Ibrutinib as part of risk-stratified treatment for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder: The phase 2 TIDaL trial.

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a rare complication of solid organ transplantation, and cytotoxic chemotherapy is associated with treatment-related morbidity and mortality. Current treatment takes a sequential, risk-stratified approach, patients with low-risk disease following initial immunotherapy can avoid escalation to immunochemotherapy. TIDaL is a prospective, single-arm phase 2 trial investigating the activity and tolerability of ibrutinib combined with risk-stratified therapy for first-line treatment of PTLD. Eligible patients were adults with newly-diagnosed CD20-positive B-cell PTLD after solid organ transplant and performance status 0 to 2. Initial treatment comprised 49 days of ibrutinib 560mg once daily, with 4 doses of weekly rituximab. Treatment response on interim scan and baseline international prognostic index were used to allocate patients to either a low-risk arm (who continued ibrutinib, alongside 4 further doses of 3-weekly rituximab) or high-risk (escalation to R-CHOP immunochemotherapy, ibrutinib continuing in patients aged <65 years). The primary outcome was complete response on interim scan, achieved by 11/38 patients (29%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 15% - 46%). This did not reach the pre-specified threshold for clinically significant activity. Secondary outcomes included allocation to the low-risk arm (41% of patients), 2-year progression-free survival (58%, 95% CI 44% - 76%), and 2-year overall survival (76%, 95% CI 63% - 91%). Adverse events were mostly haematological, gastrointestinal and infective. Whilst TIDaL does not support adding ibrutinib into first-line treatment of PTLD, increasing the proportion of patients who can be treated without cytotoxic chemotherapy remains an important aim of future research. This trial was registered as ISRCTN32667607.

Fecal Microbiota Transplant Mitigates Adverse Outcomes Seen in Patients Colonized With Multidrug-Resistant Organisms Undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.

The gut microbiome can be adversely affected by chemotherapy and antibiotics prior to hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). This affects graft success and increases susceptibility to multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) colonization and infection. We performed an initial retrospective analysis of our use of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from healthy donors as therapy for MDRO-colonized patients with hematological malignancy. FMT was performed on eight MDRO-colonized patients pre-HCT (FMT-MDRO group), and outcomes compared with 11 MDRO colonized HCT patients from the same period. At 12 months, survival was significantly higher in the FMT-MDRO group (70% versus 36% p = 0.044). Post-HCT, fewer FMT-MDRO patients required intensive care (0% versus 46%, P = 0.045) or experienced fever (0.29 versus 0.11 days, P = 0.027). Intestinal MDRO decolonization occurred in 25% of FMT-MDRO patients versus 11% non-FMT MDRO patients. Despite the significant differences and statistically comparable patient/transplant characteristics, as the sample size was small, a matched-pair analysis between both groups to non-MDRO colonized control cohorts (2:1 matching) was performed. At 12 months, the MDRO group who did not have an FMT had significantly lower survival (36.4% versus 61.9% respectively, p=0.012), and higher non relapse mortality (NRM; 60.2% versus 16.7% respectively, p=0.009) than their paired non-MDRO-colonized cohort. Conversely, there was no difference in survival (70% versus 43.4%, p=0.14) or NRM (12.5% versus 31.2% respectively, p=0.24) between the FMT-MDRO group and their paired non-MDRO cohort. Collectively, these data suggest that negative clinical outcomes, including mortality associated with MDRO colonization, may be ameliorated by pre-HCT FMT, even in the absence of intestinal MDRO decolonization. Further work is needed to explore this observed benefit.

Autologous stem cell transplantation for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders after solid organ transplantation: a retrospective analysis from the Lymphoma Working Party of the EBMT.

Published data describing the efficacy and safety of autologous stem-cell transplantation (autoSCT) in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) is limited to case reports. This is a retrospective analysis of 21 patients reported to the EBMT registry who received an autoSCT for PTLD post solid organ transplant (SOT). Median age at autoSCT was 47 (range: 22-71) years. The commonest SOTs were kidney (48%) and liver (24%). Commonest histologies included DLBCL-type PTLD (14/21) and plasmacytoma-like PTLD (3/21). Patients received a median of two lines of therapy (range: 1-4) pre-autoSCT. ECOG performance status pre-autoSCT was 0 in 14% and 1 in 86%. Remission status pre-autoSCT was CR 47% and PR 38%. BEAM conditioning was used in 57% and high-dose melphalan in 10%. The median follow-up post-autoSCT was 64 months for alive patients. 3-year PFS was 62% [95% confidence interval (CI) 44-87%] and 3-year OS was 61% [95% CI:43-86]. There were 12 deaths, including four related to autoSCT. 100-day non-relapse-mortality (NRM) was 14% and 1-year NRM was 24%. This study suggests that autoSCT, although feasible and with potential therapeutic activity, is associated with a high NRM, primarily driven by infectious toxicity. A multi-disciplinary approach, expert microbiological input and stringent patient selection are required to optimise outcomes.

