Thoracic skeletal muscle mass predicts mortality in patients with surgery for pleural empyema: A case control study.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the role of the thoracic skeletal muscle mass as a marker of sarcopenia on postoperative mortality in pleural empyema. METHODS: All consecutive patients (n = 103) undergoing surgery for pleural empyema in a single tertiary referral center between January 2020 and December 2022 were eligible for this study. Thoracic skeletal muscle mass index (TSMI) was determined from preoperative computed tomography scans. The impact of TSMI and other potential risk factors on postoperative in-hospital mortality was retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 97 patients were included in this study. The in-hospital mortality rate was 13.4%. In univariable analysis, low values for preoperative TSMI (p = 0.020), low preoperative levels of thrombocytes (p = 0.027) and total serum protein (p = 0.046) and higher preoperative American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) category (p = 0.007) were statistically significant risk factors for mortality. In multivariable analysis, only TSMI (p = 0.038, OR 0.933, 95% CI: 0.875-0.996) and low thrombocytes (p = 0.031, OR 0.944, 95% CI: 0.988-0.999) remained independent prognostic factors for mortality. CONCLUSIONS: TSMI was a significant prognostic risk factor for postoperative mortality in patients with pleural empyema. TSMI may be suitable for risk stratification in this disease with high morbidity and mortality, which may have further implications for the selection of the best treatment strategy.

ERASURE: early autologous blood pleurodesis for postoperative air leaks-a randomized, controlled trial comparing prophylactic autologous blood pleurodesis versus standard watch and wait treatment for postoperative air leaks following thoracoscopic anatomic lung resections.

BACKGROUND: The prolonged air leak is probably the most common complication following lung resections. Around 10-20% of the patients who undergo a lung resection will eventually develop a prolonged air leak. The definition of a prolonged air leak varies between an air leak, which is evident after the fifth, seventh or even tenth postoperative day to every air leak that prolongs the hospital stay. However, the postoperative hospital stay following a thoracoscopic lobectomy can be as short as 2 days, making the above definitions sound outdated. The treatment of these air leaks is also very versatile. One of the broadly accepted treatment options is the autologous blood pleurodesis or "blood patch". The purpose of this trial is to investigate the impact of a prophylactic autologous blood pleurodesis on reducing the duration of the postoperative air leak and therefore prevent the air leak from becoming prolonged. METHODS: Patients undergoing an elective thoracoscopic anatomic lung resection for primary lung cancer or metastatic disease will be eligible for recruitment. Patients with an air leak of > 100 ml/min within 6 h prior to the morning round on the second postoperative day will be eligible for inclusion in the study and randomization. Patients will be randomized to either blood pleurodesis or watchful waiting. The primary endpoint is the time to drain removal measured in full days. The trial ends on the seventh postoperative day. DISCUSSION: The early autologous blood pleurodesis could lead to a faster cessation of the air leak and therefore to a faster removal of the drain. A faster removal of the drain would relieve the patient from all the well-known drain-associated complications (longer hospital stay, stronger postoperative pain, risk of drain-associated infection, etc.). From the economical point of view, faster drain removal would reduce the hospital costs as well as the costs associated with the care of a patient with a chest drain in an outpatient setting. TRIAL REGISTRATION: German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS) DRKS00030810. 27 December 2022.

A randomized controlled trial: Comparison of 14 and 24 French thoracic drainage after minimally invasive lobectomy - MZ 14-24 study.

Background: The optimal placement of a chest drain after video-assisted minimally invasive lobectomy should facilitate the aspiration of air and drainage of fluid. Typically, a conventional 24Ch polyvinyl chloride chest drain is used for this purpose. However, there is currently no scientific literature available on the impact of drain diameter on postoperative outcomes following anatomical lung resection. Methods: This is a prospective, randomized, phase-1 trial that will include 40 patients, which will be randomly assigned into two groups. Group 1 will receive a 24 French chest drain according to current standards, while group 2 will receive a 14 French drain. Primary endpoint of the trial is the incidence of postoperative drainage-related complications, such as obstruction, dislocation, pleural effusion, and reintervention. Secondary endpoints are postoperative pain, chest drainage duration, incidence of complications, and hospital length of stay. The study aims to determine the number of subjects needed to achieve a sufficient test power of 0.8 for a non-inferiority study. Discussion: Thoracic surgery is becoming more and more minimally invasive. One of the remaining unresolved problems is postoperative pain, with the intercostal drain being one of the main contributing factors. Previous data from other studies suggest that the use of small-bore drains can reduce pain and speed up recovery without an increase in drain-related complications. However, no studies have been conducted on patients undergoing anatomic lung resections to date. The initial step in transitioning from larger to smaller drains is to establish the safety of this approach, which is the primary objective of this trial.Trial registration: The study has been registered in the German Clinical Trials Register.Registration number: DRKS00029982.URL: https://drks.de/search/de/trial/DRKS00029982.

