Two structurally different oomycete lipophilic microbe-associated molecular patterns induce distinctive plant immune responses.

Plants recognize a variety of external signals and induce appropriate mechanisms to increase their tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Precise recognition of attacking pathogens and induction of effective resistance mechanisms are critical functions for plant survival. Some molecular patterns unique to a certain group of microbes, microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), are sensed by plant cells as nonself molecules via pattern recognition receptors. While MAMPs of bacterial and fungal origin have been identified, reports on oomycete MAMPs are relatively limited. This study aimed to identify MAMPs from an oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of potato late blight. Using reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and phytoalexin production in potato (Solanum tuberosum) as markers, two structurally different groups of elicitors, namely ceramides and diacylglycerols, were identified. P. infestans ceramides (Pi-Cer A, B, and D) induced ROS production, while diacylglycerol (Pi-DAG A and B), containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) as a substructure, induced phytoalexins production in potato. The molecular patterns in Pi-Cers and Pi-DAGs essential for defense induction were identified as 9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine (9Me-Spd) and 5,8,11,14-tetraene-type fatty acid (5,8,11,14-TEFA), respectively. These structures are not found in plants, but in oomycetes and fungi, indicating that they are microbe molecular patterns recognized by plants. When Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) was treated with Pi-Cer D and EPA, partially overlapping but different sets of genes were induced. Furthermore, expression of some genes is upregulated only after the simultaneous treatment with Pi-Cer D and EPA, indicating that plants combine the signals from simultaneously recognized MAMPs to adapt their defense response to pathogens.

Risk factors and prognosis for supraclavicular lymph node metastasis in patients with thoracic esophageal cancer. Distant or regional metastasis?

We aimed to determine the frequency and prognosis of supraclavicular (#104) lymph node (LN) metastasis compared with other LN stations in patients with advanced thoracic esophageal cancer and to identify risk factors for metastasis to delineate the indications for three-field lymphadenectomy (3FL). The study cohort of 567 eligible patients with esophageal cancer had undergone subtotal esophagectomy from 2003 to 2020. LN metastasis was defined as pathologically proven metastasis or positron emission tomography-positive LNs. The efficacy index (EI), calculated from the frequency of LN metastases and survival rates, was used as prognostic value of each LN station dissection for patient survival. Risk factors for #104 LN metastasis were determined by multivariable logistic regression. The frequency of #104 LN metastasis was 11.6% overall, 31.7% in upper and 8.3% in middle/lower third lesion. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was administered to 71% of patients and chemo-radiation to 11%. The 5-year overall survival was 45.8%. The EI for #104 LNs (5.3) was similar to that for #101 LNs. Risk factors were age < 65 years, upper third lesion, clinical N2-3, #101/106rec LN metastasis and poorly differentiated carcinoma. The 5-year overall survival of patients with middle/lower lesions was 38% (EI 3.1), similar to that for #101 and #8/9/11 LNs. The prognosis of patients with #104 LN metastases is similar to that of patients with metastases in other regional LN stations. Therefore, we recommend 3FL exclusively for patients at a high risk of #104 LN metastasis due to the overall metastatic rate not being high.

Utility of Initial Tumor Reduction as a Prognostic Factor in Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer Patients Undergoing Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Followed by Surgery : A Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: While a neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimen using docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil (NAC-DCF) is considered the standard treatment for locally advanced esophageal cancer (EC) in Japan, a reliable marker for early prediction of treatment efficacy remains unclear. We investigated the utility of the tumor response after a first course of NAC-DCF as a post-surgery survival predictor in patients with EC. METHODS: We enrolled 150 consecutive patients who underwent NAC-DCF followed by surgery for EC between September 2009 and January 2019. The initial tumor reduction (ITR), defined as the percentage decrease in the shorter diameter of the tumor after the first course of NAC-DCF, was evaluated using computed tomography. We analyzed the relationship between ITR, clinicopathological parameters, and survival. RESULTS: The median ITR was 21.07% (range -11.45 to 50.13%). The optimal cut-off value for ITR for predicting prognosis was 10% (hazard ratio [HR] 3.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.98-5.51), based on univariate logistic regression analyses for recurrence-free survival (RFS). Compared with patients with ITR <10%, patients with ITR ≥10% showed a significantly higher proportion of ypM0 (80.0% vs. 92.5%) and responders in terms of overall clinical response (50.0% vs. 80.8%). Multivariate analysis for RFS revealed that ypN2-3 (HR 2.78, 95% CI 1.67-4.62), non-response in terms of overall clinical response (HR 1.87, 95% CI 1.10-3.18), and ITR <10% (HR 2.48, 95% CI 1.42-4.32) were independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Tumor response after the first course of NAC-DCF may be a good predictor of survival in patients with EC who underwent NAC-DCF plus surgery.

