Risk Factors Associated With Perioperative Skeletal Muscle Loss in Patients With Colorectal Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Postoperative changes in body composition, especially loss of muscle mass, often occur in gastrointestinal cancer patients. Few studies have reported perioperative changes in the body composition of patients with colorectal cancer. Therefore, this study aimed at clarifying changes in body composition during the perioperative period and identifying risk factors for skeletal muscle mass loss in patients with colorectal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This prospective observational study included 148 patients who underwent robot- or laparoscopic-assisted surgery for colorectal cancer. RESULTS: The rate of change in body composition at discharge was -6.25% for body fat, with a higher rate of decrease than that for skeletal muscle mass (-3.30%; p=0.0006) and body water mass (-2.66%; p=0.0001). Similarly, even at one month postoperatively, body fat mass (-8.05%) was reduced at a greater rate than skeletal muscle mass (-2.02% p=0.0001) and body water mass (-1.33% p=0.0001).The site-specific percent change in limb skeletal and trunk muscle mass at discharge was the greatest in the lower extremities at -5.37%, but one month after surgery, the upper extremities had the greatest change at -4.44%. The Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) influenced skeletal muscle mass loss at discharge [odds ratio (OR)=2.6; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.30-5.58], while diabetes (OR=4.1; 95%CI=1.40-12.43) and ileostomy (OR=6.7; 95%CI=1.45-31.11) influenced skeletal muscle loss one month postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Preoperative and postoperative nutritional guidance/intervention and body part-specific rehabilitation should be provided to prevent skeletal muscle mass loss in patients with low PNI, diabetes, and those undergoing ileostomy.

Study of the therapeutic strategy to improve survival outcomes from the perspective of perioperative conditions in elderly gastric cancer patients: a propensity score-matched analysis.

BACKGROUND: Elderly gastric cancer patients (EGCPs) require treatment according to not just the stage of their cancer, but also to their general condition and organ function, and rather than full treatment, the appropriate amount of treatment is necessary. METHODS: A total of 425 patients who underwent gastrectomy for primary gastric cancer in our institution between April 2013 and March 2020 were classified by age into two groups: elderly patients (EP, age ≥ 80 years, n = 89); and younger patients (YP, age < 80 years, n = 336). The preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative conditions of the two groups were then compared. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed, and factors affecting complications and survival outcomes were examined in detail. In addition, the necessary treatment strategy for EGCPs in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative periods was investigated. RESULTS: Of the preoperative factors, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status (ASA-PS) was significantly higher, and respiratory function was significantly lower in the EP group than in the YP group, and the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) also tended to be lower. Of the intraoperative factors, there was no difference in the level of lymph node dissection. However, the EP group had significantly higher rates of postoperative pneumonia and anastomotic leakage. Of the postoperative factors, on simple comparison, postoperative long-term outcomes of the EP group were significantly worse (63.8% vs. 85.4%, p < 0.001), but there was no significant difference in disease-specific survival (DSS), and the DSS survival curves after PSM were almost identical, indicating that the survival rate in the EP group was decreased by death from other disease. Though the survival rate of laparoscopic surgery was significantly better than that of open surgery in the YP group, there was a significantly lower rate of postoperative complications in the EP group after PSM. CONCLUSIONS: In EGCPs, one needs to be aware of short-term complications such as pneumonia and anastomotic leakage due to respiratory dysfunction and malnutrition that are present before surgery. Furthermore, to suppress deaths from other diseases that reduce postoperative survival rates, prevention of postoperative complications (particularly pneumonia) through minimally invasive surgery can be effective.

Evaluation of bacterial contamination and medium-term oncological outcomes of intracorporeal anastomosis for colon cancer: A propensity score matching analysis.

BACKGROUND: Although intracorporeal anastomosis (IA) for colon cancer requires longer operative time than extracorporeal anastomosis (EA), its short-term postoperative results, such as early recovery of bowel movement, have been reported to be equal or better. As IA requires opening the intestinal tract in the abdominal cavity under pneumoperitoneum, there are concerns about intraperitoneal bacterial infection and recurrence of peritoneal dissemination due to the spread of bacteria and tumor cells. However, intraperitoneal bacterial contamination and medium-term oncological outcomes have not been clarified. AIM: To clarify the effects of bacterial and tumor cell contamination of the intra-abdominal cavity in IA. METHODS: Of 127 patients who underwent laparoscopic colon resection for colon cancer from April 2015 to December 2020, 75 underwent EA (EA group), and 52 underwent IA (IA group). After propensity score matching, the primary endpoint was 3-year disease-free survival rates, and secondary endpoints were 3-year overall survival rates, type of recurrence, surgical site infection (SSI) incidence, number of days on antibiotics, and postoperative biological responses. RESULTS: Three-year disease-free survival rates did not significantly differ between the IA and EA groups (87.2% and 82.7%, respectively, P = 0.4473). The 3-year overall survival rates also did not significantly differ between the IA and EA groups (94.7% and 94.7%, respectively; P = 0.9891). There was no difference in the type of recurrence between the two groups. In addition, there were no significant differences in SSI incidence or the number of days on antibiotics; however, postoperative biological responses, such as the white blood cell count (10200 vs 8650/mm3, P = 0.0068), C-reactive protein (6.8 vs 4.5 mg/dL, P = 0.0011), and body temperature (37.7 vs 37.5 °C, P = 0.0079), were significantly higher in the IA group. CONCLUSION: IA is an anastomotic technique that should be widely performed because its risk of intraperitoneal bacterial contamination and medium-term oncological outcomes are comparable to those of EA.