An update on red blood cell transfusion in non-cardiac thoracic surgery.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate risk factors for red blood cell (RBC) transfusion in non-cardiac thoracic surgery. Methods: All patients undergoing non-cardiac thoracic surgery in a single tertiary referral center between January and December 2021 were eligible for this study. Data on blood requests and perioperative RBC transfusion were retrospectively analyzed. Results: A total of 379 patients were included, of whom 275 (72.6%) underwent elective surgery. The overall RBC transfusion rate was 7.4% (elective cases: 2.5%, non-elective cases: 20.2%). Patients with lung resections required transfusion in 2.4% of the cases versus 44.7% in patients undergoing surgery for empyema. In multivariable analysis, empyema (P=0.001), open surgery (P<0.001), low preoperative hemoglobin (P=0.001), and old age (P=0.013) were independent risk factors for RBC transfusion. The best predictor of blood transfusion was preoperative hemoglobin with a cut-off value <10.4 g/dL (sensitivity 82.1%, specificity 86.3%, area under the curve 0.882). Conclusions: The rate of RBC transfusion in current non-cardiac thoracic surgery is low, especially in elective lung resections. In urgent cases and open surgery, transfusion rates remain high, particularly in empyema cases. Preoperative requesting of RBC units should be tailored to patient-specific risk factors.

Thoracic surgery in patients on veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for COVID-19 associated acute respiratory distress syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: The COVID-19 pandemic has generated a new type of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) arising as a complication of COVID-19 pneumonia. Extreme cases require the support of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Here we present the outcomes of patients that underwent surgical tracheostomy or thoracic surgery at a single tertiary centre whilst on ECMO support for COVID-19 related ARDS. METHODS: 18 patients requiring thoracic input whilst on ECMO support during the first wave of COVID-19 (March-June 2020) were included. Thoracic surgery was required both for performing surgical tracheostomies in the operating theatre and for treating emergencies arising under the ECMO treatment such as bleeding complications. RESULTS: Thirteen patients underwent a surgical tracheostomy, whilst five patients had an invasive thoracic procedure. Anticoagulation was withheld for at least 12 h in the perioperative setting regardless of the indication. One patient was re-operated for haemothorax immediately after the end of the primary operation. 94.5% of the patients were successfully decannulated from ECMO support. Overall 30-day mortality in the cohort was 5.5% (1/18). CONCLUSIONS: Thoracic surgeons can play a valuable role in supporting an ECMO unit during the COVID pandemic, by treating ECMO related complications and by safely performing surgical tracheostomies. Withholding anticoagulation in the perioperative window was not associated with increased thromboembolic events and is desirable when interventions or surgery is indicated in this patient cohort to avoid excessive bleeding.

[Fluorescence-guided Lymph Vessel Sealing in Systematic Nodal Dissection: a New Surgical Technique to Prevent Lymphorrhea and Lymphocele.] / Fluoreszenzgesteuerte Lymphgefäßversiegelung bei der systematischen Lymphknotendissektion zur Vermeidung von Lymphfisteln und Lymphozelen.

INTRODUCTION: The primary morbidities of inguinal and axillary systematic nodal dissection are lymphatic fistulas and seromas. Intraoperative fluorescence imaging-guided sealing of lymph vessels may prevent these postoperative complications. METHODS: Indocyanine dye was injected intracutaneously into the distal limb before the beginning of the lymphadenectomy. Systematic nodal dissection was performed according to standard protocols. Near-infrared imaging was applied throughout the procedure and real-time fluorescence-guided lymph vessel sealing was performed. RESULTS: Fluorescence-guided lymph vessel sealing was implemented in three patients undergoing axillary systematic lymph node dissection. No adverse events occurred following fluorescence dye injection. All patients could be discharged free of wound complications. CONCLUSION: Fluorescence-guided lymph vessel sealing might be a promising new technique for preventing lymphatic fistulas and lymphocele after systematic lymphadenectomy.

