Prevalence of rapid calculus formers and its associated factors amongst patients visiting a dental hospital: a preliminary investigation.

BACKGROUND: This study focuses on the determination and classification of patients as rapid or slowcalculusformersbasedontherateofcalculusformationafteroralprophylaxis. It also aims to determine the factors that positively impact the formation and deposition of calculus in patients and identify the factors that accelerate or decelerate the deposition of calculus. METHODS: The study was conducted in the Department of Periodontology, Dr Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Panjab University Chandigarh, India. We examined 51 patients after a month of the oral prophylaxis, recorded the amount of calculus present in the oral cavity, and then recorded a detailed history which was briefly divided into Age, Sex, Residence, Oral habits, and maintenance of oral hygiene. RESULTS: An evident and meaningful link was found between age and the rate at which dental calculus forms. The average age of individuals differed significantly between the rapid and slow calculus formers, which could be ascribed to the decline in manual dexterity as age increases, resulting in less effective oral hygiene habits, including toothbrushing. None of the other factors dietary and oral hygiene related could be identified distinctly, probably owing to the small sample of the study. The oral health status exhibited a significant difference between slow and rapid calculus formers. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of the study, the data analyzed, identified age as a significant determinant that impact the rate of formation of calculus in patients and reported a significant difference in the oral health status of rapid and slow calculus formers.

dldhcri3 zebrafish exhibited altered mitochondrial ultrastructure, morphology and dysfunction partially rescued by probucol or thiamine.

Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD) deficiency is a recessive mitochondrial disease caused by variants in DLD, the E3 subunit of mitochondrial α-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes. DLD disease symptoms are multi-systemic, variably manifesting as Leigh syndrome, neurodevelopmental disability, seizures, cardiomyopathy, liver disease, fatigue and lactic acidemia. While most DLD disease symptoms are attributed to dysfunction of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, understanding the effects of other α-keto acid dehydrogenase deficiencies remain unclear. Current therapies for DLD deficiency are ineffective, with no vertebrate animal model available for preclinical study. We created a viable Danio rerio (zebrafish) KO model of DLD deficiency, dldhcri3. Detailed phenotypic characterization revealed shortened larval survival, uninflated swim bladder, hepatomegaly and fatty liver, and reduced swim activity. These animals displayed increased pyruvate and lactate levels, with severe disruption of branched-chain amino acid catabolism manifest as increased valine, leucine, isoleucine, α-ketoisovalerate, and α-ketoglutarate levels. Evaluation of mitochondrial ultrastructure revealed gross enlargement, severe cristae disruption and reduction in matrix electron density in liver, intestines, and muscle. Therapeutic modeling of candidate therapies demonstrated probucol or thiamine improved larval swim activity. Overall, this vertebrate model demonstrated characteristic phenotypic and metabolic alterations of DLD disease, offering a robust platform to screen and characterize candidate therapies.

The Effect of Pneumoperitoneum on the Ankle-brachial Index of the Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: An Observational Study.

Background: Improvement in the perioperative care has led to increased use of minimally invasive surgeries. Multiple physiological changes during minimally invasive surgeries are attributed to the creation of pneumoperitoneum. Materials and Methods: One hundred and nine patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy at a tertiary care hospital in north India meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled. Results: Out of the total 109 patients, 13 were males and 96 females (M:F = 1:7.3), the mean basal metabolic rate was 28.95 kg/m2. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the upper limb were 134.33 + 17.545 and 80.69 + 11.59 respectively. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure in lower limb (LL) were 142.32 + 21.552 and 79.44 + 11.94, respectively. Significant rise in the SBP was noticed in LL at the time of creation of Pneumoperitoneum and after changing the position for surgery (P < 0.05). The diastolic pressure in the LL rises significantly in the LL after creation of pneumoperitoneum, at induction, after reverse Trendelenburg position and extubation (P < 0.05). The mean arterial pressure increased significantly in the LL after the creation of pneumoperitoneum and persisted till the extubation (P < 0.05). A significant rise of ankle-brachial index (ABI) was observed in the patients after the creation of pneumoperitoneum and it remained significant till 15 min into surgery (P < 0.05). There was no correlation of ABI with weight and age of the patients on Pearson correlation. Conclusion: There is rise in ABI of the patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy at the time of creation of pneumoperitoneum, after Trendelenburg position and 15 min into surgery.

