A novel ß-glucosidase from a hot-spring metagenome shows elevated thermal stability and tolerance to glucose and ethanol.

ß-glucosidase causes hydrolysis of ß-1,4-glycosidic bond in glycosides and oligosaccharides. It is an industrially important enzyme owing to its potential in biomass processing applications. In this study, computational screening of an extreme temperature aquatic habitat metagenomic resource was done, leading to the identification of a novel gene, bglM, encoding a ß-glucosidase. The comparative protein sequence and homology structure analyses designated it as a GH1 family ß-glucosidase. The bglM gene was expressed in a heterologous host, Escherichia coli. The purified protein, BglM, was biochemically characterized for ß-glucosidase activity. BglM exhibited noteworthy hydrolytic potential towards cellobiose and lactose. BglM, showed substantial catalytic activity in the pH range of 5.0-7.0 and at the temperature 40 °C-70 °C. The enzyme was found quite stable at 50 °C with a loss of hardly 20% after 40 h of heat exposure. Furthermore, any drastically negative effect was not observed on the enzyme's activity in the presence of metal ions, non-ionic surfactants, metal chelating, and denaturing agents. A significantly high glucose tolerance, retaining 80% relative activity at 1 M, and 40% at 5 M glucose, and ethanol tolerance, exhibiting 80% relative activity in 10% ethanol, enrolled BglM as a promising enzyme for cellulose saccharification. Furthermore, its ability to catalyze the hydrolysis of daidzin and polydatin ascertained it as an admirably suited biocatalyst for enhancement of nutritional values in soya and wine industries.

D-Allulose 3-epimerase of Bacillus sp. origin manifests profuse heat-stability and noteworthy potential of D-fructose epimerization.

BACKGROUND: D-Allulose is an ultra-low calorie sugar of multifarious health benefits, including anti-diabetic and anti-obesity potential. D-Allulose 3-epimerase family enzymes catalyze biosynthesis of D-allulose via epimerization of D-fructose. RESULTS: A novel D-allulose 3-epimerase (DaeB) was cloned from a plant probiotic strain, Bacillus sp. KCTC 13219, and expressed in Bacillus subtilis cells. The purified protein exhibited substantial epimerization activity in a broad pH spectrum, 6.0-11.0. DaeB was able to catalyze D-fructose to D-allulose bioconversion at the temperature range of 35 °C to 70 °C, exhibiting at least 50 % activity. It displaced excessive heat stability, with the half-life of 25 days at 50 °C, and high turnover number (kcat 367 s- 1). The coupling of DaeB treatment and yeast fermentation of 700 g L- 1 D-fructose solution yielded approximately 200 g L- 1 D-allulose, and 214 g L- 1 ethanol. CONCLUSIONS: The novel D-allulose 3-epimerase of Bacillus sp. origin discerned a high magnitude of heat stability along with exorbitant epimerization ability. This biocatalyst has enormous potential for the large-scale production of D-allulose.

Biochemical characterization of a novel thermo-halo-tolerant GH5 endoglucanase from a thermal spring metagenome.

A novel endoglucanase gene, celM , was cloned from a thermal spring metagenome. The gene was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the protein was extracted and purified. The protein catalyzed the hydrolysis of amorphous cellulose in a wide range of temperatures, 30-95°C, with optimal activity at 80°C. It was able to tolerate high temperature (80°C) with a half-life of 8 h. Its activity was eminent in a wide pH range of 3.0-11.0, with the highest activity at pH 6.0. The enzyme was tested for halostability. Any significant loss was not recorded in the activity of CelM after the exposure to salinity (3 M NaCl) for 30 days. Furthermore, CelM displayed a substantial resistance toward metal ions, denaturant, reducing agent, organic solvent, and non-ionic surfactants. The amorphous cellulose, treated with CelM , was randomly cleaved, generating cello-oligosaccharides of 2-5 degree of polymerization. Furthermore, CelM was demonstrated to catalyze the hydrolysis of cellulose fraction in the delignified biomass samples, for example, sweet sorghum bagasse, rice straw, and corncob, into cello-oligosaccharides. Given that CelM is a thermo-halo-tolerant GH5 endoglucanase, with resistance to detergents and organic solvent, the biocatalyst could be of potential usefulness for a variety of industrial applications.

Comparative genome analysis provides shreds of molecular evidence for reclassification of Leuconostoc mesenteroides MTCC 10508 as a strain of Leu. suionicum.

