The burden of secrecy in the management of multimorbidity in older people living with HIV aged 70 and over.

The secrecy surrounding HIV continues to be a major concern for older people living with HIV (OPWH) despite their long-term experience of HIV and the presence of other chronic diseases. Our study aims to highlight how the secrecy surrounding HIV can affect the management of the other conditions. The results of this socio-anthropological sub-study of the ANRS EP66 SEPTAVIH study, which assesses frailty in OPWH, are based on in-depth interviews conducted with 20 OPWH with multimorbidities aged 70 years and over and 9 caregivers. Based on a cross-sectional thematic analysis, this study shows that HIV infection differs from other chronic diseases due to the secrecy and stigma associated with HIV. These specific issues associated with HIV complicate the lives of OPWH, depriving them of support from loved ones and forcing them to exclude their general practitioner from their care system. This then causes OPWH with multiple chronic diseases to become socially vulnerable and isolated. Interventions that support the sharing of information on HIV among OPWH and also among caregivers need to be identified as a matter of urgency in order to improve the lives and management of OPWH with multimorbidities.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03958786.

Efficacy and safety of dolutegravir/lamivudine in virologically suppressed female participants: week 48 data from the pooled TANGO and SALSA studies.

OBJECTIVES: Women represent >50% of people with HIV globally but have historically been underrepresented in clinical trials. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of switching to dolutegravir/lamivudine (DTG/3TC) vs continuing their current antiretroviral regimen (CAR) by sex assigned at birth (female and male) in virologically suppressed adults with HIV-1 without prior virological failure in a pooled analysis of two randomized controlled trials. METHODS: This analysis included 48-week data from the phase 3 TANGO and SALSA studies. Primary and key secondary endpoints included proportions of participants with HIV-1 RNA ≥50 and <50 copies/mL at week 48, respectively. Safety was also assessed. RESULTS: Of 1234 participants, 250 (DTG/3TC, n = 133; CAR, n = 117) were female at birth. Week 48 proportions of participants with Snapshot HIV-1 RNA ≥50 copies/mL were similar regardless of sex at birth (DTG/3TC vs CAR: female, <1% [1/133] vs 2% [2/117]; male, <1% [1/482] vs <1% [3/502]). Proportions with HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL were high across sexes and treatment groups (DTG/3TC vs CAR: female, 91% [121/133] vs 89% [104/117]; male, 94% [455/482] vs 94% [471/502]). Immunological response with DTG/3TC was slightly higher in female participants. Incidences of adverse events leading to withdrawal and serious adverse events were low and comparable between treatment groups and across sexes. Weight gain was higher with DTG/3TC than with CAR among female participants aged ≥50 years (treatment difference 2.08 kg [95% confidence interval 0.40-3.75]). CONCLUSIONS: Results confirm the robustness of DTG/3TC as a switch option in virologically suppressed females with HIV-1, with outcomes similar to those in males.

Comparison of HIV-Infected and Noninfected Patients Undergoing Bariatric Surgery: The ObeVIH Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare clinical characteristics and adipose/liver tissue histology analysis in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected subjects undergoing bariatric surgery. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study of HIV-infected subjects undergoing single-port sleeve gastrectomy with prospective enrolment and frequency age (±5 years), sex, and body mass index (BMI, ± 5 kg/m2) matched on HIV-uninfected subjects. METHODS: This study was conducted at a single clinical site at Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital-Paris-France comprising 19 HIV-uninfected and 21 HIV-infected subjects with plasma VL < 20 copies/mL, all with a BMI > 40 kg/m2 or >35 kg/m2 with comorbidities. Histology of subcutaneous and visceral abdominal adipose tissue (SCAT/VAT) and liver biopsies was collected during single-port sleeve gastrectomy. Outcomes included anthropometric characteristics, comorbidities, cardiovascular parameters, adipose tissue, and liver histology. RESULTS: The age of HIV-infected participants was (median, interquartile range IQR) 48 y (42-51), with 76.2% females, a BMI of 41.4 kg/m2 (37.3-44.4), an antiretroviral duration of 16 y (8-21), current integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-based regimen in 15 participants and non-INSTI regimen in 6 participants, and a CD4 count of 864/mm3 (560-1066). The age of controls was 43 y (37-51), with 78.9% females and a BMI of 39.2 kg/m2 (36.3-42.6). Anthropometric characteristics, comorbidities, and cardiovascular parameters did not differ according to HIV status and INSTI treatment. The number of macrophage crown-like structures in SCAT was lower in INSTI-treated participants than in HIV-uninfected participants (P = 0.02) and non-INSTI-treated HIV-infected subjects (P = 0.07). Hepatic steatosis and liver disease severity global score were lower in INSTI-treated participants than in non-INSTI-treated HIV-infected participants (P = 0.05 and P = 0.04, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected subjects undergoing bariatric surgery presented a similar profile regarding anthropometric measures, cardiovascular parameters, and comorbidities. However, INSTI-treated participants presented milder SCAT and liver alterations than non-INSTI-treated participants.