Survival Outcomes After High-dose Chemotherapy and Stem Cell Transplantation in the Salvage Setting for Relapsed or Refractory Germ Cell Cancers.

BACKGROUND/AIM: High-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) and stem cell transplantation (SCT) have been established as the standard of care in patients with relapsed germ cell tumours (GCTs). We evaluated the safety, efficacy and tolerability of HDCT/ SCT in patients with relapsed GCTs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight patients with relapsed GCTs, treated with HDCT, were included in this study. The conditioning regime was carboplatin, etoposide, cyclophosphamide and paclitaxel. Clinical, radiological imaging and tumour markers determined treatment outcomes. RESULTS: Median age was 35 years (range=21-57 years) with 26 males and 2 females. Median time to first relapse was 6 months. Median time to progression after 2nd line chemotherapy was 17.3 months. Fourteen patients hadMedian survival was 62 months and 16 patients (57%) are in clinical follow-up with surveillance. CONCLUSION: In relapsed GCT patients, median survival may exceed 5 years post-HDCT and SCT.

Addition of Rituximab in Reduced Intensity Conditioning Regimens for B-Cell Malignancies Does Not Influence Transplant Outcomes: EBMT Registry Analyses Following Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation for B-Cell Malignancies.

Rituximab (R) is increasingly incorporated in reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) in patients with B-cell malignancies, not only to improve disease control, but also to prevent graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). There are no randomized prospective data to validate this practice, although single center data and the CIBMTR analysis have shown promising results. We aimed at validation of these findings in a large registry study. We conducted a retrospective analysis using the EBMT registry of 3,803 adult patients with B-cell malignancies undergoing alloHCT (2001-2013) with either rituximab (R-RIC-9%) or non-rituximab (RIC-91%) reduced intensity regimens respectively. Median age and median follow up were 55 years (range 19.1-77.3) and 43.2 months (range 0.3-179.8), respectively. There was no difference in transplant outcomes (R-RIC vs RIC), including 1-year overall survival (69.9% vs 70.7%), 1-year disease-free survival (64.4% vs 62.2%), 1-year non-relapse mortality (21% vs 22%), and day-100 incidence of acute GVHD 2-4° (12% vs 12%). In summary, we found that addition of rituximab in RIC regimens for B-cell malignancies had no significant impact on major transplant outcome variables. Of note, data on chronic GVHD was not available, limiting the conclusions that can be drawn from the present study.

Autologous stem cell transplantation for HIV-associated lymphoma in the antiretroviral and rituximab era: a retrospective study by the EBMT Lymphoma Working Party.

The present study aimed at describing the outcome of patients with HIV-associated lymphomas following autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (autoHCT) in the rituximab and combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) era. Eligible for this retrospective study were HIV-positive patients with lymphoma who received autoHCT between 2007 and 2013. A total of 118 patients were included with a median age of 45 years (range 24-66). Underlying diagnoses were diffuse large B cell lymphoma in 47%, Hodgkin lymphoma in 24%, Burkitt lymphoma in 18%, and plasmablastic lymphoma in 7% of patients. Disease status at autoHCT was complete remission in 44%, partial remission (PR) in 38%, and less than PR in 18% of the patients. With a median follow-up of 4 years, 3-year non-relapse mortality, incidence of relapse, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 10%, 27%, 63% and 66%, respectively. By multivariate analysis, disease status less than PR but not CD4+ cell count at the time of autoHCT was a significant predictor of unfavorable PFS and OS. In conclusion, in the era of cART and chemoimmunotherapy, the outcome of autoHCT for HIV-related lymphoma is driven by lymphoma-dependent risk factors rather than by characteristics of the HIV infection.

Mesenchymal stromal cells for acute graft-versus-host disease: response at 1 week predicts probability of survival.

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been successfully used for the treatment of steroid-resistant graft-versus-host-disease (GvHD). However, the lack of early predictors of clinical responses impacts on the time at which to add further treatment and consequently the design of informative clinical trials. Here, we present the UK experience of one of the largest cohorts of GvHD patients undergoing MSC infusions so far reported. We show that clinical responses assessed as early as 1 week after MSC infusion predict patients' overall survival. In our cohort, cell dose, patients' age and type of organ involvement are crucial factors associated with clinical responses.

Impact of route and adequacy of nutritional intake on outcomes of allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation for haematologic malignancies.