Predictors and histological effects of preoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer and control of lateral lymph node metastasis.

INTRODUCTION: Standard treatment strategy for low rectal cancer in Japan is different from Western countries. Total mesorectum excision (TME) + lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) is mainly carried out in Japan, whereas neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) + TME is selected in Western countries. There is no clear definition of preoperative diagnosis of lateral lymph node metastasis. If we can predict lateral lymph node swelling that can be managed by nCRT from lateral lymph node swelling that require surgical resection, clinical benefit is significant. In the current study we assessed characteristics of the lateral lymph node recurrence (LLNR) and LLND that can be managed by nCRT. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with low rectal cancer (n = 168) underwent nCRT between 2009 and 2016. We evaluated CEA, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and lateral lymph node short axis pre and post nCRT, respectively, and also evaluated tumor shrinkage rate, tumor regression grade (TRG). We evaluated the relationship between each and LLNR. RESULTS: LLND was not carried out all patients. Factors associated with LLNR were PLR and lymph node short axis pre and post nCRT. (p = 0.0269, 0.0278, p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, respectively). Positive recurrence cut-off values of lateral lymph node short-axis calculated were 11.6 mm pre nCRT and 5.5 mm post nCRT. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that PLR before and after CRT was associated with control of LLNR, and LLND should be performed on lateral lymph nodes with short-axis of 5 mm and 11 mm pre and post nCRT.

Internal hernia caused by bridge formation between the medial and lateral segments of the liver: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Despite numerous reports on ischemic bowel obstruction caused by internal hernia, no case presentation has been reported of an internal hernia caused by a bridge formed between the medial and lateral zones of the liver. Herein, we report the first case of ischemic bowel obstruction caused by a hepatic bridge. CASE PRESENTATION: A 24-year-old man complaining of abdominal pain was referred to our hospital and admitted. Computed tomography showed formation of a closed loop of small bowel with a hernia orifice near the hilar region, and poor contrast of the prolapsed small bowel. We suspected ischemic bowel obstruction caused by an internal hernia with a fissure of the greater omentum as the hernia orifice, and performed emergency surgery. Laparoscopic observation revealed that the medial and lateral segments of the liver formed a bridge on the dorsal side at the liver portal, and that the small intestine was ischemic in the gap created between the bridge and the medial and lateral liver segments. A Meckel's diverticulum was also invaginated in the gap. The bridge was dissected out and the hernia orifice was opened to release the bowel obstruction. The small bowel was preserved and the Meckel's diverticulum was resected. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful. CONCLUSIONS: We experienced a case of ischemic bowel obstruction caused by hepatic bridge formation, which was successfully treated by laparoscopic surgery.

Classification of rectal cancer according to recurrence types - comparison of Japanese guidelines and Western guidelines.

BACKGROUND: Rectal cancer is characterized by more local recurrence (LR) and lung metastasis than colon cancer. However, the diagnosis of rectal cancer is not standardized as there is no global consensus on its definition and classification. The classification of rectal cancer differs between Japanese and Western guidelines. AIM: To clarify the characteristics of rectal cancer by comparing the tumor location and characteristics of rectal cancer with those of colon cancer according to each set of guidelines. METHODS: A total of 958 patients with Stage II and III colorectal cancer were included in the analysis: 607 with colon cancer and 351 with rectal cancer. Localization of rectal cancers was assessed by enema examination and rigid endoscopy. According to Japan guidelines, rectal cancer is classified as Rb (below the peritoneal inversion), Ra (between the inferior margin of second sacral vertebrae and Rb) or RS (between Ra and sacral promontory). RESULTS: There were no significant differences between RS rectal cancer and colon cancer in the rates of liver and lung metastasis or LR. Lung metastasis and LR were significantly more common among Rb rectal cancer (in Japan) than in colon cancer (P = 0.0043 and P = 0.0002, respectively). Lung metastases and LR occurred at significantly higher rates in rectal cancer measuring ≤ 12 cm and ≤ 10 cm than in colon cancers (P = 0.0117, P = 0.0467, P = 0.0036, P = 0.0010). Finally, the rates of liver metastasis, lung metastasis, and LR in rectal cancers measuring 11 cm to 15 cm were 6.9%, 2.8%, and 5.7%, respectively. These were equivalent to the rates in colon cancer. CONCLUSION: High rectal cancer may be treated with the same treatment strategies as colon cancer. There was no difference in the classification of colorectal cancer between Japan and Western countries.

