DNA marker for resistance to Puccinia horiana in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) "Southern Pegasus".

White rust caused by Puccinia horiana Henn. adversely affects chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) production. The breeding of resistant varieties is effective in controlling the disease. Here we aimed to develop DNA markers for the strong resistance to P. horiana. We conducted a linkage analysis based on the genome-wide association study (GWAS) method. We employed a biparental population for the GWAS, wherein the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) allele frequency could be predicted. The population was derived from crosses between a strong resistant "Southern Pegasus" and a susceptible line. The GWAS used simplex and double-simplex SNP markers selected out of SNP candidates mined from ddRAD-Seq data of an F1 biparental population. These F1 individuals segregated in a 1:1 ratio of resistant to susceptible. Twenty-one simplex SNPs were significantly associated with P. horiana resistance in "Southern Pegasus" and generated one linkage group. These results show the presence of a single resistance gene in "Southern Pegasus". We identified the nearest SNP marker located 2.2 cM from P. horiana resistance locus and demonstrated this SNP marker-resistance link using an independent population. This is the first report of an effective DNA marker linked to a gene for P. horiana resistance in chrysanthemum.

The tomato wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici shares common ancestors with nonpathogenic F. oxysporum isolated from wild tomatoes in the Peruvian Andes.

Fusarium oxysporum is an ascomycetous fungus that is well-known as a soilborne plant pathogen. In addition, a large population of nonpathogenic F. oxysporum (NPF) inhabits various environmental niches, including the phytosphere. To obtain an insight into the origin of plant pathogenic F. oxysporum, we focused on the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and its pathogenic F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL). We collected F. oxysporum from wild and transition Solanum spp. and modern cultivars of tomato in Chile, Ecuador, Peru, Mexico, Afghanistan, Italy, and Japan, evaluated the fungal isolates for pathogenicity, VCG, mating type, and distribution of SIX genes related to the pathogenicity of FOL, and constructed phylogenies based on ribosomal DNA intergenic spacer sequences. All F. oxysporum isolates sampled were genetically more diverse than FOL. They were not pathogenic to the tomato and did not carry SIX genes. Certain NPF isolates including those from wild Solanum spp. in Peru were grouped in FOL clades, whereas most of the NPF isolates were not. Our results suggested that the population of NPF isolates in FOL clades gave rise to FOL by gaining pathogenicity.

GMC oxidoreductase, a highly expressed protein in a potent biocontrol agent Fusarium oxysporum Cong:1-2, is dispensable for biocontrol activity.

A spontaneous non-pathogenic variant (Cong:1-2) derived from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans (Cong: 1-1), a causal agent of cabbage yellows, carries biocontrol activity for cabbage yellows. We found a GMC oxidoreductase (ODX1) among the proteins expressed much more in Cong:1-2 than Cong:1-1 by 2D-DIGE comparison. GMC oxidoreductases have been reported to be involved in biocontrol activity of several plant pathogenic fungi. The gene encoding ODX1 in Cong:1-2 was cloned, and targeted disruption of the gene in Cong:1-2 did not affect its biocontrol activity, suggesting that GMC oxidoreductase is dispensable for biocontrol activity in the fungal biocontrol agent.

Contrasting codon usage patterns and purifying selection at the mating locus in putatively asexual alternaria fungal species.

Sexual reproduction in heterothallic ascomycete fungi is controlled by a single mating-type locus called MAT1 with two alternate alleles or idiomorphs, MAT1-1 and MAT1-2. These alleles lack sequence similarity and encode different transcriptional regulators. A large number of phytopathogenic fungi including Alternaria spp. are considered asexual, yet still carry expressed MAT1 genes. The molecular evolution of Alternaria MAT1 was explored using nucleotide diversity, nonsynonymous vs. synonymous substitution (dn/ds) ratios and codon usage statistics. Likelihood ratio tests of site-branch models failed to detect positive selection on MAT1-1-1 or MAT1-2-1. Codon-site models demonstrated that both MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 are under purifying selection and significant differences in codon usage were observed between MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1. Mean GC content at the third position (GC3) and effective codon usage (ENC) were significantly different between MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 with values of 0.57 and 48 for MAT1-1-1 and 0.62 and 46 for MAT1-2-1, respectively. In contrast, codon usage of Pleospora spp. (anamorph Stemphylium), a closely related Dothideomycete genus, was not significantly different between MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1. The purifying selection and biased codon usage detected at the MAT1 locus in Alternaria spp. suggest a recent sexual past, cryptic sexual present and/or that MAT1 plays important cellular role(s) in addition to mating.