Long COVID-19 symptoms: Clinical characteristics and recovery rate among non-severe outpatients over a six-month follow-up.

BACKGROUND: To describe persistent symptoms in long COVID-19 non-severe outpatients and report the 6-month clinical recovery (CR) rate. METHODS: Observational study enrolling outpatients (≥ 18 years) with confirmed non-severe COVID-19 (positive nasopharyngeal RT-PCR or presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies) who consulted for persistent symptoms after the first pandemic wave (March-May 2020). CR was assessed at the 6-month visit and defined as complete (no symptom), partial (persistent symptoms of lower intensity) or lack of recovery (no improvement). RESULTS: Sixty-three patients (79% women, mean age: 48 years) enrolled; main symptoms (mean 81 days after acute infection): asthenia/myalgia (77%), dyspnea (51%), headaches (35%), cough (33%). At 6 months (n=56), 30% had complete, 57% partial, and 13% lack of recovery. The proportion of patients with>2 persistent symptoms was 26% at 6 months (main symptoms: dyspnea [54%] and asthenia/myalgia [46%]). CONCLUSION: We observed a slow but high recovery rate at 6 months among these outpatients.

Prevalence and factors associated with symptom persistence: A prospective study of 429 mild COVID-19 outpatients.

INTRODUCTION: Persistent symptoms have recently emerged as a clinical issue in COVID-19. We aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors in symptomatic non-hospitalized individuals with mild COVID-19. METHODS: We performed a prospective cohort study of symptomatic COVID-19 outpatients, from March to May 2020, with weekly phone calls from clinical onset until day 30 and up to day 60 in case of persistent symptoms. The main outcomes were the proportion of patients with complete recovery at day 30 and day 60 and factors associated with persistent symptoms. RESULTS: We enrolled 429 individuals mostly women (72.5%) and healthcare workers (72.5%), with a median age of 41.6 years [IQR 30-51.5]. Symptoms included: cough (69.7%), asthenia (68.8%), anosmia (64.8%), headaches (64.6%), myalgia (62.7%), gastrointestinal symptoms (61.8%), fever (61.5%), and ageusia (60.8%). Mean duration of disease was 27 days (95%CI: 25-29). The rate of persistent symptoms was 46.8% at day 30 and 6.5% at day 60 consisting in asthenia (32.6%), anosmia (32.6%), and ageusia (30.4%). The probability of complete recovery was 56.3% (95%CI: 51.7-61.1) at day 30 and 85.6% (95%CI: 81.2-89.4) at day 60. Factors associated with persistent symptoms were age>40 (HR 0.61), female sex (HR 0.70), low cycle threshold (HR 0.78), and ageusia (HR 0.59). CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 - even in its mild presentation - led to persistent symptoms (up to one month) in nearly half of individuals. Identification of risk factors such as age, gender, ageusia and viral load is crucial for clinical management and argues for the development of antiviral agents.

Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in COVID-19 outpatients: A prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the characteristics, evolution and risk factors for long-term persistence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions (OGD) in COVID-19 outpatients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective study in SARS-CoV-2 infected outpatients with OGD. Weekly phone interviews were set up starting from COVID-19 onset symptoms and over the course of 60 days, using standardized questionnaires that included a detailed description of general symptoms and OGD. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with complete recovery of OGD at D30. Rate and time to recovery of OGD, as well as risk factors for late recovery (>30 days), were evaluated using Cox regression models. RESULTS: Ninety-eight outpatients were included. The median time to onset of OGD after first COVID-19 symptoms was 2 days (IQR 0-4). The 30-day recovery rate from OGD was 67.5% (95% CI 57.1-75.4) and the estimated median time of OGD recovery was 20 days (95% CI 13-26). Risk factors for late recovery of OGD were a complete loss of smell or taste at diagnosis (HR=0.26, 95% CI 0.12-0.56, P=0.0005) and age over 40 years (HR=0.56, 95% CI 0.36-0.89, P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 patients with complete loss of smell or taste and over age 40 are more likely to develop persistent OGD and should rapidly receive sensorial rehabilitation.

Increased risk of IRIS-associated tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients receiving Integrase Inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis is associated with a risk of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) after ART initiation. METHODS: Data from all patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis disease and uncontrolled HIV infection from 1997 to 2017 in a French center were retrospectively collected. We evaluated the incidence of tuberculosis-IRIS in patients initiating ART with or without integrase inhibitors (INSTI) RESULTS: Fifty-five patients were included: 21 receiving an INSTI regimen and 34 a non-INSTI regimen. Except with regard to ART regimen, the two groups were comparable (median CD4 of 85/mm3). The overall percentage of IRIS was 34% (19/55), with 52% IRIS in INSTI regimen and 23% in non-INSTI regimen respectively (P=0.04). In a multivariate logistic model, we observed an increased risk of IRIS in the INSTI regimen compared to the non-INSTI, with an OR at 3.33 [95% CI, 1.01-11.1] (P=0.05) CONCLUSIONS: ART containing integrase inhibitors could be associated with increased incidence of TB-associated IRIS.

Low immune response rate of HIV-infected patients to a single injection of hepatitis A vaccine.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate the immune response of HIV-1 positive patients to a single injection of HAV vaccine in a context of vaccine shortage during the 2017 European outbreak. METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled all HIV-1 positive patients vaccinated by a single injection of HAV vaccine Vaqta 50®. HAV serology was performed before and>30 days after the vaccine injection. RESULTS: Among the 73 patients, HIV-1 viral load was≤50 copies/mL in 93.2% of the cases. Medians of CD4 and median ratio of T CD4/CD8 cells were 658/mm3 and 0.9, respectively. A low immune response rate (59.7%) was observed among the patients. Responders had a significantly higher CD4/CD8 cell ratio than non-responders. CONCLUSIONS: A serologic control should be recommended in this population in the event of a single injection vaccination schedule. During routine follow-up, and prior to any untoward event, physicians should assess the vaccination coverage of HIV-infected patients.

Persistent low-level viraemia in antiretroviral treatment-experienced patients is not linked to viral resistance or inadequate drug concentrations.

OBJECTIVES: To assess genotypic sensitivity scores (GSSs), plasma antiretroviral concentrations (PACs) and immunovirological outcomes at Week 96 (W96) in patients with persistent low-level viraemia (LLV). METHODS: On 1 January 2017, we analysed data from patients on three-drug regimens with persistent LLV defined as at least two consecutive plasma viral loads (pVLs) between 21 and 200 copies/mL (including one pVL of ≥50 copies/mL), at the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital. Outcomes were: GSS, PACs and HIV-DNA load at study entry; and virological status and proportion of patients with resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) at W96. RESULTS: Fifty-seven patients were included, with median age of 52.6 years (IQR 45.2-57.9), last CD4 count of 658 cells/mm3 (IQR 462-909) and total ART duration of 10.2 years (IQR 5.7-15.2). LLV duration was 14.0 months (IQR 5.5-22.3). GSS was 3 in 46/57 (81%) patients and PACs were adequate in 53/57 (93%) patients. Median total HIV-DNA was 2.65 log10 copies/106 cells (IQR 2.44-2.86). During follow-up, 26/57 (46%) had experienced ART modifications. At W96, 38/57 (67%) patients remained with LLV, 15/60 (26%) had achieved confirmed pVL of <20 copies/mL and 4/57 (7%) had virological failure. The four virological failures were due to three ART interruptions and one incomplete adherence (selection of Y181C RAM). No factors (patient characteristics at study entry, GSS, PACs, total HIV-DNA load and ART modification) were associated with W96 viral outcome, except for time from HIV diagnosis and the LLV duration at study entry. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial number of patients harbouring LLV had no resistance to ART and adequate PACs. Two-thirds of these patients remained with this LLV status.