Promising Combinatorial Therapeutic Strategies against Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) presents a complex and diverse disease, exhibiting variations at individuals' cellular and histological levels. This complexity gives rise to different subtypes and genetic mutations, posing challenges for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. Nevertheless, continuous progress in medical research and therapies is continually shaping the landscape of NSCLC diagnosis and management. The treatment of NSCLC has undergone significant advancements in recent years, especially with the emergence of targeted therapies that have shown remarkable efficacy in patients with actionable mutations. This has ushered in the era of personalized medicine in NSCLC treatment, with improvements in molecular and immunohistochemical techniques contributing to enhanced progression-free survival. This review focuses on the latest progress, challenges, and future directions in developing targeted therapies for NSCLC, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), DNA-damaging agents, immunotherapy regimens, natural drug therapy, and nanobodies. Furthermore, recent randomized studies have demonstrated enhanced overall survival in patients receiving different targeted and natural drug therapies.

Comparative Antioxidant Activity and Untargeted Metabolomic Analyses of Sour Cherry Cultivars Based on Ultra-Performance-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry.

This study was conducted for the comparative analysis of antioxidant activity and untargeted metabolomics of dark- and light-colored sour cherry cultivars grown in Canada. Based on our previous study, we selected four cultivars-'Heimann R', 'Gorsemska', V70142, and 'Montmorency'-to determine the untargeted metabolites and their role in antioxidant activities. A total of 473 metabolites were identified from four sour cherry genotypes using UPLC-ToF-MS. Untargeted metabolomics revealed the dominant chemical groups present in sour cherries. PCA showed that the diversity in sour cherry metabolites was due to the genotype differences indicating iditol, malic acid, chlorobenzene, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, and pyroglutamic acid as the predominant contributors. The variable importance in the projection (VIP > 1.0) in partial least-squares-discriminant analysis described 20 biomarker metabolites representing the cherry metabolome profiles. A heatmap of Pearson's correlation analysis between the 20 biomarker metabolites and antioxidant activities identified seven antioxidant determinants that displayed the highest correlations with different types of antioxidant activities. TPC and TAC were evaluated using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The total antioxidant activity was performed using three different assays (ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH). This study of correlating metabolomics and antioxidant activities elucidated that the higher nutritional value and biological functions of sour cherry genotypes can be useful for the development of nutraceutical and functional foods.

The therapeutic potential of typical plant-derived compounds for the management of metabolic disorders.

Obesity and Type 2 diabetes are prevalent metabolic dysfunctions that present significant health challenges worldwide. Available cures for these ailments have constraints with accompanying unwanted effects that persistently exist. Compounds originated from plants have recently been introduced as hopeful remedies to treat metabolic disorders because of their diverse pharmacological activities. This detailed observation gives an introduction into the treatment capacity of plant-derived compounds regarding metabolic syndromes while analyzing various groups alongside their performance in this field despite unique mechanisms designed by nature itself. Interestingly, this study provides some examples including curcumin, resveratrol, quercetin, berberine, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and capsaicin, which highlights potential therapeutic impacts for future testing. However, current clinical trials inspecting human studies investigating efficacies concerning metabolism challenge present limitations. Finally, the review weighs up bad reactions possibly inflicted after administering plant-originated materials though suggestive insights will be provided later. Above all, it outlines the chance to identify novel therapies encapsulated within natural substances based upon recent developments could hold significant promise toward managing misplaced metabolisms globally.

Analysing the Impact of Resistant Starch Formation in Basmati Rice Products: Exploring Associations with Blood Glucose and Lipid Profiles across Various Cooking and Storage Conditions In Vivo.