BACKGROUND: Allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is often associated with poor oral intake due to painful mucositis and gastrointestinal sequalae that occur following a preparative regimen of intensive chemotherapy and/or total body radiation. Although attractive to assume that optimal nutrition improves HCT outcomes, there are limited data to support this. It is also unclear whether artificial nutrition support should be provided as enteral tube feeding or parenteral nutrition (PN). METHODS: We analysed day-100 non-relapse mortality (NRM), incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), acute gastrointestinal GvHD, 5-year survival and GvHD-free/relapse-free survival (GRFS) according to both route and adequacy of nutritional intake prior to neutrophil engraftment, together with other known prognostic factors, in a retrospective cohort of 484 patients who underwent allogeneic HCT for haematologic malignancy between 2000 and 2014. RESULTS: Multivariate analyses showed increased NRM with inadequate nutrition (hazard ratio (HR) 4.1; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.2-7.2) and adequate PN (HR 2.9; 95% CI 1.6-5.4) compared to adequate enteral nutrition (EN) both P < .001. There were increased incidences of gastrointestinal GvHD of any stage and all GvHD ≥ grade 2 in patients who received PN (odds ratio (OR) 2.0; 95% CI 1.2-3.3; P = .006, and OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.1-3.0; P = .018, respectively), compared to adequate EN. Patients who received adequate PN and inadequate nutrition also had reduced probabilities of survival and GRFS at 5 years. CONCLUSION: Adequate EN during the early transplantation course is associated with reduced NRM, improved survival and GRFS at 5 years. Furthermore, adequate EN is associated with lower incidence of overall and gut acute GvHD than PN, perhaps because of its ability to maintain mucosal integrity, modulate the immune response to intensive chemo/radiotherapy and support the gastrointestinal tract environment, including gut microflora.

Salvage High-Dose Chemotherapy for Relapsed Pure Seminoma in the Last 10 Years: Results From the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Series 2002-2012.

BACKGROUND: The optimal management of advanced seminoma that relapses after chemotherapy remains unknown. We retrospectively analyzed outcomes with the use of high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eligibility included adult male patients with pure seminomatous histology and treatment with salvage HDCT. Data of patients who received HDCT from 13 European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) centers were used. Multivariable Cox analyses evaluated the association of prespecified factors (line of treatment, prior radiotherapy, and chemosensitivity according to standard definition), with progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS). The prognostic ability of the model was assessed through the concordance statistic. RESULTS: From December 2002 to December 2012, 46 cases were identified. Median age was 38 years (interquartile range, 35-46 years). HDCT was provided as second-line therapy (n = 14, 30.4%) and in third-line or beyond third-line therapy (n = 20, 43.5%; 12 had missing information). Sixteen patients (34.8%) received paraortic and/or iliac radiotherapy, and 10 (21.7%) had disease that was cisplatin refractory or absolutely refractory. Median follow-up was 22 months (interquartile range, 8-56). On multivariable Cox analysis, refractory disease was a significantly negative prognostic factor for both PFS (hazard ratio, 6.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.86-19.64) and OS (hazard ratio, 3.93; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-14.45), while prior radiotherapy trended to significance for both. The c index was 0.74 and 0.66 for PFS and OS, respectively. The small numbers and the lack of any comparison with conventional-dose chemotherapy are major study limitations. CONCLUSION: Despite our small sample size, this retrospective analysis suggested that HDCT may represent a valuable therapeutic option for patients with a pure seminoma after standard-dose chemotherapy failure. Our observation requires validation through a prospective study.

Early failure of frontline rituximab-containing chemo-immunotherapy in diffuse large B cell lymphoma does not predict futility of autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation.

The poor prognosis for patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) who relapse within 1 year of initial diagnosis after first-line rituximab-based chemo-immunotherapy has created controversy about the role of autologous transplantation (HCT) in this setting. We compared autologous HCT outcomes for chemosensitive DLBCL patients between 2000 and 2011 in 2 cohorts based on time to relapse from diagnosis. The early rituximab failure (ERF) cohort consisted of patients with primary refractory disease or those with first relapse within 1 year of initial diagnosis. The ERF cohort was compared with those relapsing >1 year after initial diagnosis (late rituximab failure [LRF] cohort). ERF and LRF cohorts included 300 and 216 patients, respectively. Nonrelapse mortality (NRM), progression/relapse, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) of ERF versus LRF cohorts at 3 years were 9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 6% to 13%) versus 9% (95% CI, 5% to 13%), 47% (95% CI, 41% to 52%) versus 39% (95% CI, 33% to 46%), 44% (95% CI, 38% to 50%) versus 52% (95% CI, 45% to 59%), and 50% (95% CI, 44% to 56%) versus 67% (95% CI, 60% to 74%), respectively. On multivariate analysis, ERF was not associated with higher NRM (relative risk [RR], 1.31; P = .34). The ERF cohort had a higher risk of treatment failure (progression/relapse or death) (RR, 2.08; P < .001) and overall mortality (RR, 3.75; P <.001) within the first 9 months after autologous HCT. Beyond this period, PFS and OS were not significantly different between the ERF and LRF cohorts. Autologous HCT provides durable disease control to a sizeable subset of DLBCL despite ERF (3-year PFS, 44%) and remains the standard-of-care in chemosensitive DLBCL regardless of the timing of disease relapse.