This study presents the whole-genome comparative analysis of a Leuconostoc sp. strain, previously documented as Leu. mesenteroides MTCC 10508. The ANI, dDDH, dot plot, and MAUVE analyses suggested its reclassification as a strain of Leu. suionicum. Functional annotation identified a total of 1971 genes, out of which, 265 genes were mapped to CAZymes, evincing its carbohydrate transforming capability. The genome comparison with 59 Leu. mesenteroides and Leu. suionicum strains generated the core and pan-genome profiles, divulging the unique genes in Leuconostoc sp. MTCC 10508. For the first time, this study reports the genes encoding alpha-xylosidase and copper oxidase in a strain of Leu. suionicum. The genetic information for any possible allergenic molecule could not be detected in the genome, advocating the safety of the strain. The present investigation provides the genomic evidence for reclassification of the Leuconostoc sp. strain and also promulgates the molecular insights into its metabolic potential.

A Novel d-Allulose 3-Epimerase Gene from the Metagenome of a Thermal Aquatic Habitat and d-Allulose Production by Bacillus subtilis Whole-Cell Catalysis.

A novel d-allulose 3-epimerase gene (daeM) has been identified from the metagenomic resource of a hot-water reservoir. The enzyme epimerizes d-fructose into d-allulose, a functional sugar of rare abundance in nature. The metagenomic DNA fragment was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli The purified recombinant protein (DaeM) was found to be metal dependent (Co2+ or Mn2+). It displayed the maximal levels of catalytic activity in a pH range of 6 to 11 and a temperature range of 75°C to 80°C. The enzyme exhibited remarkably high thermal stability at 60°C and 70°C, with half-life values of 9,900 and 3,240 min, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest thermal stability demonstrated by a d-allulose 3-epimerase that has been characterized to date. The enzymatic treatment of 700 mg·ml-1 d-fructose yielded about 217 mg·ml-1 d-allulose, under optimal condition. The catalytic product was purified, and its nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were found to be indistinguishable from those of standard d-allulose. For biomolecule production, the whole-cell catalysis procedure avoids the tedious process of extraction and purification of enzyme and also offers better biocatalyst stability. Further, it is desirable to employ safe-grade microorganisms for the biosynthesis of a product. The daeM gene was expressed intracellularly in Bacillus subtilis A whole-cell catalysis reaction performed with a reaction volume of 1 liter at 60°C yielded approximately 196 g·liter-1 d-allulose from 700 g·liter-1 d-fructose. Further, the whole recombinant cells were able to biosynthesize d-allulose in apple juice, mixed fruit juice, and honey.IMPORTANCE d-Allulose is a noncaloric sugar substitute with antidiabetes and antiobesity potential. With several characteristics of physiological significance, d-allulose has wide-ranging applications in the food and pharmacology industries. The development of a thermostable biocatalyst is an objective of mainstream research aimed at achieving industrial acceptability of the enzyme. Aquatic habitats of extreme temperatures are considered a potential metagenomic resource of heat-tolerant biocatalysts of industrial importance. The present study explored the thermal-spring metagenome of the Tattapani geothermal region, Chhattisgarh, India, discovering a novel d-allulose 3-epimerase gene, daeM, encoding an enzyme of high-level heat stability. The daeM gene was expressed in the microbial cells of a nonpathogenic and safe-grade species, B. subtilis, which was found to be capable of performing d-fructose to d-allulose interconversion via a whole-cell catalysis reaction. The results indicate that DaeM is a potential biocatalyst for commercial production of the rare sugar d-allulose. The study established that extreme environmental niches represent a genomic resource of functional sugar-related biocatalysts.

Metagenomic Insights Into the Taxonomic and Functional Features of Kinema, a Traditional Fermented Soybean Product of Sikkim Himalaya.

Kinema is an ethnic, naturally fermented soybean product consumed in the Sikkim Himalayan region of India. In the present study, the whole metagenome sequencing approach was adopted to examine the microbial diversity and related functional potential of Kinema, consumed in different seasons. Firmicutes was the abundant phylum in Kinema, ranging from 82.31 to 93.99% in different seasons, followed by Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. At the species level, the prevalent microorganisms were Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus licheniformis, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Bacillus pumilus, and Lactococcus lactis. The abundance of microbial species varied significantly in different seasons. Further, the genomic presence of some undesirable microbes like Bacillus cereus, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus penneri, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus, were also detected in the specific season. The metagenomic analysis also revealed the existence of bacteriophages belonging to the family Siphoviridae, Myoviridae, and Podoviridae. Examination of the metabolic potential of the Kinema metagenome depicted information about the biocatalysts, presumably involved in the transformation of protein and carbohydrate polymers into bioactive molecules of health-beneficial effects. The genomic resource of several desirable enzymes was identified, such as ß-galactosidase, ß-glucosidase, ß-xylosidase, and glutamate decarboxylase, etc. The catalytic function of a novel glutamate decarboxylase gene was validated for the biosynthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The results of the present study highlight the microbial and genomic resources associated with Kinema, and its importance in functional food industry.