Common cooking methods were used to prepare basmati rice products, including boiling 1 (boiling by absorption), boiling 2 (boiling in extra amount of water), frying, and pressure cooking. The cooked rice was held at various temperatures and times as follows: it was made fresh (T1), kept at room temperature (20-22 °C) for 24 h (T2), kept at 4 °C for 24 h (T3), and then reheated after being kept at 4 °C for 24 h (T4). The proximate composition, total dietary fibre, resistant starch (RS), and in vitro starch digestion rate of products were examined. The effect of RS on blood glucose and lipid profiles was measured in humans and rats, including a histopathological study of the liver and pancreas in rats. The basmati rice that was prepared via boiling 1 and stored with T3 was found to be low in glycaemic index and glycaemic load, and to be high in resistant starch. Similarly, in rats, the blood glucose level, cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL were reduced by about 29.7%, 37.9%, 31.3%, and 30.5%, respectively, after the consumption of basmati rice that was prepared via boiling 1 and stored with T3. Awareness should be raised among people about the health benefits of resistant starch consumption and the right way of cooking.

Renal resistive index by point of care ultrasound to predict sepsis associated acute kidney injury in critically ill children.

BACKGROUND: Sepsis associated acute kidney injury (AKI) is linked with adverse outcomes in the PICU. Doppler-based renal resistive index (RRI) has shown promising results in adults for prediction of AKI. We aimed to explore the performance of RRI in children with sepsis. METHODS: This prospective observational study (March - November 2022) included children aged 1-12 years with sepsis admitted to the PICU. RRI and urine neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) were measured within 12 h of admission. Children were followed up for 3 days. AKI (new and persistent) was defined as any child with KDIGO stage 2 or 3 AKI on day 3. RESULTS: We enrolled 90 children but included 79 in final analysis. Two thirds (n = 53, 67%) had septic shock. Median (IQR) age was 6.2 years (4.1-9.2). RRI decreased with increasing age. Twenty-six (33%) children had AKI on day 3. Mean (SD) RRI was higher in the AKI group [0.72 (0.08) vs. 0.65 (0.07), p < 0.001].The area under ROC curve for RRI to detect AKI among the 1-4 year old group was 0.75 (95% CI:0.51, 0.98; p = 0.05) and among the 5-12 year old group was 0.76 (0.62, 0.89; p = 0.001). An RRI 0.71 predicted AKI with 100% sensitivity and 46.2% specificity among the 1-4-year-old group and RRI 0.69 predicted it with 70% sensitivity and 77.5% specificity in the 5-12-year-old group. RRI and eGFR at admission were independent predictors of AKI on multivariable analysis. Urine NGAL 94.8 ng/ml predicted AKI with 76.9% sensitivity and 77.4% specificity and AUROC was 0.74 (0.62, 0.86) among the 1-12-year-old group. CONCLUSIONS: RRI values varied with age. RRI showed good diagnostic accuracy to detect new/persistent AKI on day 3 in children with sepsis; however, it was less precise as an independent predictor.

Recent Advancements and SAR Studies of Synthetic Coumarins as MAO-B Inhibitors: An Updated Review.

BACKGROUND: The oxidative deamination of a wide range of endogenous and exogenous amines is catalyzed by a family of enzymes known as monoamine oxidases (MAOs), which are reliant on flavin-adenine dinucleotides. Numerous neurological conditions, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), are significantly correlated with changes in the amounts of biogenic amines in the brain caused by MAO. Hydrogen peroxide, reactive oxygen species, and ammonia, among other toxic consequences of this oxidative breakdown, can harm brain cells' mitochondria and cause oxidative damage. OBJECTIVE: The prime objective of this review article was to highlight and conclude the recent advancements in structure-activity relationships of synthetic derivatives of coumarins for MAO-B inhibition, published in the last five years' research articles. METHODS: The literature (between 2019 and 2023) was searched from platforms like Science Direct, Google Scholar, PubMed, etc. After going through the literature, we have found a number of coumarin derivatives being synthesized by researchers for the inhibition of MAO-B for the management of diseases associated with the enzyme such as Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease. The effect of these coumarin derivatives on the enzyme depends on the substitutions associated with the structure. The structure-activity relationships of the synthetic coumarin derivatives that are popular nowadays have been described and summarized in the current study. RESULTS: The results revealed the updated review on SAR studies of synthetic coumarins as MAO-B inhibitors, specifically for Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease. The patents reported on coumarin derivatives as MAO-B inhibitors were also highlighted. CONCLUSION: Recently, coumarins, a large class of chemicals with both natural and synthetic sources, have drawn a lot of attention because of the vast range of biological actions they have that are linked to neurological problems. Numerous studies have demonstrated that chemically produced and naturally occurring coumarin analogs both exhibited strong MAO-B inhibitory action. Coumarins bind to MAO-B reversibly thereby preventing the breakdown of neurotransmitters like dopamine leading to the inhibition of the enzyme A number of MAO-B blockers have been proven to be efficient therapies for treating neurological diseases like Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease. To combat these illnesses, there is still an urgent need to find effective treatment compounds.