Ureterovesical Anastomosis Complications in Kidney Transplantation: Definition, Risk Factor Analysis, and Prediction by Quantitative Fluorescence Angiography with Indocyanine Green.

Ureteral stenosis and urinary leakage are relevant problems after kidney transplantation. A standardized definition of ureterovesical anastomosis complications after kidney transplantation has not yet been established. This study was designed to demonstrate the predictive power of quantitative indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence angiography. This bicentric historic cohort study, conducted between November 2015 and December 2019, included 196 kidney transplantations. The associations between quantitative perfusion parameters of near-infrared fluorescence angiography with ICG and the occurrence of different grades of ureterovesical anastomosis complications in the context of donor, recipient, periprocedural, and postoperative characteristics were evaluated. Post-transplant ureterovesical anastomosis complications occurred in 18%. Complications were defined and graded into three categories. They were associated with the time on dialysis (p = 0.0025), the type of donation (p = 0.0404), and the number of postoperative dialysis sessions (p = 0.0173). Median ICG ingress at the proximal ureteral third was 14.00 (5.00-33.00) AU in patients with and 23.50 (4.00-117.00) AU in patients without complications (p = 0.0001, cutoff: 16 AU, sensitivity 70%, specificity 70%, AUC = 0.725, p = 0.0011). The proposed definition and grading of post-transplant ureterovesical anastomosis complications is intended to enable valid comparisons between studies. ICG Fluorescence angiography allows intraoperative quantitative assessment of ureteral microperfusion during kidney transplantation and is able to predict the incidence of ureterovesical anastomosis complications. Registration number: NCT-02775838.

Are Routine Chest X-rays Necessary following Thoracic Surgery? A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis.

(1) Background: The number of chest X-rays that are performed in the perioperative window of thoracic surgery varies. Many clinics X-ray patients daily, while others only perform X-rays if there are clinical concerns. The purpose of this study was to assess the evidence of perioperative X-rays following thoracic surgery and estimate the clinical value with regard to changes in patient care. (2) Methods: A systematic literature research was conducted up until November 2021. Studies reporting X-ray outcomes in adult patients undergoing general thoracic surgery were included. (3) Results: In total, 11 studies (3841 patients/4784 X-rays) were included. The X-ray resulted in changes in patient care in 488 cases (10.74%). In patients undergoing mediastinoscopic lymphadenectomy or thoracoscopic sympathectomy, postoperative X-ray never led to changes in patient care. (4) Conclusions: There are no data to recommend an X-ray before surgery or to recommend daily X-rays. X-rays immediately after surgery seem to rarely have any consequences. It is probably reasonable to keep requesting X-rays after drain removal since they serve multiple purposes and alter patient care in 7.30% of the cases.

Prognostic factors for long-term survival following complete resection by lobectomy in stage I non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate predictors for long-term overall survival (OS) in patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: All patients undergoing complete resection by lobectomy for stage I NSCLC between October 2012 and December 2015 at a single center were included. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses were performed to identify prognostic factors. RESULTS: A total of 92 patients were included. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses revealed preoperative neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR, p = 0.005), preoperative diffusion capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO, p = 0.010) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1, p = 0.041) as well as male gender (p = 0.026) as independent prognostic factors for OS. Combining the calculated cutoff values for FEV1 (<73.0%) and NLR (>3.49) into one parameter resulted in a highly significant difference in survival times when stratified by this variable. CONCLUSIONS: Recently, much emphasis has been put on the prognostic importance of blood biomarkers in NSCLC. In our study, NLR was an independent factor for OS, as were baseline characteristics such as DLCO, FEV1, and gender. Further studies on the association of biomarkers for systemic inflammation and lung function parameters with respect to patient survival are warranted.

Impact of Secretion-Active Osteoblast-Specific Factor 2 in Promoting Progression and Metastasis of Head and Neck Cancer.