Intestinal involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis diagnosed and followed up by double balloon enteroscopy.

Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) is a multisystemic disease of unknown etiology characterized by necrotizing vasculitis and granulomatous inflammation (1-3). The disease typically involves the upper airways, lungs and kidneys, and gastrointestinal involvement is uncommon. Described here is a 33-year-old man who presented at the hospital with abdominal pain. Colonoscopy revealed multiple ulcers, including round ulcers, throughout the large intestine. Small bowel ulcers were detected by double balloon enteroscopy (DBE). Further study confirmed that these ulcers were caused by gastrointestinal complications of WG. The patient was administered prednisolone and cyclophosphamide and remains in remission. This case indicates the importance of considering a gastrointestinal complication of WG as the potential cause of abdominal symptoms among WG patients as well as the use of DBE in detecting such a complication.

Asymptomatic anisakiasis of the colon incidentally found by colonoscopy.

Asymptomatic anisakiasis of the colon is a rare condition that is difficult to diagnose. A 42-year-old man with no symptoms was referred to our department because of elevated serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels detected previously at another hospital. A colonoscopy was performed to find the reason for these elevated CEA levels, and Anisakis larvae were identified by chance in the ascending colon wall. This is only the fourth case of asymptomatic anisakiasis of the colon to be reported worldwide.

Observational comparative trial of the efficacy of proton pump inhibitors versus histamine-2 receptor antagonists for uninvestigated dyspepsia.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: It is still controversial which drugs, proton pump inhibitors (PPI) or histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RA), are more effective for dyspepsia in the Japanese population. METHODS: Patients with uninvestigated dyspepsia (n = 104; male/female 41/63) were treated with either rabeprazole 10 mg o.d. (n = 62) or lafutidine 10 mg b.i.d. (n = 42) for 4 weeks. Questionnaires (modified Frequency Scale for the Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease [mFSSG] and quality of life [QOL], SF-8) were administered before and after therapy. The mFSSG was classified into a total score (Q-T), reflux score (Q-R), dyspepsia score (Q-D) and pain score (Q-P). The SF-8 had a physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS). The predominant type of symptom was reflux (R-S), pain (P-S) or dysmotility (D-S). RESULTS: R-S was 19.2%, P-S 48.1%, D-S 24.0% and overlap 8.7%. In the R-S, Q-T and Q-R significantly improved with rabeprazole, but neither scale improved with lafutidine. MCS significantly improved with rabeprazole. In P-S, Q-T, Q-R, Q-D and Q-P significantly improved with both drugs. PCS significantly improved with both, whereas the MCS significant improved with rabeprazole. In D-S, Q-R and Q-D significant improved with rabeprazole, but neither improved with lafutidine. QOL did not improve with either. With overlap, neither scale nor the QOL reached a significant difference. CONCLUSION: Both PPI and H2RA have a positive effect on P-S, but H(2)RA therapy is limited for R-S and D-S, whereas PPI therapy is generally effective. Therefore, careful prescription based on symptoms is important.