A budding yeast CAGE dataset comprising two cell types.

The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an excellent model organism for studying chromatin regulation with high-resolution genome-wide analyses. Since newly generated genome-wide data are often compared with publicly available datasets, expanding our dataset repertoire will be beneficial for the field. Information on transcription start sites (TSSs) determined at base pair resolution is essential for elucidating mechanisms of transcription and related chromatin regulation, yet no datasets that cover two different cell types are available. Here, we present a CAGE (cap analysis of gene expression) dataset for a-cells and α-cells grown in defined and rich media. Cell type-specific genes were differentially expressed as expected, ensuring the reliability of the data. Some of the differentially expressed TSSs were medium-specific or detected due to unrecognized chromosome rearrangement. By comparing the CAGE data with a high-resolution nucleosome map, major TSSs were primarily found in +1 nucleosomes, with a peak approximately 30 bp from the promoter-proximal end of the nucleosome. The dataset is available at DDBJ/GEA.

The Features and Treatment Effects on Keratoepitheliopathy for Meibomitis-Related Keratoconjunctivitis.

Meibomitis-related keratoconjunctivitis (MRKC) is characterized by meibomitis with corneal epithelial abnormalities, and can be divided into two types: MRKC accompanied with phlyctenular keratitis, and MRKC accompanied with keratoepitheliopathy that is similar to superficial punctate keratopathy (SPK). The purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate the characteristic features of keratoepitheliopathy and treatment outcomes for MRKC. This study involved 27 eyes of 18 MRKC patients (3 males and 15 females). National Eye Institute (NEI) scores and visual acuity were compared at pre and post treatment. All subjects were treated with a small-dose administration of clarithromycin. Keratoepitheliopathy characteristic to MRKC, yet different in appearance from SPK, was noted in 24 of the 27 eyes. Fluorescein staining revealed granular epithelial lesions generally larger than SPK that coexisted with small dark spots. In 17 eyes, keratoepitheliopathy was located within the pupillary zone, and the visual acuity in 12 eyes was less than 1.0. Our findings showed significant improvement in the NEI score in MRKC (p < 0.0001) and in visual acuity (p = 0.0157) post treatment, and the characteristic features of keratoepitheliopathy in MRKC that are often associated with decreased visual acuity were elucidated. The treatment of clarithromycin was found to be effective for MRKC with keratoepitheliopathy.

Structure-ATPase Activity Relationship of Rhodamine Derivatives as Potent Inhibitors of P-Glycoprotein CmABCB1.

Understanding the transport and inhibition mechanisms of substrates by P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is one of the important approaches in addressing multidrug resistance (MDR). In this study, we evaluated a variety of rhodamine derivatives as potential P-gp inhibitors targeting CmABCB1, a P-gp homologue, with a focus on their ATPase activity. Notably, a Q-rhodamine derivative with an o,o'-dimethoxybenzyl ester moiety (RhQ-DMB) demonstrated superior affinity and inhibitory activity, which was further confirmed by a drug susceptibility assay in yeast strains expressing CmABCB1. Results from a tryptophan fluorescence quenching experiment using a CmABCB1 mutant suggested that RhQ-DMB effectively enters and binds to the inner chamber of CmABCB1. These findings underscore the promising potential of RhQ-DMB as a tool for future studies aimed at elucidating the substrate-bound state of CmABCB1.

Surgical tips and tricks for laparoscopic intragastric surgery for submucosal tumors relative to the esophagogastric junction.