Long noncoding RNAs and miRNAs regulating terpene and tartaric acid biosynthesis in rose-scented geranium.

This study aimed to explore the noncoding RNAs, which have emerged as key regulatory molecules in biological processes, in rose-scented geranium. We analyzed RNA-seq data revealing 26 784 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and 871 miRNAs in rose-scented geranium. A total of 466 lncRNAs were annotated using different plant lncRNA public databases. Furthermore, 372 lncRNAs and 99 miRNAs were detected that target terpene and tartarate biosynthetic pathways. An interactome, comprising of lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs, was constructed that represents a noncoding RNA regulatory network of the target mRNAs. Real-time quantitative PCR expression validation was done for selected lncRNAs involved in the regulation of terpene and tartaric acid pathways. This study provides the first insights into the regulatory functioning of noncoding RNAs in rose-scented geranium.

Metagenomic analysis of geothermal water reservoir sites exploring carbohydrate-related thermozymes.

Hot springs are geothermally heated underground water that create a natural habitat for diverse thermophilic microorganisms. The study presents a comprehensive investigation of microbial diversity and functional potential of four thermal water reservoirs of 55 to 98 °C temperature range, located in Tattapani geothermal field of Chhattisgarh, India, by using culture-independent metagenome sequencing approach. The MG-RAST taxonomic profiling of metagenome samples revealed the predominance of bacterial domains (94.8 to 98.2%), followed by archaea (1.1 to 4.8%), eukaryota (0.1 to 0.5%), and viruses (0.04 to 0.09%). The quality filtered reads (42.1 to 68.1 million) were assembled into 66 to 330 thousand non-redundant contigs (>200 bp length) in the four metagenome samples. The functional annotation using CAZy database identified a total of 4083 putative genes with functional domains involved in catalysis of carbohydrate degradation or modification or synthesis of glycosidic bonds. The study detected many novel biocatalysts associated with hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass polymers- cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin. Metagenome assembly and catalytic functions of two metagenomic contigs, encoding ß-glucosidase, and xylanase, were experimentally validated. The findings emphasized these geothermal water reservoir sites as the repository of biocatalyst-encoding genes of carbohydrate-related and lignocellulosic biomass processing significance.

De novo transcriptome analysis of rose-scented geranium provides insights into the metabolic specificity of terpene and tartaric acid biosynthesis.

BACKGROUND: Rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium sp.) is a perennial herb that produces a high value essential oil of fragrant significance due to the characteristic compositional blend of rose-oxide and acyclic monoterpenoids in foliage. Recently, the plant has also been shown to produce tartaric acid in leaf tissues. Rose-scented geranium represents top-tier cash crop in terms of economic returns and significance of the plant and plant products. However, there has hardly been any study on its metabolism and functional genomics, nor any genomic expression dataset resource is available in public domain. Therefore, to begin the gains in molecular understanding of specialized metabolic pathways of the plant, de novo sequencing of rose-scented geranium leaf transcriptome, transcript assembly, annotation, expression profiling as well as their validation were carried out. RESULTS: De novo transcriptome analysis resulted a total of 78,943 unique contigs (average length: 623 bp, and N50 length: 752 bp) from 15.44 million high quality raw reads. In silico functional annotation led to the identification of several putative genes representing terpene, ascorbic acid and tartaric acid biosynthetic pathways, hormone metabolism, and transcription factors. Additionally, a total of 6,040 simple sequence repeat (SSR) motifs were identified in 6.8% of the expressed transcripts. The highest frequency of SSR was of tri-nucleotides (50%). Further, transcriptome assembly was validated for randomly selected putative genes by standard PCR-based approach. In silico expression profile of assembled contigs were validated by real-time PCR analysis of selected transcripts. CONCLUSION: Being the first report on transcriptome analysis of rose-scented geranium the data sets and the leads and directions reflected in this investigation will serve as a foundation for pursuing and understanding molecular aspects of its biology, and specialized metabolic pathways, metabolic engineering, genetic diversity as well as molecular breeding.