ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Postnatal growth in children exposed in utero to tobacco smoke is not well understood. This study investigated growth during the first 6 years in children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Weight, length, and head circumference were measured annually for 6 years in 100 children in each group of smoking (study) and nonsmoking (control) mothers. RESULTS: Weight and head circumference were significantly smaller in the neonates whose mothers smoked >or=15 cigarettes/day, but the difference disappeared by 3 years of life. Length was significantly smaller in the study neonates at birth, followed by increasing divergence from normality up to 2 years, when the mean difference of children whose mothers smoked >or=15 cigarettes/day from control children was -3.4 cm (p Subject(s)
Body Height/physiology
, Body Weight/physiology
, Cephalometry
, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
, Smoking/physiopathology
, Adult
, Analysis of Variance
, Body Mass Index
, Case-Control Studies
, Child
, Child, Preschool
, Educational Status
, Fathers
, Female
, Follow-Up Studies
, Humans
, Infant
, Infant, Newborn
, Male
, Maternal Age
, Multivariate Analysis
, Pregnancy
, Prospective Studies
, Sex Factors
, Smoking/adverse effects
, Time Factors
ABSTRACT
In an attempt to evaluate first urinary tract infection (UTI) in neonates and infants, we estimated retrospectively in 296 patients (62 neonates and 234 infants) clinical and laboratory findings, occurrence of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), urinary tract abnormalities and pyelonephritis. First UTI occurred more often in male than female neonates, whereas male and female infants/young children were affected at an equal rate. The pathogens isolated in urine cultures of neonates and infants did not statistically significantly differ (P>0.05); Escherichia coli predominated. Gram-negative bacteria other than E. coli affected boys more often than girls (P=0.0022). Fever was the most frequent symptom. Neonates had lower-grade fever of shorter duration than infants (P<0.05). The incidence of reflux and urinary tract abnormalities did not differ between neonates and infants, male and female neonates and infants (P>0.05). Pyelonephritis affected neonates and infants at an equal rate; it was more prevalent among female patients (P=0.038) and patients with VUR or urinary tract abnormalities other than VUR (P<0.0001). Neonates with reflux were more often affected by Gram-negative bacteria other than E. coli than were neonates without reflux (P=0.0008).
Subject(s)
Urinary Tract Infections , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Retrospective Studies , Urinary Tract Infections/complications , Urinary Tract Infections/diagnosis , Urinary Tract Infections/drug therapy , Urinary Tract Infections/microbiologyABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: The purpose of the study was to compare bacterial species, clinical, laboratory and imaging findings ((99m )Tc-dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scan and voiding cystogram) in infants and children with high (>/=10(5) colony forming units (CFU)/ml, group A patients) and low (