Recent reports have described the practicality of laparoscopic intragastric surgery (l-IGS) as an alternative for resecting submucosal tumors (SMTs) near the esophagogastric junction (EGJ), where excision using an exogastric approach would be difficult. However, even using IGS to perform a full-thickness resection of SMTs that are in or extremely close to the EGJ is very difficult to do safely and avoid disrupting or causing stenosis of the EGJ, without advanced experience. This study retrospectively examined the usefulness of l-IGS for gastric SMTs located in or extremely close to the EGJ. Fourteen patients with gastric SMTs < 2 cm of the EGJ and underwent l-IGS were eligible for this study. We examined the tumor location, operative time, intraoperative hemorrhage, degree of deformation, gastroesophageal reflux disease, perioperative complications, and recurrence. Furthermore, we compared patients with tumors in the EGJ with those with tumors near the EGJ and patients in whom three-port l-IGS was performed with those who underwent single-incision laparoscopic surgery. The average tumor size, operative time, intraoperative hemorrhage, and postoperative hospitalization of the 14 patients were 30.9 ± 21.3 mm, 125.2 ± 31.1 min, 30.7 ± 103.3 mL, and 9.2 ± 3.1 d, respectively. No differences in these parameters according to the type of l-IGS or tumor location were observed. All patients underwent l-IGS without complications and were free from EGJ deformation or esophagitis. We believe that l-IGS is useful for gastric SMTs located < 2 cm of the EGJ as it can be safely performed for difficult tumor locations and does not cause deformation of the EGJ.

Hemolytic Anemia Caused by Graft Kinking Following Ascending Aortic Replacement: Endovascular Treatment With a Palmaz XL Stent.

A 66-year-old man presented with hemolytic anemia, which required frequent blood transfusion, 6 months after surgical repair of an ascending aortic pseudoaneurysm. Hemolysis was attributed to luminal stenosis caused by graft kinking by laboratory test, CT and four-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging. First, an Excluder cuff was placed at the stenotic site under rapid pacing, but it migrated distally. Thereafter a Palmaz XL stent was placed at the stenotic site, which led to resolution of anemia. In this case, a Palmaz XL stent was successfully used to treat hemolytic anemia caused by graft kinking following ascending aortic surgery.

Immuno-genomic analysis reveals eosinophilic feature and favorable prognosis of female non-smoking esophageal squamous cell carcinomas.

Most of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) develop in smoking males in Japan, but the genomic etiology and immunological characteristics of rare non-smoking female ECSS remain unclear. To elucidate the genomic and immunological features of ESCC in non-smoking females, we analyzed whole-genome or transcriptome sequencing data from 94 ESCCs, including 20 rare non-smoking female cases. In addition, 31,611 immune cells were extracted from four ESCC tissues and subject to single-cell RNA-seq. We compared their immuno-genomic and microbiome profiles between non-smoking female and smoking ESCCs. Non-smoking females showed much better prognosis. Whole-genome sequencing analysis showed no significant differences in driver genes or copy number alterations depending on smoking status. The mutational signatures specifically observed in non-smoking females ESCC could be attributed to aging. Immune profiling from RNA-seq revealed that ESCC in non-smoking females had high tumor microenvironment signatures and a high abundance of eosinophils with a favorable prognosis. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of intratumor immune cells revealed gender differences of eosinophils and their activation in female cases. ESCCs in non-smoking females have age-related mutational signatures and gender-specific tumor immune environment with eosinophils, which is likely to contribute to their favorable prognosis.

Characteristics of Pre-Lens Tear Film Behavior in Eyes Wearing Delefilcon A Silicone Hydrogel Water Gradient Contact Lenses.

The pre-lens tear film (PLTF) over (i) delefilcon A silicone hydrogel water gradient (WG; 33-80% from core to surface) contact lenses (CLs) (SHWG-CLs) and (ii) subjects' own non-WG soft CLs (SCLs) (SO-SCLs) was studied in 30 eyes of 30 subjects to assess the hypothesized PLTF stabilization over SHWG-CLs. In both eyes, delefilcon A SHWG-CLs (DAILIES TOTAL1®; Alcon, Fort Worth, TX, USA) or SO-SCLs were worn. After 15 min of wearing each lens, the tear meniscus radius (TMR, mm), lipid-layer interference grade (IG) and spread grade (SG), and non-invasive breakup time (NIBUT, seconds) were evaluated and compared between the SHWG-CLs and the SO-SCLs. The comparison between the SHWG-CL and SO-SCL groups (SHWG-CL and SO-SCL, mean ± SD) revealed that TMRs temporarily decreased and reached a plateau value after 15 min (0.21 ± 0.06; 0.21 ± 0.06) compared to the value prior to CL insertion (0.24 ± 0.08; 0.25 ± 0.08), with no significant difference between the two groups. The NIBUT, IG, and SG values after 15 min of wearing the CLs were (9.7 ± 3.7; 4.7 ± 4.2), (1.0 ± 0.2; 1.8 ± 1.0), and (1.1 ± 0.4; 1.9 ± 1.5), respectively, and all values were significantly better in the SHWG-CL group (p < 0.0001, p = 0.0039, and p < 0.0001, respectively). We found that compared to the SO-SCLs, the maintenance of the PLTF on the SHWG-CLs was supported by the thicker and more stable PLTF.