Long-term follow-up of HIV-infected patients on dolutegravir monotherapy.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, dolutegravir monotherapy has been explored as a drug-reduced regimen for HIV patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study, including patients virologically suppressed for ≥6 months, without previous virological failure (VF) under integrase inhibitors (INIs), who had been switched to dolutegravir monotherapy (50 mg/day). The primary aim was to report the proportion of VF at week 48 (W48) and week 96 (W96) of dolutegravir monotherapy. The evolution from baseline to W48 of residual viraemia on ultra-deep sequencing and HIV DNA was also evaluated. RESULTS: Sixty-one patients were included. Prior to switching to dolutegravir monotherapy, they had a median (IQR) of 15.4 (6.5-19.9) years of antiretroviral exposure, 5.8 (3.2-10.3) years of viral suppression and 687 (461-848) CD4+ cells/mm3. They remained on dolutegravir monotherapy for a median (IQR) of 100 (29-148) weeks. Forty-two out of 61 patients (68.9%) reached W48 and 32 out of 61 patients (52.5%) reached W96. VF occurred in three patients, with the emergence of INI resistance. VF occurred before W24 and in patients pre-exposed to INIs. At W48, the probability of VF (Kaplan-Meier analysis) was 5.6% (95% CI = 1.8%-16.4%). The same result was obtained at W96. Detectable residual viraemia did not increase and median HIV DNA did not change significantly (2.4 log/106 cells at baseline and 2.3 log/106 cells at W48). Dolutegravir plasma concentration was above the IC90 in 41/41 samples, from 22 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term follow-up showed a low risk of VF under dolutegravir monotherapy, in a selected population of patients with previous long-term virological suppression and low HIV reservoir.

Diabetes and dyslipidaemia are associated with oxidative stress independently of inflammation in long-term antiretroviral-treated HIV-infected patients.

AIM: Ageing HIV-infected patients controlled by antiretroviral therapy (ART) frequently present age-related comorbidities, such as cardiovascular (CV) events, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The prevalence of these comorbidities was evaluated in a cohort of long-term-monitored ART-controlled HIV-infected patients, then followed by a search into whether oxidative stress, like inflammation, might be associated with metabolic parameters and/or comorbidities. METHODS: Included were 352 long-term ART patients who started with protease inhibitors (PIs) in 1997-1999. They were evaluated at their final visit, 11 years later, for previous CV events, prevalence of diabetes, LDL-related and atherogenic (high TG/HDL) dyslipidaemias, hypertension and CKD. Also measured were circulating biomarkers to explore oxidative stress (Lp-PLA2, oxLDL, oxLDL/LDL ratio, paraoxonase and arylesterase activities), inflammation/immune activation (hsCRP, hsIL-6, D dimer, soluble CD14, ß2 microglobulin, cystatin C), adipokines and insulin resistance. Levels were compared in patients with and without each comorbidity or condition using non-parametric correlation tests and multivariate adjusted analyses. RESULTS: At the final visit, 81.5% of patients were male and were aged (median, IQR) 49 years (45-56); BMI was 23.0 kg/m2 (21.1-25.4), CD4+ lymphocytes were 620 cells/mm3 (453-790) and 91.5% had undetectable HIV-1 viral loads. The prevalence of diabetes was 11%, and LDL-related dyslipidaemia 28%, atherogenic dyslipidaemia 9%, hypertension 28%, CKD 9% and previous CV events 9%. Diabetes and atherogenic dyslipidaemia were associated with increased oxidative stress and independently with inflammation. LDL-related dyslipidaemia and impaired fasting glucose were associated with increased oxidative stress. No association of these biomarkers was detected with hypertension, CKD and previous CV events. CONCLUSION: In long-term-treated HIV-infected patients with frequent comorbid conditions, oxidative stress could be contributing to diabetes and LDL-related and atherogenic dyslipidaemias independently of inflammation.