Nursing Intervention Strategies and Their Effectiveness on Restless Leg Syndrome and Psycho-Social Problems in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients.

Background: Chronic kidney disease is a global health problem affecting 843.6 million people with 1 million deaths and the 12th leading non-communicable cause of death worldwide. Insomnia is a disturbing problem found in chronic kidney disease patients, leading to physiological problems like fatigue, edema, and restless leg syndrome most of the time. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of nursing intervention strategies on physiological and psycho-social problems. Materials and Methods: A quantitative research approach with quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test design was used to assess the effectiveness of nursing intervention strategies on physiological and psycho-social problems among 30 chronic kidney disease patients, 15 in control and experimental each, admitted in a selected hospital of Punjab. Convenience sampling was used to assign the samples, and data were collected through an interview schedule by using standardized scales. IEC number: 2017/08/5051. Results: The result of the study showed that the baseline restless leg syndrome mean score was 9.67, whereas the psycho-social problem baseline mean score was 79.80, and after post-test, the mean score was reduced to 7.67 in physiological and 66.87 in psycho-social problems in the experimental group. Intervention was found to be effective in reduction of physiological and psycho-social symptoms of chronic kidney disease patients significantly (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: The study showed that nursing intervention strategies were effective in reduction of physiological and psycho-social symptoms.

Pearl millet flour and green gram milk based probiotic beverage.

The probiotic beverage was developed using germinated and ungerminated pearl millet flour and green gram milk. The germinated and ungerminated pearl millet flour was added to green gram milk at different concentrations (0.5-2.5 %) along with sugar and cardamom. The mixtures were then inoculated with probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus incubated at 37 °C for 6 h. Characterization of probiotic beverages was carried out during storage at (4 ± 1)°C for 21 days. The germinated flour beverage had high acidity as compared to the ungerminated flour beverage. The probiotic count in germinated and ungerminated flour beverages ranged from 8.19 to 8.77 × 107 and 8.04 to 8.52 × 107 log CFU/mL, respectively. Antioxidant activity, polyphenol content increased with an increase in the concentration of flour in the beverage. The LC-MS analysis found the existence of vitexin and isovitexin as the main polyphenolic compounds in the probiotic beverage. Non-dairy probiotic beverage prepared with 0.5 % germinated millet flour gave the best taste, color, texture, and rheological properties.

Augmented mannose-binding lectin levels in primary membranous nephropathy: A pilot study.

There is evidence to suggest that M-type phospholipase A2 (PLA2R) antibodies activate the mannose-binding lectin (MBL) cascade, resulting in glomerular damage and proteinuria in patients with primary membranous nephropathy (PMN). Furthermore, there are few reports indicating that aberrant MBL activation is associated with endothelial dysfunction and accelerated atherosclerosis. While PMN is a common cause of adult nephrotic syndrome, and patients are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), there is a lack of research that explores the factors that contribute to this condition. This study aims to determine the MBL levels in PMN and their relation to the clinical activity and endothelial dysfunction in PMN. The MBL levels of 22 biopsy-confirmed PMN patients were assessed at baseline and after 6 months of immunosuppressive therapy. In order to evaluate endothelial dysfunction in PMN patients, flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) was measured at baseline and after treatment. A total of 22 healthy controls were included in this study to measure MBL levels and FMD. A significant difference was observed between MBL levels in PMN patients and healthy controls (p < .01). MBL levels decreased significantly after immunosuppressive therapy (p = .04). The baseline MBL levels and FMD levels exhibited a strong correlation (Spearman correlation coefficient [ρ] = 0.51: p = .01). In conclusion, the study signals the activation of the MBL cascade and its association with endothelial dysfunction in PMN patients.

