Trametes versicolor Laccase-Based Magnetic Inorganic-Protein Hybrid Nanobiocatalyst for Efficient Decolorization of Dyes in the Presence of Inhibitors.

In the present investigation, an ecofriendly magnetic inorganic-protein hybrid system-based enzyme immobilization was developed using partially purified laccase from Trametes versicolor (TvLac), Fe3O4 nanoparticles, and manganese (Mn), and was successfully applied for synthetic dye decolorization in the presence of enzyme inhibitors. After the partial purification of crude TvLac, the specific enzyme activity reached 212 U∙mg total protein-1. The synthesized Fe3O4/Mn3(PO4)2-laccase (Fe3O4/Mn-TvLac) and Mn3(PO4)2-laccase (Mn-TvLac) nanoflowers (NFs) exhibited encapsulation yields of 85.5% and 90.3%, respectively, with relative activities of 245% and 260%, respectively, compared with those of free TvLac. One-pot synthesized Fe3O4/Mn-TvLac exhibited significant improvements in catalytic properties and stability compared to those of the free enzyme. Fe3O4/Mn-TvLac retained a significantly higher residual activity of 96.8% over that of Mn-TvLac (47.1%) after 10 reuse cycles. The NFs showed potential for the efficient decolorization of synthetic dyes in the presence of enzyme inhibitors. For up to five reuse cycles, Fe3O4/Mn-TvLac retained a decolorization potential of 81.1% and 86.3% for Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 and xylene cyanol, respectively. The synthesized Fe3O4/Mn-TvLac showed a lower acute toxicity towards Vibrio fischeri than pure Fe3O4 nanoparticles did. This is the first report of the one-pot synthesis of biofriendly magnetic protein-inorganic hybrids using partially purified TvLac and Mn.

Sequential Co-Immobilization of Enzymes on Magnetic Nanoparticles for Efficient l-Xylulose Production.

Multi-enzymatic strategies have shown improvement in bioconversion during cofactor regeneration. In this study, purified l-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase (LAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase (Nox) were immobilized via individual, mixed, and sequential co-immobilization approaches on magnetic nanoparticles, and were evaluated to enhance the conversion of l-arabinitol to l-xylulose. Initially, the immobilization of LAD or Nox on the nanoparticles resulted in a maximum immobilization yield and relative activity of 91.4% and 98.8%, respectively. The immobilized enzymes showed better pH and temperature profiles than the corresponding free enzymes. Furthermore, co-immobilization of these enzymes via mixed and sequential methods resulted in high loadings of 114 and 122 mg/g of support, respectively. Sequential co-immobilization of these enzymes proved more beneficial for higher conversion than mixed co-immobilization because of better retaining Nox residual activity. Sequentially co-immobilized enzymes showed a high relative conversion yield with broader pH, temperature, and storage stability profiles than the controls, along with high reusability. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the mixed or sequential co-immobilization of LAD and Nox on magnetic nanoparticles for l-xylulose production. This finding suggests that selecting a sequential co-immobilization strategy is more beneficial than using individual or mixed co-immobilized enzymes on magnetic nanoparticles for enhancing conversion applications.

Comparing Life-Cycle Emissions of Biofuels for Marine Applications: Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Wet Wastes, Pyrolysis of Wood, Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis of Landfill Gas, and Solvolysis of Wood.

Recent restrictions on marine fuel sulfur content and a heightened regulatory focus on maritime decarbonization are driving the deployment of low-carbon and low-sulfur alternative fuels for maritime transport. In this study, we quantified the life-cycle greenhouse gas and sulfur oxide emissions of several novel marine biofuel candidates and benchmarked the results against the emissions reduction targets set by the International Maritime Organization. A total of 11 biofuel pathways via four conversion processes are considered, including (1) biocrudes derived from hydrothermal liquefaction of wastewater sludge and manure, (2) bio-oils from catalytic fast pyrolysis of woody biomass, (3) diesel via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of landfill gas, and (4) lignin ethanol oil from reductive catalytic fractionation of poplar. Our analysis reveals that marine biofuels' life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions range from -60 to 56 gCO2e MJ-1, representing a 41-163% reduction compared with conventional low-sulfur fuel oil, thus demonstrating a considerable potential for decarbonizing the maritime sector. Due to the net-negative carbon emissions from their life cycles, all waste-based pathways showed over 100% greenhouse gas reduction potential with respect to low-sulfur fuel oil. However, while most biofuel feedstocks have a naturally occurring low-sulfur content, the waste feedstocks considered here have higher sulfur content, requiring hydrotreating prior to use as a marine fuel. Combining the break-even price estimates from a published techno-economic analysis, which was performed concurrently with this study, the marginal greenhouse gas abatement cost was estimated to range from -$120 to $370 tCO2e-1 across the pathways considered. Lower marginal greenhouse gas abatement costs were associated with waste-based pathways, while higher marginal greenhouse gas abatement costs were associated with the other biomass-based pathways. Except for lignin ethanol oil, all candidates show the potential to be competitive with a carbon credit of $200 tCO2e-1 in 2016 dollars, which is within the range of prices recently received in connection with California's low-carbon fuel standard.