[The First 5-year Integrated Doctoral Program Exploring the Frontiers of Pharmaceutical Sciences].

To empower the next generation of students to become leaders that play active roles in various fields in society, research universities must offer attractive and meaningful doctor of philosophy (PhD) programs in their graduate schools. The Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, at Kyoto University has trained a large number of researchers who are leading drug discovery science and clinical pharmacy in academia as well as in the pharmaceutical industry, in medical organization and in government. However, due to changes in the trends of students and the evolving skill requirements of future PhD holders to handle the challenges of a changing society, it is necessary to revise the curriculum of our graduate school. Thus, we will reform the graduate and undergraduate school programs by implementing a so-called late specialization program and a double mentoring system and aim to nurture emergent researchers who will explore uncharted areas in pharmaceutical sciences. Toward this goal, we established the Division of Medical Frontier Sciences in April 2022 to replace the former Division of Bioinformatics and Chemical Genomics. This program is Japan's first five-year integrated doctoral course in the field of pharmaceutical sciences. In this review, I will introduce the background leading to its development construction and provide an overview of the characteristics of this five-year integrated doctoral program.

Induction of plant disease resistance by mixed oligosaccharide elicitors prepared from plant cell wall and crustacean shells.

Basal plant immune responses are activated by the recognition of conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), or breakdown molecules released from the plants after damage by pathogen penetration, so-called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). While chitin-oligosaccharide (CHOS), a primary component of fungal cell walls, is most known as MAMP, plant cell wall-derived oligosaccharides, cello-oligosaccharides (COS) from cellulose, and xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) from hemicellulose are representative DAMPs. In this study, elicitor activities of COS prepared from cotton linters, XOS prepared from corn cobs, and chitin-oligosaccharide (CHOS) from crustacean shells were comparatively investigated. In Arabidopsis, COS, XOS, or CHOS treatment triggered typical defense responses such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, phosphorylation of MAP kinases, callose deposition, and activation of the defense-related transcription factor WRKY33 promoter. When COS, XOS, and CHOS were used at concentrations with similar activity in inducing ROS production and callose depositions, CHOS was particularly potent in activating the MAPK kinases and WRKY33 promoters. Among the COS and XOS with different degrees of polymerization, cellotriose and xylotetraose showed the highest activity for the activation of WRKY33 promoter. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of RNAseq data revealed that simultaneous treatment of COS, XOS, and CHOS (oligo-mix) effectively activates plant disease resistance. In practice, treatment with the oligo-mix enhanced the resistance of tomato to powdery mildew, but plant growth was not inhibited but rather tended to be promoted, providing evidence that treatment with the oligo-mix has beneficial effects on improving disease resistance in plants, making them a promising class of compounds for practical application.

Bilateral video-assisted thoracic surgery for esophageal cancer with left inferior pulmonary vein invasion following chemoradiation therapy.

BACKGROUND: The surgical strategy for thoracic esophageal cancer that invades the lungs is controversial. In particular, invasion of the pulmonary vein is often regarded unresectable. We successfully applied bilateral video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) in esophagectomy for esophageal cancer with left inferior pulmonary vein invasion following induction chemoradiotherapy (CRT), with a favorable response. CASE PRESENTATION: A 64-year-old woman was diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the lower third of the esophagus. Computed tomography (CT) revealed that the tumor was suspected to be invading the main trunk of the left lower pulmonary vein and left lower lung. We initiated induction CRT comprising 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, and concurrent radiotherapy at 50.4 Gy/28Fr. CT revealed shrinkage of the tumor, and the main trunk of the left inferior pulmonary vein was released from the tumor invasion. We considered the tumor to be completely resectable. VATS esophagectomy is usually performed using a right-sided approach. However, the right-sided approach is inappropriate for evaluating tumors around the left inferior pulmonary vein. We started with left-sided VATS to determine tumor resectability and dissected between the esophagus and the main trunk of the left inferior pulmonary vein. We only needed to perform partial resection of the left lower lobe. We then performed a right-sided VATS esophagectomy and lymphadenectomy with partial en bloc resection of the left lower lobe. Following this, we performed hand-assisted laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy and reconstruction using the gastric remnant. The postoperative course was uneventful. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 14. Histopathological examination of the surgical specimen revealed a complete pathological response without any remnant tumor or lymph node metastasis. There were no signs of recurrence or metastasis at the 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Curative resection for thoracic esophageal cancer that invades the pulmonary vein could be possible via the bilateral VATS approach following induction CRT with a favorable response.