Treatment success of head and neck cancer (HNC) is still hampered by tumor relapse due to metastases. Our study aimed to identify biomarkers by exploiting transcriptomics profiles of patient-matched metastases, primary tumors, and normal tissue mucosa as well as the TCGA HNC cohort data sets. Analyses identified osteoblast-specific factor 2 (OSF-2) as significantly overexpressed in lymph node metastases and primary tumors compared to normal tissue. High OSF-2 levels correlate with metastatic disease and reduced overall survival of predominantly HPV-negative HNC patients. No significant correlation was observed with tumor localization or therapy response. These findings were supported by the fact that OSF-2 expression was not elevated in cisplatin-resistant HNC cell lines. OSF-2 was strongly expressed in tumor-associated fibroblasts, suggesting a tumor microenvironment-promoting function. Molecular cloning and expression studies of OSF-2 variants from patients identified an evolutionary conserved bona fide protein secretion signal (1MIPFLPMFSLLLLLIVNPINA21). OSF-2 enhanced cell migration and cellular survival under stress conditions, which could be mimicked by the extracellular administration of recombinant protein. Here, OSF-2 executes its functions via ß1 integrin, resulting in the phosphorylation of PI3K and activation of the Akt/PKB signaling pathway. Collectively, we suggest OSF-2 as a potential prognostic biomarker and drug target, promoting metastases by supporting the tumor microenvironment and lymph node metastases survival rather than by enhancing primary tumor proliferation or therapy resistance.

Open redo thymectomy for a large recurrent thymoma in a patient with myasthenia gravis: a case report.

Thoracoscopic and robotic approaches are becoming increasingly popular for thymoma surgery. Yet open thymectomy must still be mastered today, as it may be the only viable option in challenging cases. In this study, we report a case of an extended local recurrence of myasthenia gravis associated thymoma and a history of previous sternotomy. The mediastinal mass infiltrated the left upper lobe of the lung, the pericardium, and presumably the aortic arch. Although the standard for thymoma resection at our institution is the robotic approach, we performed primary open redo thymectomy in standby of cardiopulmonary bypass in this case. Intraoperatively, bleeding from the aortic arch occurred, which was promptly controlled due to the open approach and due to immediate availability of cardiopulmonary bypass. The patient was transferred to the normal ward on the first postoperative day, was treated according to fast-track principles and recovered well. The pathology revealed a WHO B2:B1 thymoma with negative resection margins. Thymectomy is recommended as the principal treatment for thymoma and is also advised in the case of recurrence. However, there is no evidence regarding the optimal surgical approach. Our case indicates that in the era of minimally invasive thymectomy, the decision to conduct open surgery is wise when the risk of serious bleeding is anticipated or adherence to oncologic principles is challenged by tumor size or growth pattern.

[Management of Chest Drains after Elective, Thoracoscopic, Anatomical Lung Resections. A Survey in Thoracic Surgical Departments in Germany]. / Management von Thoraxdrainagen nach elektiven, thorakoskopischen, anatomischen Lungenresektionen an thoraxchirurgischen Zentren in Deutschland . Eine Umfrage über die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Thoraxchirurgie (DGT).

INTRODUCTION: The increasing use of minimally invasive techniques along with the introduction of the "Enhanced Recovery After Surgery" (ERAS) guidelines have reduced the perioperative risk of anatomic lung resections. However, the prolonged postoperative air leak still remains one of the major postoperative issues. The purpose of this survey was to evaluate the perioperative management of chest drains and the current clinical practice in treating prolonged air leaks after elective, thoracoscopic, anatomic lung resections in Germany. METHODS: We performed a survey among the thoracic surgical units, which are listed in the Database of the German Thoracic Society (n = 160). Based on the number of resections annually, the centres were divided into high- and low-volume and the results were presented accordingly. RESULTS: The response rate was 35.6%. Most of the units routinely place a single, 24 Ch. chest drain, which they connect to a digital system on suction. 42.1% of the thoracic units treat a postoperative air leak after the 7th postoperative day. The majority of the surgeons either reduce the suction or use other conservative measures to deal with the air leak. There is no significant difference in the drain management between high- and low-volume centres. CONCLUSION: The postoperative hospital stay after an uncomplicated lobectomy has come down to a few days whereas the lower limit of the length of stay has been reduced to 2 days. Nevertheless, 80% of the German thoracic surgeons define a postoperative air leak as prolonged, when it lasts beyond the 5th postoperative day and 65% deal with it only after the 5th postoperative day. The available evidence on this field is limited. New prospective clinical studies are required in order to improve the management of this common complication.