Complication profile in a cochlear implantation- surgical audit in a large study population of low socio-economic status in a developing country.

OBJECTIVES: To audit surgical complications and their management in cochlear implant (CI) recipients in a tertiary care referral otorhinolaryngology center in South India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hospital data on 1,250 CI surgeries performed from June 2013 to December 2020 was reviewed. This is an analytical study with data collected from medical records. The demographic details, complications, management protocols and relevant literature were reviewed. Patients were divided into the following five age groups: 0-3 years, 3-6 years, 6-13 years, 13-18 years and above 18 years. Complications were divided into major and minor and complication occurrence was divided into peri-operative, early post-operative, and late post-operative, and the results were analyzed. RESULTS: The overall major complication rate was 9.04% (including 6.0% due to device failure). If the device failure rate was excluded, the major complication rate was 3.04%. The minor complication rate was 6%. DISCUSSION: CI is the gold standard in the management of patients with severe to profound hearing loss with minimal benefit from conventional hearing aids. Experienced tertiary care CI referral and teaching centers manage complicated implantation cases. Such centers typically audit their surgical complications, providing important reference data for young implant surgeons and newer centers. CONCLUSION: Although not bereft of complications, the list of complications and its prevalence is sufficiently low to warrant the advocacy of CI worldwide, including developing countries with low socio-economic status.

Utilization of Bioinorganic Nanodrugs and Nanomaterials for the Control of Infectious Diseases Using Deep Learning.

As one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality, viral infections have a major impact on the well-being and economics of every nation in the globe. The ability to predictably diagnose viral infections improves the provision of good healthcare as well as the control and prevention of these conditions. Nanomaterials have gained widespread usage in the medical industry recently due to the rapid advancement of nanotechnology and their exceptional chemical and physical qualities, such as their small size and synthesized surface properties. The utilization of nanoparticles for illness detection, surveillance, control, preventive, and therapy, such as the treatment of bacterial infections, is referred to as nanomedicine. Nanomedicine is a comprehensive discipline that is founded on the usage of nanotechnology for clinical objectives. Nanoparticles, which have a nanoscale dimension and exhibit highly controllable optical and physical characteristics as well as the ability to bind to a large variety of chemicals, are among the most popular nanomaterials in nanomedicine. A deep learning framework of autoencoder for categorization study on viral infections is built based on actual hospital patient history of viral infections from August 2015 to August 2020. The information comprises of 10,950 cases, comprising outpatients and inpatients, encompassing the infectious diseases. Of such 10,950 instances, training set made up 70% or 7665 instances, and testing data made up 30% or 3285 instances. The data processing was done using the presented recurrent neural network-artificial bee colony (RNN-ABC) method. Sparse data densifying processes are done through the autoencoder to enhance the system learning outcome. The suggested autoencoder system was also evaluated to other widely used models, including support vector machine, logistic regression, random forest, and Naïve Bayes. In comparison to other approaches, the study's findings demonstrate how well the suggested autoencoder model can predict viral diseases. The methods used for this research can aid in removing reported lags in current monitoring systems, hence reducing society's expenses.

Techno-economic Analysis of Sustainable Biofuels for Marine Transportation.

