ABSTRACT
Ethanolic extracts derived from three species of the Piperaceae (pepper) family, Piper longum L., P. ribesoides Wall., and P. sarmentosum Roxb. ex Hunt., were evaluated for efficacy against early 4th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes using larvicidal bioassays. The highest larvicidal efficacy was established from P. longum, followed by P. sarmentosum and P. ribesoides, with LC50 values of 2.23, 4.06, and 8.13 ppm, respectively. Observations of morphological alterations on treated 4th instar larvae revealed that most organs, except anal papillae, had a normal structural appearance that was similar to controls. Under light microscopy, the internal structures of anal papillae in the treated larvae showed shrinkage, while the external features were normal in appearance. Ultrastructural studies, however, clearly demonstrated external destruction, with extensive damage and shrunken cuticle of the anal papillae. The structural deformation of anal papillae probably led to their dysfunction, which may be intrinsically associated with the death of the larvae. This study affords some evidence regarding the action site of the pepper extracts and suggests their potential in developing new types of larvicides used for mosquito control.
Subject(s)
Aedes , Insecticides , Piper/chemistry , Aedes/ultrastructure , Animals , Ethanol/chemistry , Larva , Lethal Dose 50 , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Mosquito Control , Plant ExtractsABSTRACT
Three Piper species, Piper longum, P. ribesoides and P. sarmentosum, were selected for investigation of adulticidal potential against Stegomyia aegypti, a main vector of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever. Successive extraction by maceration with 95% ethanol showed percentage yields of ethanolic extracts, which derived from P. longum, P. ribesoides and P. sarmentosum, of 8.89, 3.21 and 5.30% (w/w), respectively. All Piper extracts illustrated an impressive adulticidal activity when tested against female mosquitoes by topical application. The susceptibility of St. aegypti females to ethanol-extracted Piper was dose dependent and varied among the plant species. The highest adulticidal effect was established from P. sarmentosum, followed by P. ribesoides and P. longum, with LD50 values of 0.14, 0.15 and 0.26 microg/female, respectively. The potential of these Piper species, as possible mosquitocides, established convincing activity for further researches to develop natural substances for combat against adult mosquitoes.
Subject(s)
Culicidae , Insect Vectors , Insecticides , Piper/chemistry , Animals , Female , Plant Extracts/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Três espécies de Piper, Piper longum, P. ribesoides e P. sarmentosum, foram selecionadas para investigação da potencialidade contra Stegomyia aegypti adultos, principal vetor de dengue e febre do dengue hemorrágico. Sucessivas extrações por maceração com etanol a 95% mostraram uma porcentagem de extratos etanólicos, derivados de P. longum, P. ribesoides e P. sarmentosum, de 8,89, 3,21 e 5,30% (w/w), respectivamente. Todos os extratos de Piper mostraram atividade adulticida expressiva quando testados contra fêmeas de mosquitos através de aplicação tópica. A suscetibilidade das fêmeas do St. aegypt ao extrato de Piper etanólico foi dose dependente e variou entre as espécies de plantas. O mais elevado efeito adulticida foi demonstrado a partir do P. sarmentosum, seguido pelo P. ribesoides e P. longum, valores LD50 de 0,14, 0,15 e 0,26 µg/fêmea, respectivamente. O potencial destas espécies de Piper, como possíveis mosquiticidas, estabeleceu atividade convincente para futuras pesquisas a fim de desenvolver substâncias naturais para o combate a mosquitos adultos.