Clinicopathological characteristics of colorectal cancer less than 10 mm in diameter and invading submucosa and below.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Identifying the invasive depth of cancers less than 10 mm in diameter remains a challenge. This study examines the clinicopathological characteristics of colorectal cancers less than 10 mm in diameter and invading submucosal layer (SM)3 and below, which require surgery and must never be treated by endoscopic mucosal resection. METHODS: We studied 54 cases of colorectal cancer less than 10 mm in diameter and invading the submucosa and deeper tissues, by dividing them into two groups: those invading SM1 and SM2 versus those invading SM3 and below. We investigated the clinicopathological characteristics of cancers invading SM3 and below by comparing them with cancers invading SM1 and SM2. Similarly, 38 cases, whose endoscopic findings could be analyzed, were selected and examined. RESULTS: In cases invading SM3 and below, the rates of moderately to poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, lymphatic and venous permeation and lymph node metastasis were significantly higher than those invading SM1 and SM2. Among cases invading SM3 and below, the presence of endoscopic findings-including white spots of the protruded type, and fullness, white spots, hardness and protruded lesions in the depressed area of the depressed type-was significantly higher than among those invading SM1 and SM2. CONCLUSION: Colorectal cancers less than 10 mm in diameter and invading SM3 and below have high malignant potential. Cancers of this invasive depth can be identified by looking for characteristics such as white spots, fullness, hardness and protruded lesions in the depressed area. Careful endoscopic observation for these signs aids in determining the appropriate treatment.

Gastrointestinal tuberculosis as a cause of massive bleeding.

BACKGROUND: Although minor bleeding is fairly common among cases of gastrointestinal tuberculosis, massive hemorrhage necessitating blood transfusion is rare. CASE REPORT: A 72-year-old woman presented to the hospital with hematochezia. Colonoscopy revealed multiple ulcers, including round ulcers, throughout the large intestine. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed multiple duodenal ulcers. Hemostasis was performed on the bleeding point, but other untreated ulcers exhibited recurrent bleeding. Fecal culture results established the diagnosis of gastrointestinal tuberculosis. The patient was put on a standard antituberculosis regimen and remains in remission. CONCLUSIONS: Gastrointestinal tuberculosis should be considered as one of the causes for massive and intractable gastrointestinal bleeding.

Characteristic pathological findings and effects of ecabet sodium in rat reflux esophagitis.

AIM: To explore the pathological findings in the entire esophagus in rats with reflux esophagitis, and the effects of ecabet sodium (ES). METHODS: A rat model of chronic acid reflux esophagitis was used. In the treatment group, ES was administered after surgery (n = 16). No drug was administered postoperatively to the esophagitis group (n = 9). Sham-operated rats were used as a control group (n = 5). Rats were sacrificed on day 7 after the operation. The epithelial thickness and leukocyte infiltration were examined in the upper, middle and lower areas of the esophagus. The survival rate, incidence of esophageal ulcer, and mean surface area and number of esophageal ulcers were determined in the esophagitis and ES groups. Esophageal histology was assessed in all three groups. RESULTS: Leukocyte infiltration in the esophagitis group was 26.3 +/- 22.0 in the middle esophagus and 8.2 +/- 4.9 in the upper esophagus, which was significantly greater than that in the controls (1.3 +/- 1.1 and 1.4 +/- 1.0, respectively) (P < 0.05). The thickness of the epithelium in the esophagitis group was 210.8 +/- 47.7 microm in the lower esophagus and 204.2 +/- 60.1 microm in the middle esophagus, which was significantly greater than that in the controls (26.0 +/- 5.5 and 21.0 +/- 6.5 microm, respectively) (P < 0.05). The mean number of ulcers per animal in the ES group in the entire esophagus was 5.4 +/- 2.5, which was significantly less than that in the esophagitis group (9.0 +/- 3.5) (P < 0.05). The epithelial thickness in the ES group was 97.5 +/- 32.2 microm in the lower esophagus, which was decreased compared with that in the esophagitis group (210.8 +/- 47.7 microm) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Mucosal inflammation extended to the upper esophagus close to the hypopharynx. Our study suggested that ES may have a useful defensive role in reflux esophagitis.

Endoscopic submucosal dissection of large colorectal tumors by using a novel spring-action S-O clip for traction (with video).