Graft invariant natural killer T-cell dose predicts risk of acute graft-versus-host disease in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are powerful immunomodulatory cells that in mice regulate a variety of immune responses, including acute GVHD (aGVHD). However, their clinical relevance and in particular their role in clinical aGVHD are not known. We studied whether peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) graft iNKT-cell dose affects on the occurrence of clinically significant grade II-IV aGVHD in patients (n = 57) undergoing sibling, HLA-identical allogeneic HSCT. In multivariate analysis, CD4(-) iNKT-cell dose was the only graft parameter to predict clinically significant aGVHD. The cumulative incidence of grade II-IV aGVHD in patients receiving CD4(-) iNKT-cell doses above and below the median were 24.2% and 71.4%, respectively (P = .0008); low CD4(-) iNKT-cell dose was associated with a relative risk of grade II-IV aGVHD of 4.27 (P = .0023; 95% CI, 1.68-10.85). Consistent with a role of iNKT cells in regulating aGVHD, in mixed lymphocyte reaction assays, CD4(-) iNKT cells effectively suppressed T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ secretion in a contact-dependent manner. In conclusion, higher doses of CD4(-) iNKT cells in PBSC grafts are associated with protection from aGVHD. This effect could be harnessed for prevention of aGVHD.

EBMT risk score predicts outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients who have failed a previous transplantation procedure.

Increasing numbers of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) are being performed for patients who have failed a previous allogeneic or autologous SCT. We investigated whether the EBMT risk score could predict outcome after a subsequent allo-SCT. We analyzed prognostic factors in 124 consecutive patients who underwent a second transplantation using an allogeneic donor at our institution. Patients with either a first autologous (N = 64) or first allogeneic (N = 60) SCT were included. Age, disease stage, time interval from diagnosis to transplantation, donor type, and donor-recipient sex combination were used to establish a score from 0 to 7 points, from which 3 groups were identified. The 5-year survival probability decreased from 51.7% for risk scores 0-3 (low, n = 25), to 29.3% for risk score 4 (intermediate, n = 42), and only 10.4% for risk scores 5-7 (high, n = 57), P = .001. We propose that the EBMT risk score can identify patients most likely to benefit from a second transplantation.

LACE-conditioned autologous stem cell transplantation for relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: treatment outcome and risk factor analysis from a single centre.

High-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is a recognized treatment option for patients with relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. We have analysed 51 patients who underwent ASCT after LACE (lomustine (CCNU), cytarabine (Ara-C), cyclophosphamide, etoposide) conditioning for relapsed (n = 34, 67%) or primary refractory (n = 17, 33%) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. With a median follow-up of 60 months (range 2-216) the probabilities of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) at 5 years were 47 and 42%, respectively. The cumulative treatment-related mortality was 10% (n = 5). Probabilities for OS and PFS at 5 years were 56 and 50% for patients with chemosensitive and 29 and 27% for patients with chemorefractory disease. In multivariate analysis abnormal pre-ASCT levels of C-reactive protein (>5 mg/L) were identified as a risk factor for worse OS, whereas abnormal pre-ASCT levels of C-reactive protein and chemoresistance predicted inferior PFS. LACE followed by ASCT is an effective treatment for approximately half of patients with chemosensitive relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and a proportion of chemorefractory patients also benefit.

Interaction between KIR3DS1 and HLA-Bw4 predicts for progression-free survival after autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma.

Natural killer (NK) cells exert antimyeloma cytotoxicity. The balance between inhibition and activation of NK-cells played by the inherited repertoire of killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes therefore may influence prognosis. One hundred eighty-two patients with multiple myeloma (MM) were analyzed for KIR repertoire. Multivariate analysis showed that progression-free survival (PFS) after autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) was significantly shorter for patients who are KIR3DS1(+) (P = .01). This was most evident for patients in complete or partial remission (good risk; GR) at ASCT. The relative risk (RR) of progression or death for patients with KIR3DS1(+) compared with KIR3DS1(-) was 1.9 (95% CI, 1.3-3.1; P = .002). The most significant difference in PFS was observed in patients with GR KIR3DS1(+) in whom HLA-Bw4, the ligand for the corresponding inhibitory receptor KIR3DL1, was missing. Patients with KIR3DS1(+) KIR3DL1(+) HLA-Bw4(-) had a significantly shorter PFS than patients who were KIR3DS1(-), translating to a difference in median PFS of 12 months (12.2 vs 24 months; P = .002). Our data show that KIR-human leukocyte antigen immunogenetics represent a novel prognostic tool for patients with myeloma, shown here in the context of ASCT, and that KIR3DS1 positivity may identify patients at greater risk of progression.