Routine screening for HIV, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus in individuals undergoing oral and maxillofacial surgery.

OBJECTIVES: Given the effectiveness of treatment of HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, there are considerable benefits associated with determining HIV/HBV/HCV status. We evaluated the feasibility and acceptability of systematic screening and subsequent care in an oral and maxillofacial surgery department. METHODS: The anaesthesiologists proposed screening for HIV, HBV and HCV to all individuals of unknown infection status undergoing surgery between 19 April 2016 and 19 April 2017. The endpoints were the rates of test offer, acceptance/refusal and new diagnoses. Seropositive individuals were referred to infectious disease specialists. Associations between age, sex or surgery type and test offer (eligible individuals) or acceptance/refusal (those offered testing) were investigated. RESULTS: Of the 1407 individuals attending the department, 1322 were eligible for inclusion in the study. Testing was proposed to 899 individuals [68%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 65-71%], 831 of whom accepted the offer (92.4%; 95% CI 90.5-94.1%). Results were obtained for 787 individuals (41 samples were uncollected and three were invalid). Age was the only factor associated with test offer in multivariable analysis [odds ratio (OR) 0.90; 95% CI 0.84-0.97, per additional 10 years], and no factor was associated with acceptance. Of the five, three and eight individuals testing positive for HIV, HBV and HCV, four, two and one patient, respectively, reported prior knowledge of seropositivity. The new diagnosis rate was 0.13% (95% CI 0-0.7%) for HIV and HBV, and 0.89% (95% CI 0.36-1.82%) for HCV [three positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests]. All individuals newly diagnosed with HIV or HCV infection received specific antiviral treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Rates of screening offer and acceptance were high. Substantial screening resources are required to decrease the impact of the hidden epidemics of HIV, HBV and HCV infections.

Prevalence and clinical impact of minority resistant variants in patients failing an integrase inhibitor-based regimen by ultra-deep sequencing.

Background: Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are recommended by international guidelines as first-line therapy in antiretroviral-naive and -experienced HIV-1-infected patients. Objectives: This study aimed at evaluating the prevalence at failure of INSTI-resistant variants and the impact of baseline minority resistant variants (MiRVs) on the virological response to an INSTI-based regimen. Methods: Samples at failure of 134 patients failing a raltegravir-containing (n = 65), an elvitegravir-containing (n = 20) or a dolutegravir-containing (n = 49) regimen were sequenced by Sanger sequencing and ultra-deep sequencing (UDS). Baseline samples of patients with virological failure (VF) (n = 34) and of those with virological success (VS) (n = 31) under INSTI treatment were sequenced by UDS. Data were analysed using the SmartGene platform, and resistance was interpreted according to the ANRS algorithm version 27. Results: At failure, the prevalence of at least one INSTI-resistant variant was 39.6% by Sanger sequencing and 57.5% by UDS, changing the interpretation of resistance in 17/134 (13%) patients. Among 53 patients harbouring at least one resistance mutation detected by both techniques, the most dominant INSTI resistance mutations were N155H (45%), Q148H/K/R (23%), T97A (19%) and Y143C (11%). There was no difference in prevalence of baseline MiRVs between patients with VF and those with VS. MiRVs found at baseline in patients with VF were not detected at failure either in majority or minority mutations. Conclusions: UDS is more sensitive than Sanger sequencing at detecting INSTI MiRVs at treatment failure. The presence of MiRVs at failure could be important to the decision to switch to other INSTIs. However, there was no association between the presence of baseline MiRVs and the response to INSTI-based therapies in our study.