Augmenting the quality and storage stability of soymilk by incorporation of untreated and ozonated oat 1,4-ß-D-glucan.

The study aimed to improve the quality and storage stability of novel plant-based soymilk with the incorporation of untreated (UtßG) and modified oat derived 1,4-ß-D-glucan (OzßG) at varying concentrations (0, 1, and 2 % labelled as S0, S1 and S2). The treated soymilk was characterized for physical, chemical, nutritional, rheological, particle size, zeta potential, sensory and storage stability characteristics. The results revealed that 1, 4-ß-D-glucan incorporation increased the acidity (0.67 to 0.73 %), viscosity (3.4 to 4.7 Cp) and ash content (0.74 to 0.92 %), however color remains natural. The frequency sweep and shear experiments showed that the 1,4-ß-D-glucan modified the rheological parameters of the soymilk. The sensory analysis (n = 30) indicated that texture, mouthfeel and overall acceptability (8.38). Compared to OzßG-treated soymilk, UtßG soymilk, especially S2, exhibited superior thickening and rheological properties. The storage study indicated minimal phase separation in 1,4-ß-D-glucan-incorporated samples, maintaining stability for 15 days under refrigerated conditions without compromising overall quality. Thus, this study provides valuable insights into the potential application of 1,4-ß-D-glucan for improving the technological quality of soymilk that highlights possible implications for its commercialization potential.

Estimation of dietary intake of sodium, potassium, phosphorus and protein in healthy Indian population and patients with chronic kidney disease.

Introduction: Poor nutritious diet is a major risk element for non-communicable diseases (NCD), which are of considerable public health concern. Given the diverse dietary patterns in India, precise determination of nutrient consumption is crucial for disease management. The present study assessed the dietary intake of sodium, potassium, protein, and phosphorus among North Indians. Methods: This cross-sectional study included healthy adults and adults with stage 2 to 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD). We analysed sodium, protein, potassium and phosphorus intakes using one-time 24-h urinary excretion. Dietary intake was also analysed in subgroups based on sex, body mass index, blood pressure and abdominal obesity. We evaluated the performance of various equations available to estimate sodium intake using a spot urine sample with respect to the sodium excretion measured in a 24-h urine sample. Descriptive statistics was used along with t-test for statistical significance. Results: A total of 404 subjects (182 adult healthy subjects and 222 adults with CKD) with a mean age of 47.01 ± 11.46 years were studied. Mean dietary intakes of sodium, salt, potassium, protein and phosphorus were 2.94 ± 1.68 g/day, 7.42 ± 4.24 g/day, 1.43 ± 0.59 g/day, 47.67 ± 14.73 g/day and 0.86 ± 0.39 g/day, respectively. There were no differences in nutrient consumption between adults who were healthy and those with CKD. Consumption of sodium, salt, protein, potassium, and phosphorus among healthy population vs. those with CKD were 2.81 ± 1.60 vs. 3.05 ± 1.73 g/day (p = 0.152), 7.08 ± 4.04 vs. 7.70 ± 4.37 g/day (p = 0.143), 47.16 ± 14.59 vs. 48.08 ± 14.86 g/day (p = 0.532), 1.38 ± 0.59 vs. 1.48 ± 0.58 g/day (p = 0.087) and 0.86 ± 0.41 vs. 0.87 ± 0.37 g/day (p = 0.738), respectively. Men had higher consumption of these nutrients than women. Compared to non-hypertensives, hypertensive subjects had higher consumption of salt (8.23 ± 4.89 vs. 6.84 ± 3.59 g/day, p = 0.002) and potassium (1.51 ± 0.63 vs. 1.38 ± 0.55 g/day, p = 0.024), however, no difference were found in protein and phosphorus intakes. In terms of performance of equations used to estimate 24-h sodium intake from spot urinary sodium concentration against the measured 24-h urinary sodium excretion, INTERSALT 2 equation exhibited the least bias [1.08 (95% CI, -5.50 to 7.66)]. Conclusion: The study shows higher-than-recommended salt and lower-than-recommended potassium intake in the north Indian population compared to those recommended by guidelines. The dietary protein intake is below the recommended dietary allowance. These findings help the development of targeted policies for dietary modification to reduce the risk of the development and progression of CKD.