Renewable, low-carbon biofuels offer the potential opportunity to decarbonize marine transportation. This paper presents a comparative techno-economic analysis and process sustainability assessment of four conversion pathways: (1) hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of wet wastes such as sewage sludge and manure; (2) fast pyrolysis of woody biomass; (3) landfill gas Fischer-Tropsch synthesis; and (4) lignin-ethanol oil from the lignocellulosic ethanol biorefinery utilizing reductive catalytic fractionation. These alternative marine biofuels have a modeled minimum fuel selling price between $1.68 and $3.98 per heavy fuel oil gallon equivalent in 2016 U.S. dollars based on a mature plant assessment. The selected pathways also exhibit good process sustainability performance in terms of water intensity compared to the petroleum refineries. Further, the O and S contents of the biofuels vary widely. While the non-HTL biofuels exhibit negligible S content, the raw biocrudes via HTL pathways from sludge and manure show relatively high S contents (>0.5 wt %). Partial or full hydrotreatment can effectively lower the biocrude S content. Additionally, co-feeding with other low-sulfur wet wastes such as food waste can provide another option to produce raw biocrude with lower S content to meet the target with further hydrotreatment. This study indicates that biofuels could be a cost-effective fuel option for the marine sector. Marine biofuels derived from various feedstocks and conversion technologies could mitigate marine biofuel adoption risk in terms of feedstock availability and biorefinery economics.

Anti-dengue Potential of Mangiferin: Intricate Network of Dengue to Human Genes.

Dengue fever has become one of the deadliest infectious diseases and requires the development of effective antiviral therapies. It is caused by members of the Flaviviridae family, which also cause various infections in humans, including dengue fever, tick-borne encephalitis, West Nile fever, and yellow fever. In addition, since 2019, dengue-endemic regions have been grappling with the public health and socio-economic impact of the ongoing coronavirus disease 19. Co-infections of coronavirus and dengue fever cause serious health complications for people who also have difficulty managing them. To identify the potentials of mangiferin, a molecular docking with various dengue virus proteins was performed. In addition, to understand the gene interactions between human and dengue genes, Cytoscape was used in this research. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes software was used to find the paths of Flaviviridae. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and the Reactome Pathway Library were used to understand the biochemical processes involved. The present results show that mangiferin shows efficient docking scores and that it has good binding affinities with all docked proteins. The exact biological functions of type I interferon, such as interferon-α and interferon-ß, were also shown in detail through the enrichment analysis of the signaling pathway. According to the docking results, it was concluded that mangiferin could be an effective drug against the complications of dengue virus 1, dengue virus 3, and non-structural protein 5. In addition, computational biological studies lead to the discovery of a new antiviral bioactive molecule and also to a deeper understanding of viral replication in the human body. Ultimately, the current research will be an important resource for those looking to use mangiferin as an anti-dengue drug. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43450-022-00258-6.

Classification of Electroencephalogram Signal for Developing Brain-Computer Interface Using Bioinspired Machine Learning Approach.

Transforming human intentions into patterns to direct the devices connected externally without any body movements is called Brain-Computer Interface (BCI). It is specially designed for rehabilitation patients to overcome their disabilities. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signal is one of the famous tools to operate such devices. In this study, we planned to conduct our research with twenty subjects from different age groups from 20 to 28 and 29 to 40 using three-electrode systems to analyze the performance for developing a mobile robot for navigation using band power features and neural network architecture trained with a bioinspired algorithm. From the experiment, we recognized that the maximum classification performance was 94.66% for the young group and the minimum classification performance was 94.18% for the adult group. We conducted a recognizing accuracy test for the two contrasting age groups to interpret the individual performances. The study proved that the recognition accuracy was maximum for the young group and minimum for the adult group. Through the graphical user interface, we conducted an online test for the young and adult groups. From the online test, the same young-aged people performed highly and actively with an average accuracy of 94.00% compared with the adult people whose performance was 92.00%. From this experiment, we concluded that, due to the age factor, the signal generated by the subjects decreased slightly.

Eye Movement Signal Classification for Developing Human-Computer Interface Using Electrooculogram.