Dynamics of drug resistance-associated mutations in HIV-1 DNA reverse transcriptase sequence during effective ART.

Objectives: To investigate the dynamics of HIV-1 variants archived in cells harbouring drug resistance-associated mutations (DRAMs) to lamivudine/emtricitabine, etravirine and rilpivirine in patients under effective ART free from selective pressure on these DRAMs, in order to assess the possibility of recycling molecules with resistance history. Patients and methods: We studied 25 patients with at least one DRAM to lamivudine/emtricitabine, etravirine and/or rilpivirine identified on an RNA sequence in their history and with virological control for at least 5 years under a regimen excluding all drugs from the resistant class. Longitudinal ultra-deep sequencing (UDS) and Sanger sequencing of the reverse transcriptase region were performed on cell-associated HIV-1 DNA samples taken over the 5 years of follow-up. Results: Viral variants harbouring the analysed DRAMs were no longer detected by UDS over the 5 years in 72% of patients, with viruses susceptible to the molecules of interest found after 5 years in 80% of patients with UDS and in 88% of patients with Sanger. Residual viraemia with <50 copies/mL was detected in 52% of patients. The median HIV DNA level remained stable (2.4 at baseline versus 2.1 log10 copies/106 cells 5 years later). Conclusions: These results show a clear trend towards clearance of archived DRAMs to reverse transcriptase inhibitors in cell-associated HIV-1 DNA after a long period of virological control, free from therapeutic selective pressure on these DRAMs, reflecting probable residual replication in some reservoirs of the fittest viruses and leading to persistent evolution of the archived HIV-1 DNA resistance profile.

Darunavir/ritonavir monotherapy at a low dose (600/100 mg/day) in HIV-1-infected individuals with suppressed HIV viraemia.

Background: Darunavir/ritonavir is a potent PI with a high genetic barrier and pharmacological robustness favourably investigated as monotherapy. Whether darunavir could be dose reduced in the context of monotherapy deserves investigation. Methods: Patients with HIV suppressed viraemia (plasma viral load <50 copies/mL for 12 months) under ART who had switched to darunavir/ritonavir monotherapy at 600/100 mg/day between 2013 and 2015 were included in this observational 48 week single-centre study. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with virological success (defined as plasma viral load <50 copies/mL) at week 24. Secondary outcomes included treatment strategy success and resistance. Results: Thirty-one patients were included with the following baseline characteristics [median (IQR)]: age 52 years (47-57), CD4+ 649 cells/mm3 (463-813), ART duration 16.3 years (9.2-22.3), nadir CD4+ 195 cells/mm3 (144-261) and duration of HIV suppression 7.8 years (4.8-9.7). Prior to switch, ART consisted of PI monotherapy for 28 of 31 patients [darunavir/ritonavir 800/100 mg/day (n = 26), lopinavir/ritonavir (n = 1) and atazanavir/ritonavir (n = 1)] and a triple drug regimen for 3 of 31 patients. Within the 48 weeks of follow-up, no virological failure occurred and two patients discontinued 600/100 mg of darunavir/ritonavir due to side effects at week 16 and 40, leading to a virological suppression rate of 100% (95% CI = 89-100) at weeks 24 and 48. Strategy success rates were 96.8% (95% CI = 83.3-99.9) at week 24 and 93.5% (95% CI = 78.6-99.2) at week 48. Median (IQR) Ctrough values of 800/100 mg of darunavir/ritonavir and 600/100 mg of darunavir/ritonavir were 1537 ng/mL (1286-1724) and 1255 ng/mL (873-2161), respectively. Conclusions: A lower dose of darunavir/ritonavir used as monotherapy (600/100 mg/day) was highly effective in virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients. Further studies are needed to confirm these data.

Ageing with HIV: do comorbidities and polymedication drive treatment optimization?