Hyperthermic intrathoracic chemotherapy for the treatment of malignant pleural effusion caused by breast and ovarian cancer: A systematic literature review and pooled analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Breast and ovarian cancer account for over 30% of malignant pleural effusions (MPEs). Treatment of the metastatic disease requires control of the MPE. Even though primarily symptomatic, the treatment of the MPE can potentially affect the oncological course of the disease. The aim of this review is to analyze the effectiveness of intrathoracic chemotherapy in the treatment of MPE caused by breast and ovarian cancer. METHODS: A systematic literature research was conducted up until May 2021. Studies published in English on patients undergoing either surgical or interventional intrapleural chemotherapy were included. RESULTS: Thirteen studies with a total of 497 patients were included. Analysis was performed on 169 patients with MPE due to breast cancer and eight patients with MPE secondary to ovarian cancer. The pooled success rates of intrathoracic chemotherapy for controlling the MPE were 59.1% and 87.5%, respectively. A survival analysis was not possible with the available data. The overall toxicity of the treatment was low. CONCLUSIONS: Intrathoracic chemotherapy achieves symptomatic control of the MPE in 59.1% of patients with metastatic breast cancer and 87.5% of patients with metastatic ovarian cancer. This is inferior to other forms of surgical pleurodesis. Data from small case series and studies on intraperitoneal chemotherapy show promising results. However, formal oncological studies on the use of intrathoracic chemotherapy for metastatic breast or ovarian cancer are lacking. Further prospective pilot studies are needed to assess the therapeutic oncological effects of this treatment.

Quantitative Assessment of Intraoperative Laser Fluorescence Angiography With Indocyanine Green Predicts Early Graft Function After Kidney Transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to demonstrate the predictive ability of quantitative indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence angiography for the short-term postoperative outcome, the occurrence of delayed graft function (DGF), and long-term graft survival. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: DGF is a relevant problem after kidney transplantation; sufficient microperfusion of the allograft is crucial for postoperative organ function. Fluorescence angiography with ICG can serve as an intraoperative quality control of microperfusion. METHODS: This prospective diagnostic study, conducted in 2 German transplantation centers from November 2015 to October 2018, included 128 consecutive kidney transplantations. Intraoperative assessment of the allograft microperfusion was performed by near-infrared fluorescence angiography with ICG; a software was used for quantitative analysis. The associations between perfusion parameters (eg, ICG Ingress) and donor, recipient, peri-procedural, and postoperative characteristics were evaluated. RESULTS: DGF occurred in 23 (24%) kidney recipients from deceased donors. ICG Ingress ( P = 0.0027), donor age ( P = 0.0452), recipient age ( P = 0.0139), and recipient body mass index ( P = 0.0017) were associated with DGF. ICG Ingress correlated significantly with recipient age (r = -0.27662, P = 0.0016), cold and warm ischemia time (r = -0.25204, P = 0.0082; r = -0.19778, P = 0.0283), operating time (r = -0.32208, P = 0.0002), eGFR on postoperative days 1 (r =+0.22674, P = 0.0104) and 7 (r = +0.33189, P = 0.0001). The cutoff value for ICG Ingress was 106.23 AU with sensitivity of 78.3% and specificity of 80.8% ( P < 0.0001) for the prediction of DGF. CONCLUSION: Fluorescence angiography with ICG allows intraoperative quantitative assessment of microperfusion during kidney transplantation. The parameter ICG Ingress reflects recipient and procedure characteristics and is able to predict the incidence of DGF. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT-02775838.

Computer tomography guided thoracoscopic resection of small pulmonary nodules in the hybrid theatre.

