to receive MS-275 3 mg biweekly (days 1+15, arm A) or 7 mg weekly (days 1+8+15, arm B), in 4-week cycles. The primary study endpoint was objective tumor response, secondary endpoints were safety and time-to-progression. On the basis of Simon's two-stage design, the study initially allowed an entry of 14 patients per arm; if there was at least one responder, additional 33 patients were to be enrolled. Among 28 patients enrolled, no objective response was detected. Four (29%) patients in arm A and three (21%) patients in arm B showed disease stabilizations. Median time-to-progression was comparable in both arms with 55.5 versus 51.5 days, respectively; median overall survival was 8.84 months. Toxicity was mild to moderate with nausea (39%) and hypophosphatemia (29%) as the most frequently reported events. No treatment-related serious adverse events occurred. Single-agent treatment with MS-275 was well-tolerated and showed long-term tumor stabilizations, but no objective responses in pretreated metastatic melanoma. Further evaluation of MS-275 in combination schedules is warranted.