Efficacy of palliative surgery for gastric cancer patients with peritoneal metastasis who still have residual peritoneal dissemination after chemotherapy.

PURPOSE: Gastric cancer patients with peritoneal metastasis (PM) are generally treated with systemic chemotherapy. When PM has disappeared because of chemotherapy, radical gastrectomy (so-called conversion surgery) is usually performed. We have previously reported the efficacy of conversion surgery, but there are no reports examining the efficacy of palliative gastrectomy for patients with residual PM after chemotherapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of palliative surgery for gastric cancer patients with PM who still have residual peritoneal dissemination after chemotherapy. METHODS: Twenty-five gastric cancer patients with PM confirmed by laparoscopy and who had received chemotherapy but who still had residual PM were included in this study. Among the 25 patients, palliative surgery was performed in 20 patients (PS group) and chemotherapy was continued in 5 patients (CTx group), and their therapeutic outcomes were compared. RESULTS: In the PS group, total and distal gastrectomies were performed. Clavien-Dindo grade I postoperative complications occurred in two patients (10%). There were no treatment-related deaths. Postoperative chemotherapy was performed all cases. In the PS group, the median survival time (MST) reached 22.5 months, with 1- and 2-year overall survival (OS) rates of 95% and 45%, respectively, whereas in the CTx group, the MST was 15.8 months, and the 1- and 2-year OS rates were 60% and 0%, respectively. The PS group had significantly longer OS than the CTx group (P=0.044). CONCLUSIONS: Palliative surgery is safe and may prolong survival in gastric cancer patients with residual PM after chemotherapy.

Changes in air dose rates due to soil moisture content in the Fukushima prefecture forests.

Radionuclides released and deposited because of the 2011 Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident caused an increase in air dose rates in Fukushima Prefecture forests. Although an increase in air dose rates during rainfall was previously reported, the air dose rates in the Fukushima forests decreased during rainfall. This study aimed to develop a method to estimate rainfall-related changes in air dose rates, even in the absence of soil moisture data, in Namie-Town and Kawauchi-Village, Futaba-gun, Fukushima Prefecture. Moreover, we examined the relationship between preceding rainfall (Rw) and soil moisture content. The air dose rate was estimated by calculating the Rw in Namie-Town from May to July 2020. We found that the air dose rates decreased with increasing soil moisture content. The soil moisture content was estimated from Rw by combining short-term and long-term effective rainfall using half-live values of 2 h and 7 d and considering the hysteresis of water absorption and drainage processes. Furthermore, the soil moisture content and air dose rate estimations showed a good agreement with coefficient of determination (R2) scores >0.70 and >0.65, respectively. The same method was tested to estimate the air dose rates in Kawauchi-Village from May to July 2019. At the Kawauchi site, variation in estimated value is relatively large due to the presence of water repellency in dry conditions, and the amount of 137Cs inventory was low, so estimating air dose from rainfall remained a challenge. In conclusion, rainfall data were successfully used to estimate soil moisture and air dose rates in areas with high 137Cs inventories. This leads to the possibility of removing the influence of rainfall on measured air dose rate data and could contribute to the improvement of methods currently used to estimate the external air dose rates for humans, animals, and terrestrial forest plants.

Influenza vaccine viruses and the development of seasonal vaccines: A Japanese perspective.