PURPOSE: Thoracic surgeons are currently asked to resect smaller and deeper lesions which are difficult to detect thoracoscopically. The growing number of those lesions arises both from lung cancer screening programs and from follow-up of extrathoracic malignancies. This study analyzed the routine use of a CT-aided thoracoscopic approach to small pulmonary nodules in the hybrid theatre and the resulting changes in the treatment pathway. METHODS: 50 patients were retrospectively included. The clinical indication for histological diagnosis was suspected metastasis in 46 patients. Technically, the radiological distance between the periphery of the lesion and the visceral pleura had to exceed the maximum diameter of the lesion for the patient to be included. A spiral wire was placed using intraoperative CT-based laser navigation to guide the thoracoscopic resection. RESULTS: The mean diameter of the lesions was 8.4 mm (SD 4.27 mm). 29.4 minutes (SD 28.5) were required on average for the wire placement and 42.3 minutes (SD 20.1) for the resection of the lesion. Histopathology confirmed the expected diagnosis in 30 of 52 lesions. In the remaining 22 lesions, 9 cases of primary lung cancer were detected while 12 patients showed a benign disease. CONCLUSION: Computer tomography assisted thoracoscopic surgery (CATS) enabled successful resection in all cases with minimal morbidity. The histological diagnosis led to a treatment change in 42% of the patients. The hybrid-CATS technique provides good access to deeply located small pulmonary nodules and could be particularly valuable in the emerging setting of lung cancer screening.

Risk factors for surgical complications after anatomic lung resections in the era of VATS and ERAS.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for surgical complications after anatomic lung resections in the era of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) and enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS). METHODS: A retrospective analysis of all consecutive adult patients who underwent elective anatomic lung resections between January and December 2020 at our institution was performed. RESULTS: Eighty patients (40 VATS, 40 thoracotomy) were included. The 30-day mortality rate was 1.3%. The overall rate of major postoperative complications was 18.8%. Most major complications occurred in patients who underwent open surgery (complication rate 32.5%, share of total complications 86.7%). Major morbidity after VATS resection was rare (complication rate 2.5%, share of total complications 13.3%). In univariable analysis, thoracotomy (p = 0.003), impaired preoperative lung function (p = 0.003), complex surgery (p = 0.004) and sleeve resection (p = 0.037) were associated with adverse outcomes. In multivariable analysis, thoracotomy (p = 0.044) and impaired preoperative lung function (p = 0.028) were the only independent risk factors for major postoperative morbidity. CONCLUSION: Thoracotomy was associated with a 10-fold increased risk for postoperative complications compared with minimally invasive surgery and was an independent risk factor for surgical complications. In the era of VATS and ERAS, the fact that thoracotomy is performed may be a reliable parameter to identify patients at risk for postoperative complications.

Autologous blood pleurodesis for the treatment of postoperative air leaks. A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative air leaks are a common complication after lung surgery. They are associated with prolonged hospital stay, increased postoperative pain and treatment costs. The treatment of prolonged air leaks remains controversial. Several treatments have been proposed including different types of sealants, chemical pleurodesis, or early surgical intervention. The aim of this review was to analyze the impact of autologous blood pleurodesis in a systematic way. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was conducted until July 2020. Studies with more than five adult patients undergoing lung resections were included. Studies in patients receiving blood pleurodesis for pneumothorax were excluded. The search strategy included proper combinations of the MeSH terms "air leak", "blood transfusion" and "lung surgery". RESULTS: Ten studies with a total of 198 patients were included in the analysis. The pooled success rate for sealing the air leak within 48 h of the blood pleurodesis was 83.7% (95% CI: 75.7; 90.3). The pooled incidence of the post-interventional empyema was 1.5%, with a pooled incidence of post-interventional fever of 8.6%. CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence supports the idea that autologous blood pleurodesis leads to a faster healing of postoperative air leaks than conservative treatment. The complication rate is very low. Formal recommendations on how to perform the procedure are not possible with the current evidence. A randomized controlled trial in the modern era is necessary to confirm the benefits.

[Successful treatment of a stage III pleural empyema following a COVID-19 infection]. / Erfolgreiche Behandlung eines drittgradigen Pleuraempyems infolge einer COVID-19-Infektion.

Parapneumonic pleural effusion is a common complication of pneumonia and can progress to empyema. Pleural empyema is a life-threatening infection, which can be treated with antibiotics and interventional drainage but in later stages often requires surgery. Here we describe the first case of pleural empyema following a COVID-19 infection with no respiratory failure in a previously healthy and athletic patient. The patient was initially treated with antibiotics and interventional drainage but was readmitted to hospital with symptom deterioration. He was then referred for surgery and underwent an uneventful thoracoscopic washout with partial decortication. The preoperative SARS-CoV­2 swab was negative. The patient recovered fully and could be discharged.