Human-computer interfaces (HCI) allow people to control electronic devices, such as computers, mouses, wheelchairs, and keyboards, by bypassing the biochannel without using motor nervous system signals. These signals permit communication between people and electronic-controllable devices. This communication is due to HCI, which facilitates lives of paralyzed patients who do not have any problems with their cognitive functioning. The major plan of this study is to test out the feasibility of nine states of HCI by using modern techniques to overcome the problem faced by the paralyzed. Analog Digital Instrument T26 with a five-electrode system was used in this method. Voluntarily twenty subjects participated in this study. The extracted signals were preprocessed by applying notch filter with a range of 50 Hz to remove the external interferences; the features were extracted by applying convolution theorem. Afterwards, extracted features were classified using Elman and distributed time delay neural network. Average classification accuracy with 90.82% and 90.56% was achieved using two network models. The accuracy of the classifier was analyzed by single-trial analysis and performances of the classifier were observed using bit transfer rate (BTR) for twenty subjects to check the feasibility of designing the HCI. The achieved results showed that the ERNN model has a greater potential to classify, identify, and recognize the EOG signal compared with distributed time delay network for most of the subjects. The control signal generated by classifiers was applied as control signals to navigate the assistive devices such as mouse, keyboard, and wheelchair activities for disabled people.

Effects of severe pretreatment conditions and lignocellulose-derived furan byproducts on anaerobic digestion of dairy manure.

Dairy manure subjected to four pretreatments (acid, alkaline, sulfite (SPORL), alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP)) at high chemical dosages (termed severe conditions) were evaluated for enhancements in biogas production and inhibitory effects due to concomitant generation of furan byproducts. All four pretreatments enhanced solubilization of carbohydrates, but only alkaline and AHP resulted in higher methane yield (356 and 333 mL/g-VS, respectively) relative to moderate pretreatment conditions (311 and 261 mL/g-VS, respectively). Methane yield of severe-SPORL pretreatment (233 mL/g-VS) was greater than that of untreated manure (116 mL/g-VS), but lower than that of moderate-SPORL (353 mL/g-VS). Severe-acid pretreatment showed early termination in biogas production likely due to inhibitory effects of furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural. Both experimental data and kinetic modeling indicated that severe-acid pretreatment led to degradation of carbohydrates to furfural, which reduced biogas production due to direct toxicity rather than competitive inhibitory effects. Pretreatment conditions (severity and byproduct levels) for dairy manure biomass may be optimized based on the current findings.

Mesoporous cellulose-chitosan composite hydrogel fabricated via the co-dissolution-regeneration process as biosorbent of heavy metals.

Developing low-cost and high-performance biosorbent for water purification continues drawing more and more attention. In this study, cellulose-chitosan composite hydrogels were fabricated via a co-dissolution and regeneration process using a molten salt hydrate (a 60 wt% aqueous solution of LiBr) as a solvent. The addition of chitosan not only introduced functionality for metal adsorption but also increased the specific surface area and improved the mechanical strength of the composite hydrogel, compared to pure cellulose hydrogel. Batch adsorption experiments indicated that the composite hydrogel with 37% cellulose and 63% chitosan exhibited an adsorption capacity of 94.3 mg/g (1.49 mmol/g) toward Cu2+ at 23 °C, pH 5, and initial metal concentration of 1500 mg/L, which was 10 times greater than the adsorption capacity of pure cellulose hydrogel. Competitive adsorption from a mixed metals solution revealed that the cellulose-chitosan composite hydrogel exhibited selective adsorption of the metals in the order of Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Co2+. This study successfully demonstrated an innovative method to fabricate biosorbents from abundant and renewable natural polymers (cellulose and chitosan) for removing metal ions from water.

Unraveling a cephalalgic quagmire from a cavern to a cave.

Headache in women in their late forties can be primary or secondary. We report a 48-year-old female with chronic slowly progressive left temporal headache for 1 year. She also had ipsilateral eye pain and facial numbness for 1 month, with restricted abduction in the left eye and diplopia. On neurological examination, she had isolated left abducent nerve palsy, with loss of corneal and conjunctival reflexes, localizing the pathology to the cavernous sinus or its adjacent structures. Anatomically, cranial nerves V and VI are in close proximity to each other in the region of Meckel's cave. In view of her age, insidious onset, progressive symptoms and clinical findings, the provisional diagnosis in this patient was a Meckel's cave tumor. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging revealed a 2 cm × 2 cm × 1.7 cm enhancing dumb-bell-shaped mass lesion with mild restricted diffusion in the Meckel's cave projecting into cavernous sinus with alanine, myoinositol and glutamine peaks on MR spectroscopy. Intradural debulking was done; lesion was confirmed by histopathology and patient was cured of her symptoms. An algorithm for diagnosing this entity at the bedside is presented.