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to describe the ageing HIV-infected population (> 50 years old) and their current antiretroviral therapy (ART), comorbidities and coprescriptions in France in 2013 and to compare them to the younger population. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database was performed. The characteristics of patients receiving ART as well as their current ART and their numbers of comorbidities and comedications at the censoring date (1 July 2013) were compared between patients ageing with HIV infection, patients who seroconverted while ageing, and younger patients. RESULTS: We compared 10 318 ageing patients [median age 56 years; 25% interquartile range (IQR) 53-62 years] with 13 302 younger patients (median age 42 years; 25% IQR 36-47 years). The ageing patients were more frequently male than the younger patients (77 vs. 65%). Among the ageing patients, 7025 were diagnosed with HIV infection before 2000 and represented a distinct group, the 'experienced ageing' group, by comparison with the 'recently diagnosed ageing' group. Triple therapy containing a boosted protease inhibitor was used in 28.2% of the patients (vs. 39% and 36% of the younger and "recently diagnosed ageing" groups, respectively); a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor in 27% (vs. 33% and 38%, respectively), an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) in 9% (vs. 7% and 9%, respectively), and another regimen (fewer or more than three drugs) in 35.8% (vs. 21% and 16.5%, respectively). "Experienced ageing" patients typically had one or more comorbidities (62.1%) and were receiving at least one comedication (71%). Central nervous system (CNS) agents (prescribed in 44.6% of the "experienced ageing" patients) and antilipidaemics (in 44.2%) were the most frequently prescribed comedications. INSTIs were used in 23% of the population and were used significantly more often in patients with comorbidities and coprescriptions. For all comparisons, P < 0.0001. CONCLUSIONS: In ageing HIV-infected patients, especially those with a long history of HIV infection, comorbidities and coprescriptions are highly prevalent.

Disparities in HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance detected by ultradeep sequencing between men who have sex with men and heterosexual populations.

OBJECTIVES: Transmitted drug resistance (TDR) can impair the response to first-line antiretroviral therapy. In treatment-naïve patients chronically infected with HIV type 1 (HIV-1), it was previously shown through Sanger sequencing that TDR was more common in men who have sex with men (MSM) than in other transmission risk groups. We aimed to compare two HIV-1 transmission groups in terms of the presence of TDR mutations. METHODS: We investigated, through Sanger sequencing and ultradeep sequencing (UDS), the presence of resistance mutations, both in majority (> 20%) and in minority (1-20%) proportions, in 70 treatment-naïve MSM and 70 treatment-naïve heterosexual patients who recently screened positive for HIV-1. RESULTS: The global prevalence of TDR was not significantly different between the two groups, either by Sanger or by UDS. Nevertheless, a higher frequency of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor TDR was observed among heterosexual patients (P = 0.04). There was also a trend for a higher frequency of TDR among MSM infected with HIV-1 subtype B compared with MSM infected with HIV-1 non-B subtypes (P = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Ultradeep sequencing UDS allowed sensitive monitoring of TDR, and highlighted some disparities between transmission groups.

Dolutegravir as monotherapy in HIV-1-infected individuals with suppressed HIV viraemia.

BACKGROUND: Reducing drug burden is a key challenge for achieving lifelong suppressive HIV therapy. Dolutegravir, with a high potency, long half-life and high genetic barrier, offers potential for monotherapy. METHODS: This observational single-centre study enrolled all patients with HIV RNA (viral load) <50 copies/mL for at least 12 months, with CD4 >350 cells/mm(3) and with no failure under integrase inhibitor therapy who had switched from suppressive ART to dolutegravir monotherapy (50 mg/day). Primary outcome was proportion of patients with viral load <50 copies/mL at week 24. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients treated for a median ART duration of 17 years (IQR 11-20), virally suppressed for a median of 79 months (IQR 42-95) and with a median CD4 count of 624 cells/mm(3) (IQR 524-761), were enrolled. Baseline ART consisted of a three-drug (n = 10), two-drug (n = 10) or single-drug (n = 8) regimen with integrase inhibitor exposure in 13 patients. The proportion of patients maintaining viral load <50 copies/mL was 96% (95% CI 79%-100%) at week 4, 100% (95% CI = 85%-100%) at week 8, 93% (95% CI 76%-99%) at week 12 and 92% (75-99) at week 24. Three patients (3.70%; 95% CI 3.4%-10.8%) with prior integrase inhibitor experience had HIV RNA rebound with the presence of resistance mutations. Genotyping of HIV DNA using the Sanger method or ultradeep sequencing showed no integrase inhibitor resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) except for the mutation 74I in a patient on a suppressive elvitegravir regimen. The median within- and between-subject variability of dolutegravir C24 was 25% and 34%, respectively. Nine patients with a year of follow-up remained virally suppressed. CONCLUSIONS: Dolutegravir has the potency to be further investigated as a single ART in randomized studies, particularly in patients with no prior exposure to integrase inhibitors.

