Influence of different sample preparation techniques on imaging viruses and virus-like particles by scanning electron and scanning transmission electron microscopes.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) were applied in many laboratories to visualize and image viruses and virus-like particles (VLPs). Two bacteriophages, P1 and Φ6, were chosen as model microorganisms known for their distinct structure, and viruses obtained from biofilms associated with modern travertines (Terme di Saturnia, Italy; Karahayit "Kizilsu" and Pamukkale, Turkey) were also investigated. Three protocols, (1) full, (2) simplified, and (3) all at once were developed and tested for sample preparation and imaging. The full procedure enabled the observation of P1 bacteriophages, whereas the simplified protocol, successful in visualizing Φ6, did not yield satisfactory results for P1. The preservation state of the latter appeared to be compromised and led to less informative images in SEM and STEM. Viruses in biofilms exhibited various levels of mineralization and aggregation, complicating their characterization. In the all at once procedure, although effective in preserving bacteriophage tails, excessive coating and thickening of samples with heavy chemical reagents led to a reduction in overall image quality. Despite a final washing step, some residues of chemical reagents (OsO4 and uranyl acetate) remained, impacting the clarity of the images. Finally, the results obtained emphasize the critical role of sample preparation and imaging techniques in effectively visualizing and characterizing viruses and VLPs. The choice of analytical procedure significantly influences the resolution and preservation state of the observed bacteriophages and VLPs. It is suggested that the appropriate imaging technique is carefully selected based on the specific objectives of the project and the nature of the samples being investigated to obtain the best images of the viruses.

First lung and kidney multi-organ transplant following COVID-19 Infection.

As the world responds to the global crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic an increasing number of patients are experiencing increased morbidity as a result of multi-organ involvement. Of these, a small proportion will progress to end-stage lung disease, become dialysis dependent, or both. Herein, we describe the first reported case of a successful combined lung and kidney transplantation in a patient with COVID-19. Lung transplantation, isolated or combined with other organs, is feasible and should be considered for select patients impacted by this deadly disease.

Cutaneous manifestations of injectable drug use: hidden secrets.

Abscesses related to drug use are the most common cutaneous manifestations among injection drug users, often occurring when the veins become less accessible. In these cases, other techniques may be used to administer drugs, such as skin popping (subcutaneous injection) or muscle popping (intramuscular injection). The main risk factors for abscess formation include skin popping, use of unsterilized needles, and injection of speedball (a mixture of cocaine and heroin). We present a case of recurrent abscesses accompanied by fever, hypersomnia alternating with insomnia, diaphoresis, fatigue, recent weight loss, and agitation following subcutaneous injection of a tramadol, opipramol, and clonazepam mixture. Differential diagnoses included pyoderma gangrenosum on the basis of hepatitis C virus, skin lesions connected with human immunodeficiency virus infection, vasculitis, endocarditis, and serotonin syndrome. The patient was treated with oral antibiotics, surgical incision, and drainage of the abscesses, with consequent improvement.

A cry for help, do not omit the signs. Dermatitis artefacta--psychiatric problems in dermatological diseases (a review of 5 cases).

BACKGROUND: Dermatitis artefacta (DA) is a dermatologicopsychiatric illness that is a conscious self-infliction of lesions to accessible regions of the body. The lesions usually do not resemble those of any know skin disease and there are no specific diagnostic tests to recognize them. This makes dermatitis artefacta a very slow, challenging and expensive disease to diagnose. CASE REPORT: We present 5 different clinical cases of dermatitis artefacta treated in the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk in 2011. Detailed anamnesis and physical examination were performed at the day of admission. All patients had biochemical and hematological blood tests, skin biopsies and swabs for bacteriological examination, and photographs were taken. Psychiatric consultation was recommended in all cases. Clinical symptoms before diagnosis lasted from 1 to 10 years. The female-to-male ratio is 1:0.7, with age range of 57-62 years. Of our patients, only 2 refused a psychiatric consultation. Three out of 5 patients denied self-mutilation (2 of those 3 patients finally admitted to self-manipulations). Lesions were usually within the reach of the dominant hand. Two patients have other personality disorders. In 4/5 cases visible improvement after treatment with occlusive dressings were observed. CONCLUSIONS: We discuss and attempt to depict issues associated with collaboration between dermatologists and psychiatrists, reasons for poor recognition of the disease, very long diagnosis and high costs. To conclude, we found that close collaboration between dermatologists and psychiatrists is important in diagnosing and treating DA patients.

A retrospective study of 12 cases of pyoderma gangrenosum: why we should avoid surgical intervention and what therapy to apply.

Lesions of skin are ubiquitous in the medical field. The varying etiopathologies with similar presentation can pose a misleading picture, especially when faced with less common skin diseases. Furthermore, the misdiagnosis can cause detrimental effects on the patient's morbidity and mortality, which was seen in the case series study we performed on pyoderma gangrenosum. The history of 12 patients were analyzed in reference to the course of the disease, accompanying diseases, clinical picture, histopathological examination, surgical intervention before diagnosis, and treatment. Within this group of 12 patients, five were exposed to surgical interventions before diagnosis of pyoderma gangrenosum. The 5 patients were all exposed to prolonged aggravation of the disease process, followed by remission after proper diagnosis and treatment therapy. This study was done to improve the knowledge of surgeons about pyoderma gangrenosum considering the frequency of skin lesion cases in the surgical practice. Knowledge of the disease is essential to diagnose pyoderma gangrenosum in early stages to avoid interventions that may prolong or worsen the outcome. Surgical interventions in these patients should be avoided before proper diagnosis. The key to a better prognosis of pyoderma gangrenosum patients is often in the hands of surgeons.