Electrochemical Oxidation of Lignin and Waste Plastic.

Both lignin and waste plastic are refractory polymers whose oxidation can produce feedstocks for the manufacture of chemicals and fuels. This brief review explores how renewably generated electricity could provide energy needed to selectively activate the endothermic depolymerization reactions, which might assist the production of hydrogen. We identify mediated electrochemistry as a particularly suitable approach to contending with these refractory, sparingly soluble materials.

Direct Catalytic Conversion of Ethanol to C5+ Ketones: Role of Pd-Zn Alloy on Catalytic Activity and Stability.

Ethanol can be used as a platform molecule for synthesizing valuable chemicals and fuel precursors. Direct synthesis of C5+ ketones, building blocks for lubricants and hydrocarbon fuels, from ethanol was achieved over a stable Pd-promoted ZnO-ZrO2 catalyst. The sequence of reaction steps involved in the C5+ ketone formation from ethanol was determined. The key reaction steps were found to be the in situ generation of the acetone intermediate and the cross-aldol condensation between the reaction intermediates acetaldehyde and acetone. The formation of a Pd-Zn alloy in situ was identified to be the critical factor in maintaining high yield to the C5+ ketones and the stability of the catalyst. A yield of >70 % to C5+ ketones was achieved over a 0.1 % Pd-ZnO-ZrO2 mixed oxide catalyst, and the catalyst was demonstrated to be stable beyond 2000 hours on stream without any catalyst deactivation.

Ultrathin quasi-hexagonal gold nanostructures for sensing arsenic in tap water.

Monodispersed colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized by an easy, cost-effective, and eco-friendly method. The AuNPs were mostly quasi-hexagonal in shape with sizes ranging from 15 to 18 nm. A screen-printed electrode modified with AuNPs (AuNPs/SPE) was used as an electrochemical sensor for the detection of As(iii) in water samples. The mechanistic details for the detection of As(iii) were investigated and an electrochemical reaction mechanism was proposed. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the sensor was highly sensitive to As(iii), with a limit of detection of 0.11 µg L-1 (1.51 nM), which is well below the regulatory limit of 10 µg L-1 established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the World Health Organization. The sensor responses were highly stable, reproducible, and linear over the As(iii) concentration range of 0.075 to 30 µg L-1. The presence of co-existing heavy metal cations such as lead, copper, and mercury did not interfere with the sensor response to As(iii). Furthermore, the voltammogram peaks for As(iii), lead, copper, and mercury were sufficiently separate for their potential simultaneous measurement, and at very harsh acidic pH it may be possible to detect As(v). The AuNPs/SPE could detect As(iii) in tap water samples at near-neutral pH, presenting potential possibilities for real-time, practical applications.

Boosting the performance of NO2 gas sensors based on n-n type mesoporous ZnO@In2O3 heterojunction nanowires: in situ conducting probe atomic force microscopic elucidation of room temperature local electron transport.

Herein, n-n type one dimensional ZnO@In2O3 heterojunction nanowires have been developed and their local electron transport properties during trace-level NO2 gas sensing process have been probed at room-temperature using conducting probe atomic microscopy. Solvothermally synthesized 1D ZnO@In2O3 heterojunction nanowires have been characterized by various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, which revealed the mesoporous structure indicating their enhanced sensing properties. The dangling bonds and fraction of metal ions to oxygen ions existing on the exposed crystal facets of the heterojunction nanowires have been visualized by employing crystallographic simulations with TEM analysis, which aided in forecasting the nature of surface adsorption of NO2 gas species. In situ electrical characteristics and Scanning Spreading Resistance Microscopic (SSRM) imaging of single ZnO@In2O3 heterojunction nanowires revealed the local charge transport properties in n-n type ZnO@In2O3 heterojunction nanowires. Moreover, the ZnO@In2O3 heterojunction nanowires based sensor exhibited excellent sensitivity (S = 274%), a fast response (4-6 s) and high selectivity towards trace-level concentration (500 ppb) of NO2 gas under ambient conditions with low power consumption. Spatially resolved surface potential (SP) variations in ZnO@In2O3 heterojunction nanowires have been visualized using in situ Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (SKPM) under NO2 gas environment at room temperature, which was further correlated with its energy band structure. The work functions of the material evaluated by SKPM reveal considerable changes in the energy band structure owing to the local electron transport between ZnO and In2O3 at the heterojunctions upon exposure to NO2 gas indicating the charge carrier recombination. A plausible mechanism has been proposed based on the experimental evidences. The results suggest that new insights into complex sensing mechanisms deduced from the present investigation on n-n type MOS based heterojunction nanowires under ambient conditions can pave the way for the novel design and development of affordable and superior real-time gas sensors.