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) allows en bloc resection of large GI neoplasms, regardless of their size; however, technical difficulties associated with ESD in the colorectum make it less widely applied in the treatment of tumors in this region. To address this difficulty, we designed a rubber strip-based traction device, called the S-O clip (Sakamoto-Osada clip) and reported previously that ESD with this device was effective for complete resection of large, superficial colorectal neoplasms. In this report, we describe a novel spring-action version of the S-O clip (spring S-O clip) that improves the facility of clip use during ESD of colorectal tumors. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the spring S-O clip for ESD of colorectal neoplasms. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: Juntendo University Hospital. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The efficacy and safety of the spring S-O clip traction device during ESD of colorectal tumors. RESULTS: In 3 cases, a large, superficial neoplasm in the right side of the colon was removed safely and successfully en bloc without complication. Procedure times for the 3 cases were 44, 27, and 49 minutes, with resected specimens measuring 40, 24, and 35 mm, respectively. LIMITATION: Uncontrolled study. CONCLUSION: This limited case series demonstrates that spring S-O clip-assisted ESD is safe and effective for en bloc resection of large superficial neoplasms in the right side of the colon.

Presence of vertebral fractures is highly associated with hiatal hernia and reflux esophagitis in Japanese elderly people.

OBJECTIVE: Recent studies have shown the correlation between vertebral fractures (VFs) and gastrointestinal disorders in postmenopausal women. The aim of this study was to assess the association between VFs and hiatal hernia (HH) and/or reflux esophagitis (RE) in our patient population of both men and women. METHODS: We analyzed retrospective data of 280 patients aged 60 years or older (140 men and 140 women, mean +/- SD 73.5 years +/-7.05) who had undergone upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and chest X-rays in our hospital from August 2005 to February 2006. We analyzed the correlation between the presence of VFs and the presence of HH and/or RE. RESULTS: The incidence of RE in this study was 13.9% (39/280) and that of HH was 30.0% (84/280). Among these patients, 12.1% (41/280) had VFs. The incidence of RE in patients with VFs was 24.4% (10/41) and without VFs was 12.1% (29/239), with the difference being significant between those with and without VFs (p<0.05). The incidence of HH in patients with VFs was 43.9% (18/41) and in those without VFs was 27.6% (66/239), p<0.05. We subdivided subjects into four groups: HH only group, RE only group, HH/RE group and neither condition present group. We compared the incidence of VFs among these groups. VFs were observed in 16.4% (11/67) of the HH only group, 13.6% (3/22) of the RE only group, 41.2% (7/17) of the HH/RE group and 11.5% (20/174) in the neither condition present group. There was a significant difference in the incidence of VFs between the HH/RE group and neither condition present group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The presence of VFs was significantly associated with the presence of either RE or HH. This association became more significant when HH and RE were present together in elderly Japanese people.

Malignant lymphoma in the ileum diagnosed by double-balloon enteroscopy.

A 73-year old man presented with abdominal pain. A tumor with central ulceration was observed in the ileum using double-balloon enteroscopy. Histological findings of the biopsy specimens were consistent with malignant lymphoma. Double-balloon enteroscopy confirmed the diagnosis of a malignant lymphoma tumor which was surgically resected. The patient is still in complete remission now.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the stomach with a giant abscess penetrating the gastric lumen.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. In large GISTs, cystic degeneration, necrosis and focal hemorrhage that occur inside the tumor can result in gastrointestinal bleeding. We describe a case of a 74-year old male with GIST of the stomach accompanied with a giant abscess that penetrated the gastric lumen. The patient experienced undiagnosed fever for two months prior to hospitalization. Gastrointestinal endoscopy, X-ray series and computed tomography of the patient's abdomen revealed a gastric submucosal tumor in the fornix, with a fistula to the gastric lumen that was inundated with a great deal of pus. The mass was diagnosed as a GIST from biopsy specimens. The patient was treated by endoscopic drainage of the abscess and intravenous administration of antibiotics. Eventually, a partial gastrectomy was performed. He was also administered Imanitib mesylate as adjuvant therapy. He was followed up for 2 years and no metastasis or recurrence was recognized at the follow-up examinations. This is the first report of a patient with clearly diagnosed GIST with endoscopic evidence of an abscess penetrating into the gastric lumen.