IL-23/IL-17 in a Paradoxical Association with Primary Membranous Nephropathy.

Primary membranous nephropathy (PMN), an autoimmune disease, is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in middle-aged non-diabetic adults. PMN pathophysiology includes Th1/Th2 paradigm. The IL-23/IL-17 pathway is implicated in autoimmune kidney disorders, but no study has examined its relationship with PMN. In several unrelated studies, PMN patients reported to have paradoxical IL-17 levels. This manuscript describes the best possible association of IL-23/IL-17 axis with PMN. Biopsy-proven PMN patients and age, gender-matched healthy controls were enrolled. Serum-PLA2R (Euroimmune, Germany), IL-23 and IL-17 (R&D; USA), was measured using ELISA along with biochemical parameters. Appropriate statistical tools were used for analysis. One hundred eighty-nine PMN patients (mean age 41.70 ± 12.53 years) and 100 controls (mean age 43.92 ± 10.93 years) were identified. One hundred forty were PLA2R-related. PMN patients had median proteinuria, serum albumin, and creatinine of 6.12 (3.875, 9.23) g/day, 2.32 (1.96, 2.9) g/dl, and 0.89 (0.7, 1.1) mg/dl, respectively. IL-17, but not IL-23, was significantly increased in PMN patients compared to controls (IL-17, median: 12.07 pg/ml (9.75, 24.56) vs median: 9.75 pg/ml (8.23, 17.03) p = 0.0002); (IL23, median: 6.04 pg/ml (4.22, 10.82) vs median: 5.46 pg/ml (3.34, 9.96) p = 0.142). IL-17 and IL-23 correlated significantly (p 0.05) in PMN patients, and similar trend was seen when grouped into PLA2R-related and -unrelated groups. The levels of IL-23 (p = 0.057) and IL-17 (p = 0.004) were high in MN patients that did not respond to the treatment. The current finding may indicate or suggest the involvement of IL-23/IL-17 PMN pathogenesis. A comprehensive investigation is needed to evaluate IL-23/IL-17 axis with renal infiltrating immune cells, and external stimuli.

Effect of cooking and storage temperature on resistant starch in commonly consumed Indian wheat products and its effect upon blood glucose level.