A simple filter paper-based method for transporting and storing Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei DNA from infected Litopenaeus vannamei tissues.

The microsporidian parasite Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) causes a significant negative impact in shrimp aquaculture. A diagnostic procedure for detecting EHP in shrimp was developed, but transportation of the infected shrimp samples from the farm / hatcheries to the laboratory is burdensome and preservation of the tissues is problematic. Here, we developed a simple method of transporting nucleic acid without preservatives using the Flinders Technology Associates filter card (FTA matrix card; Whatman). DNA can be stored and extracted without the need for centrifugation and hazardous chemicals. EHP infected shrimp homogenate was spotted on a FTA matrix card and stored at room temperature. Storage stability was confirmed by analysis at different time points and we efficiently recovered DNA up to 6 months post spotting. The recovery efficiency of FTA-DNA was compared with the existing DNA extraction methods DNeasy® Blood & Tissue kit method and Guanidine hydrochloride method. The efficiency of extraction and sensitivity of the DNA in the FTA card confirmed that recovery of EHP-DNA from the FTA matrix was superior to with other methods.

Fall Tillage Reduced Nutrient Loads from Liquid Manure Application during the Freezing Season.

Reducing agricultural runoff is important year round, particularly on landscapes that receive wintertime applications of manure. No-tillage systems are typically associated with reduced runoff loads during the growing season, but surface roughness from fall tillage may aid infiltration on frozen soils by providing surface depressional storage. The timing of winter manure applications may also affect runoff, depending on snow and soil frost conditions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate runoff and nutrient loads during the freezing season from combinations of tillage and manure application timings. Six management treatments were tested in south-central Wisconsin during the winters of 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 with a complete factorial design: two tillage treatments (fall chisel plow vs. no-tillage) and three manure application timings (early December, late January, and unmanured). Nutrient loads from winter manure application were lower on chisel-plowed versus untilled soils during both monitoring years. Loads were also lower from manure applied to soils with less frost development. Wintertime manure applications pose a risk of surface nutrient losses, but fall tillage and timing applications to thawed soils can help reduce loads.

Dynamics of Measured and Simulated Dissolved Phosphorus in Runoff from Winter-Applied Dairy Manure.

Agricultural P loss from fields is an issue due to water quality degradation. Better information is needed on the P loss in runoff from dairy manure applied in winter and the ability to reliably simulate P loss by computer models. We monitored P in runoff during two winters from chisel-tilled and no-till field plots that had liquid dairy manure applied in December or January. Runoff total P was dominated by nondissolved forms when soils were bare and unfrozen. Runoff from snow-covered, frozen soils had much less sediment and sediment-related P, and much more dissolved P. Transport of manure solids was greatest when manure was applied on top of snow and runoff shortly after application was caused by snowmelt. Dissolved P concentrations in runoff were greater when manure was applied on top of snow because manure liquid remained in the snowpack and allowed more P to be available for loss. Dissolved runoff P also increased as the amount of rain or snowmelt that became runoff (runoff ratio) increased. The SurPhos manure P runoff model reliably simulated these processes to provide realistic predictions of dissolved P in runoff from surface manure. Overall, for liquid dairy manure applied in winter, dissolved P concentrations in runoff can be decreased if manure is applied onto bare, unfrozen soil, or if runoff ratio can be reduced, perhaps through greater soil surface roughness from fall tillage. Both management approaches will allow more manure P to infiltrate into soil and less move in runoff. SurPhos is a tool that can reliably evaluate P loss for different management and policy scenarios for winter manure application.