Increased esophageal sensitivity to acid and saline in patients with nonerosive gastro-esophageal reflux disease.

GOALS: To investigate the features of nonerosive reflux disease (NERD). BACKGROUND: NERD is not considered as a milder form of erosive gastro-esophageal reflux disease (eGERD). Although the prevalence of NERD was reported to be high in our country, there have been very few studies about NERD. STUDY: We performed upper gastrointestinal endoscopy to confirm the diagnosis of GERD. The modified acid perfusion test and saline perfusion test were performed in 7 control subjects, 14 NERD, and 11 eGERD patients. The stimulus-response function to acid and saline was quantified by the duration of typical symptom perception (minutes), total sensory intensity rating (0 to 10), and the perfusion sensory score (SS), which was defined as the product of minutes and the sensory intensity rating. RESULTS: The mean value of SS by saline was 0 in control subjects, 12.0 in NERD patients, and 1.5 in eGERD patients (P<0.01 control vs. NERD, P<0.01 NERD vs. eGERD). The mean SS with acid was 0.9 in control subjects, 52.5 in NERD patients, and 23.0 in eGERD patients (P<0.01 control vs. NERD, control vs. eGERD, P<0.05 NERD vs. eGERD). A statistically significant association was shown between the acid and saline perfusion SSs with a correlation coefficient value of r=0.57 in the NERD group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Both eGERD and NERD, but especially NERD, exhibited esophageal hypersensitivity not only to acid but also saline perfusion, suggesting that hyperalgesia to acid and other factors (eg, psychologic and/or autonomic nerve disturbance) may play some roles in symptom generation in NERD.

FCD1 encoding protein homologous to cellobiose: quinone oxidoreductase in Fusarium oxysporum.

We had cloned and characterized a gene from Fusarium oxysporum designated FCD1, encoding a putative cellobiose: quinone oxidoreductase (CBQ) which is a member of the extracellular redox enzyme family and also a member of glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) oxidoreductases. CBQ is known to be a free flavin domain of a cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) generated by proteolysis, but FCD1 gene encodes CBQ directly. In a phylogenetic tree of amino acid sequences of FCD1, GMC oxidoreductases and hypothetical GMC oxidoreductases, FCD1 clustered together with flavin domains (CBQs) of CDHs and putative proteins with unknown function of ascomycetes. FCD1-disruptants showed no reduction in virulence toward tomato and no obvious morphological effects such as production of conidia and mycelial growth as compared to the wild type strain, suggesting that FCD1 is not essential for virulence and vigor in F. oxysporum.

Treatment of functional dyspepsia with antianxiety or antidepressive agents: systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The pathophysiology of functional dyspepsia (FD) has not been elucidated precisely; accordingly, effective management of FD has not yet been found. Until now, treatment with antianxiety or antidepressive agents has been empirically applied; however, the efficacy of these treatments has not been established. We carried out this study to estimate the efficacy of these treatment approaches by systematically reviewing the literature concerning trials with agents that are efficacious against anxiety, neurosis, or depression. METHODS: Articles were searched from the MEDLINE database up to October 2003, using the terms, "antianxiety agents", "antidepressants", and "dyspepsia", and from reference lists of published articles. Finally, studies in which the effectiveness of drugs was clearly stated were selected from the retrieved articles. RESULTS: Thirteen articles, on 1717 patients, were selected from among 90 articles retrieved through our literature search. In 11 of the 13 studies, dyspeptic symptoms were improved significantly by treatment. Statistical analysis of 4 trials showed a significant benefit of treatment with antianxiety or antidepressive agents (pooled relative risk, 0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.36-0.85), although funnel plots were asymmetric. CONCLUSIONS: Antianxiety or antidepressive agents may be effective in the treatment of FD patients, though further clinical trials are necessary.