Factors associated with virological response to a switch regimen containing maraviroc for antiretroviral-experienced HIV-1-infected patients.

OBJECTIVES: There are few data on clinical and virological factors associated with maraviroc virological response (VR) in clinical practice. This study aimed to identify factors associated with VR in 94 treatment-experienced, but CCR5 inhibitor-naive, HIV-1 patients switched to maraviroc-containing regimens. METHODS: Patients with HIV-1 RNA viral load (VL) <50 copies/mL switching to an antiretroviral treatment containing maraviroc were followed. VR was defined at month 3 as VL <50 copies/mL. The impact of age, baseline tropism, zenith VL, nadir CD4 cell count and CD4 cell count, HIV subtype (B versus non-B), genotypic susceptibility score of treatment, once- or twice-daily treatment and presence of raltegravir in optimized background therapy on VR was investigated. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were: median age 49 years (range 25-73 years), median CD4 cell count 481 cells/mm(3) (range 57-1830 cells/mm(3)) and median nadir CD4 cell count 99 cells/mm(3) (range 3-585). Maraviroc was administered twice daily in 88 of 94 patients and once daily in 6 of 94 patients (300 mg/day for 4 of 6 and 150 mg/day for 2 of 6). At month 3, 89.4% of patients were responders. A better VR to a switch regimen containing maraviroc was associated with the B subtype (P = 0.0216) and a lower zenith VL (median of 5.24 and 5.70 log10 copies/mL for patients in success or in failure, respectively) in univariate analysis. Only B subtype was associated with a better VR in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: This study evidenced the efficacy of a switch regimen containing maraviroc in clinical practice. VR was better for patients with a lower zenith VL and B subtype.

Usefulness of an HIV DNA resistance genotypic test in patients who are candidates for a switch to the rilpivirine/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate combination.

OBJECTIVES: In the context of a rilpivirine/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate switch in HIV-1-infected patients with at least 1 year of virological success, we determined whether proviral DNA is an alternative to plasma HIV RNA for resistance genotyping. METHODS: Resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) in DNA after at least 1 year of virological success [viral load (VL) <50 copies/mL] were compared with those identified in the last plasma RNA genotype available. Rilpivirine/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate RAMs studied were K65R, L100I, K101E/P, E138A/G/K/R/Q, V179L, Y181C/I/V, M184V/I, Y188L, H221Y, F227C and M230I/L in the RT. We studied patients without virological failure (VF) and with at least 1 VF (two consecutive VLs >50 copies/mL). Kappa's coefficient was used to measure agreement between the DNA and RNA genotypes. RESULTS: In patients without VF (n = 130) and with VF (n = 114), RNA and DNA showed resistance to at least one drug of the rilpivirine/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate combination in 8% and 9% and in 60% and 45%, respectively. For rilpivirine RAMs, correlation between RNA and DNA was higher in patients without VF than in patients with VF (kappa = 0.60 versus 0.19, P = 0.026). Overall, the prevalence of RAMs was lower in DNA than in RNA. CONCLUSIONS: Incomplete information provided by the DNA genotypic test is more notable in patients with VF, suggesting that all resistance mutations associated with prior VF have not been archived in the proviral DNA or decreased to a level below the threshold of detection. In the case where no historical plasma genotypic test is available, DNA testing might be useful to rule out switching to rilpivirine/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.