Background/objectives: The health benefits provided by resistant starch have been well documented; however, few studies are available on the resistant starch content of wheat products in India. Moreover, few studies have examined the in vivo efficacy of resistant starch in wheat products in improving glucose levels. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of cooking and storage temperature on the formation of resistant starch in Indian wheat products and its effect on blood glucose levels in humans and rats. Methods: Wheat products were prepared by common cooking methods including roasting (Chapati), boiling (Dalia), Shallow frying (Paratha), and Deep frying (Poori). They were then stored at different temperatures including freshly prepared within 1 h (T1), stored for 24 h at room temperature (20-22°C) (T2), kept at 4°C for 24 h (T3) and reheated after storing at 4°C for 24 h (T4). The products were then analyzed for proximate composition (moisture, crude protein, crude fat, ash crude fibre, and carbohydrates). The effect of different cooking methods and storage temperatures on Resistant, non-resistant and total starch, total dietary fibre (soluble and insoluble), in vitro starch digestion rate (rapidly and slowly digestible starch), amylose and amylopectin content were analysed using standard operating procedures. The effect of products found to have higher resistant starch was studied on the post prandial blood glucose response of 10 healthy individuals using change in by analysing their glycemic index and glycemic load of wheat products. Further, the effect of resistant starch rich chapati on the blood glucose level of rats was also studied. Tukey's test in factorial CRD was used to assess the effect of cooking and temperature on various parameters. Results: The amount of resistant starch was found to be high in dalia (boiling, 7.74%), followed by parantha (shallow frying, 4.94%), chapati (roasting, 2.77%) and poori (deep frying 2.47%). Under different storage temperatures, it was found high in products stored at 4°C (T3), followed by products stored at room temperature (T2), reheated products (T4) and lesser in freshly prepared products (T1). The glycemic index and glycemic load were found low in chapati (43, 32.3) and dalia (41.1, 28.6) stored at 4°C (T3) compared to others. The resistant starch content found in chapati stored at T3 was found to be more effective at reducing blood glucose levels in rats from 291.0 mg/100 mL to 225.2 mg/100 mL in 28 days of study compared to freshly prepared chapati (T1) and stored at room temperature (T2). Conclusion: Cooking methods including boiling, roasting and shallow frying increased the amount of resistant starch in foods, but cooking methods such as deep frying decreased the amount of resistant starch in food. Products stored at 4°C and at room temperature for 24 h increased the amount of resistant starch whereas the products that were freshly cooked and reheated decreased the amount of resistant starch in foods. At 4°C the stored products have a high amount of insoluble dietary fibre, slowly digestible starch, high amylose and low glycemic index. They take time to digest, meaning that they slowly increase blood glucose levels. The effect of insoluble dietary fibre and resistant starch in the inhibition of glucose diffusion in the small intestine is suggested to be due to the absorption or inclusion of the smaller sugar molecules. In vivo research showed that fibre and resistant starch in the digestive system of rats acts as the main factors in slowing glucose absorption and reducing a rise in blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen synthesis and inhibition of gluconeogenesis.

Fatty acid profiling and oxidative stability of biscuits available in the market of the city of Ludhiana, India.

India has occupied third position in biscuit manufacturing with an average production of 1.95 million tonnes. The major ingredients in biscuit manufacturing are refined wheat flour, sugar and fat. Fat to be used must be chosen carefully as it affects quality of final product in terms of fatty acid composition and oxidative stability. Therefore, the present work was planned to study fatty acid profile of highly consumed baked products of biscuit family such as biscuits and cookies available in market. The study was carried out to do fatty acid profiling of a range of highly consumed baked products of biscuit family as a primary objective and also, to determine oxidative stability of these products by analysing peroxide value and free fatty acid content. The most commonly consumed packaged and unpackaged bakery products were selected and were bought from the local market of Ludhiana city on the basis of a survey conducted on 200 subjects. The selected products were analysed for fatty acid composition and oxidative stability using standard methods. Fatty acid profiling of 22 bakery products of biscuit family was done. Palmitic acid was the most abundant among all fatty acids in packaged and unpackaged samples. Peroxide value of all the products even after storage period of three months was found below the permissible limits (< 10 meq/kg). Free fatty acids value of all the products also did not cross acceptable level of 0.5 percent. Out of total selected eight brands, six were national and two were international. Amount of palmitic acid was higher in the products belonging to local brands.

Camouflage Detection and Its Association with Cognitive Style: A Functional Connectivity Study.

Background: Individual differences exist in performance in tasks that require visual search, such as camouflage detection (CD). Field dependence/independence (FD/I), as assessed using the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT), is an extensively studied dimension of cognitive style that classifies participants based on their visual perceptual styles. Materials and Methods: In the present study, we utilized fMRI on 46 healthy participants to investigate the underlying neural mechanisms specific to the cognitive styles of FD/FI while performing a CD task using both activation magnitude and an exploratory functional connectivity (FC) analysis. Group differences between high and low performers on the two extremes of the accuracy continuum of GEFT were studied. Results: No statistically significant group differences were observed using whole-brain voxel-wise comparison. However, the exploratory FC analysis revealed an enhanced communication between various regions subserving the cognitive traits required for visual search by FI participants over and above their FD counterparts. Conclusion: These enhanced connectivities suggest additional recruitment of cognitive functions to provide computational support that might facilitate superior performance in CD task by the participants who display a field-independent cognitive style.