In Japan, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) designates one specific virus strain for each component of the quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccine, and four domestic manufacturers produce egg-based influenza vaccines with the same formulation (inactivated, split-virus) using uniform vaccine strains. Thus, discussions of the development of effective seasonal influenza vaccines so far has focused solely on the antigenic match between the vaccine strains and epidemic viruses. However, in 2017, the Japanese selection system of vaccine viruses demonstrated that even a candidate vaccine virus that is antigenically similar to the predicted circulating viruses is not necessarily suitable for vaccine production, given lower productivity of the vaccine. Taking this experience into account, the MHLW reformed the scheme of vaccine strain selection in 2018, and instructed the Vaccine Epidemiology Research Group created by the MHLW to probe how the virus strains for the seasonal influenza vaccine should be selected in Japan. In this context, a symposium, entitled "Issues of the Present Seasonal Influenza Vaccines and Future Prospects", was held as part of the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society for Vaccinology in 2018, and subjects related to the influenza vaccine viruses were discussed among relevant administrators, manufacturers, and researchers. This report summarizes the presentations given at that symposium in order to convey the present scheme of vaccine virus selection, the evaluation of the resulting vaccines, and the efforts at new vaccine formulation in Japan. Notably, from March 2022, the MHLW has launched a discussion of the merits of the seasonal influenza vaccines produced by foreign manufacturers.

Combined use of UAV-SfM surveys, soil particle tracking with RFID tags and a sediment connectivity index to study plot-scale sediment transport.

To explore the processes of soil erosion at the plot scale, Digital surface model of Differences (DoD) maps (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle - Structure from Motion (UAV-SfM) method) and data from Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags were analysed. The comparison of differences in accuracy of UAV-SfM and 3D terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) measurements, and the integration of the UAV-SfM method and soil particle tracing with RFID tag locations were conducted to assess sediment transport in a plot in Fukushima prefecture, Japan. The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) plot was installed and kept with no vegetation and no cultivation. Water and sediment discharges were measured at the outlet of the plot, and the topographic index of runoff and sediment connectivity (IC) -focused on surface roughness- was also estimated. Based on field surveys, four periods were defined. Locations of RFID tags were firstly determined by using orthoimages derived from the UAV-SfM method and then compared with those locations measured with a laser total station. The mean and standard deviation of difference amounts of UAV-SfM were of 1 and 3.3 mm, respectively. On average, the RFID tags were located with an accuracy of 3.1 cm (RMSE). Although data of tags tracing showed short transport distances with rill erosion, the results of the UAV-SfM surveys showed an increase of sediment connectivity (SC) over the study period that may explain the largest sediment discharge, especially of fine soil particles. The concurrence of higher values of SC as well as the development of new and longer rills demonstrated the important activity of net soil loss in our study site. The combination of distinct methods and techniques, all providing accurate measurements, shed light on the sediment transport process at short distances, which affects the net water and sediment discharge at larger scales.

Evaluation of Dry Eye With Videokeratographer Using a Newly Developed Indicator.

PURPOSE: To analyze the effectiveness of a newly developed indicator that quantitatively assesses disturbance in Meyer-ring (MR) images obtained via videokeratographer and assess its usefulness for the clinical evaluation of dry eye (DE). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: This study involved 79 eyes of 79 DE patients (10 males and 69 females; mean age: 62.7 years). After MR images were obtained via videokeratographer, the degree of blur was quantified at multiple points on the ring, with the total value across the cornea being defined as the disturbance value (DV). Correlations between total DV (TDV; the sum of DV for 5 seconds after eye opening) and 12 DE symptoms, Dry Eye-Related Quality of Life Score (DEQS), tear meniscus radius (mm), tear film (TF) lipid-layer spread grade (SG; grades 1-5, 1 = best), TF noninvasive breakup time (NIBUT, seconds), fluorescein breakup time (FBUT, seconds), corneal epithelial damage score (CEDS; maximum: 15 points), conjunctival epithelial damage score (CjEDS; maximum: 6 points), and Schirmer 1 test value (mm) were analyzed via univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: No significant correlations were found between TDV and each DE symptom or DEQS, yet significant correlations were found between TDV and SG, NIBUT, FBUT, CEDS, and CjEDS (r = 0.56, -0.45, -0.45, 0.72, and 0.62, respectively, all P < .01). TDV was found to be described as 2334 + (412.1 × CEDS) - (302.0 × FBUT) (R2 = 0.593, P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Our newly developed indicator, DV, reflecting TF dynamics and stability and corneoconjunctival epithelial damage, may be useful for quantitatively assessing DE ocular-surface abnormalities.