Preventive procedure for stenosis after esophagojejunostomy using a circular stapler and transorally inserted anvil (OrVil™) following laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy and total gastrectomy involving reduction of anastomotic tension.

BACKGROUND: Recently, due to increasing reports of stenosis after esophagojejunostomy created using circular staplers and a transorally inserted anvil (OrVil™) following laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy (LPG) and total gastrectomy (LTG), linear staplers are being used instead. We investigated our preventive procedure for esophagojejunostomy stenosis following use of circular staplers. METHODS: Since the anastomotic stenosis is considered to be mainly caused by tension in the esophageal and jejunal stumps at the anastomotic site, we have been performing procedures to relieve this tension, by cutting off the rubber band and pushing the shaft of the circular stapler toward the esophageal side, since July 2015. We retrospectively compared the incidence of anastomotic stenosis in cases of LPG and LTG performed before July 2015 (early phase, 30 cases) versus those performed after this period (later phase, 22 cases). RESULTS: Comparison of the incidence of anastomotic stenosis according to the type of surgery, LPG or LTG, and between the two time periods versus all cases, indicated a significantly lower incidence in the later phase than in the early phase (4.5 vs. 26.7%, p < 0.05), especially for LPG (0 vs. 38.5%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to use a circular stapler during laparoscopic esophagojejunostomy, as with open surgery, if steps to reduce tension on the anastomotic site are undertaken. These procedures will contribute to the spread of safe and simple laparoscopic anastomotic techniques.

Short-term outcomes of OTSC for anastomotic leakage after laparoscopic colorectal surgery.

INTRODUCTION: There are several reports on the use of the over-the-scope clip (OTSC) for gastrointestinal bleeding/fistula and endoscopic iatrogenic perforation. However, there are almost no reports on OTSC use for anastomotic leakage (AL) after colorectal cancer surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of AL closure using the OTSC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Five patients who had undergone AL after laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer from April 2017 to April 2019 were evaluated. RESULTS: The average distance from the anal verge of the anastomosis site was 12 (5-18) cm. The average diameter of the dehiscent part was 10.9 (9.3-14.4) mm. The average number of OTSC days after the occurrence of AL was 11 (5-22). On the contrast examination immediately after OTSC, all cases were completely closed, but in the later contrast examination, only one case remained completely closed. The average incompletely closed diameter was 3.6 (2.9-5.1) mm, and the diameter of the dehiscent part was reduced in all cases. Only one patient ultimately underwent colostomy; the rest were cured with OTSC alone. CONCLUSION: AL site closure using the OTSC after colorectal cancer surgery is a useful minimally invasive treatment when combined with appropriate drain management.

Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced gastric cancer with bulky lymph node metastasis: Five case reports.

BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NACRT) has not been accepted as a general therapy for gastric cancer because of its localized effect and toxicity for radiosensitive organs. However, if radiation therapy could compensate for the limited or inadequate treatment choices available for elderly patients and/or those at high risk, the available therapeutic options for advanced gastric cancer might increase. From this perspective, we present our experiences of five patients with advanced gastric cancer in whom we used NACRT therapy with interesting results. CASE SUMMARY: We admitted five patients with clinical Stage III gastric cancer and bulky lymph node metastasis or adjacent organ invasion at the time of diagnosis. A total of 50 Gy of preoperative intensity modulated radiation therapy was delivered to the patients in doses of 2.0 Gy/d, together with a regimen of concomitant chemotherapy comprising two courses of oral tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil (S-1; 65 mg/m2 per day) for three consecutive weeks followed by two weeks of rest, starting at the same time as radiotherapy. All patients underwent no residual tumor resection and a pathological complete response of the primary tumors was achieved in two patients. The incidence of hematological toxicity was low, although the digestive toxicities of anorexia and diarrhea developed in three of the five patients, necessitating termination of radiation therapy at 30 Gy and S-1 at three weeks. However, even 30 Gy of irradiation and half the dose of S-1 resulted in sufficient downstaging, indicating that even a reduced amount of NACRT could confer considerable effects. CONCLUSION: Slightly reduced NACRT might be useful and safe for patients with locally advanced gastric cancer.

Evaluation of laparoscopic surgery for small bowel obstruction and factors related to outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, laparoscopic surgery (LS) has been performed for small bowel obstruction (SBO). However, the indications and short-term and long-term outcomes of LS for SBO have not yet been established. AIM: To evaluate the usefulness of LS for SBO compared to open surgery (OS), as well as to identify risk factors for poor outcomes after LS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 105 patients who underwent surgery for SBO were divided into OS (n = 64) and LS (n = 41) groups, and propensity score-matched analysis was used to compare the short-term and long-term outcomes of the groups. Risk factors for conversion to OS, postoperative complications, and intraoperative bowel injury in LS were also identified. RESULTS: The incidences of surgical site infection and postoperative ileus were significantly lower in the LS group. The incidence of recurrent bowel did not differ significantly between the two groups. Prior bowel obstruction was a risk factor for conversion of LS to OS (odds ratio (OR) = 24.79, p = 0.0025). Bowel diameter was a risk factor for postoperative complications (OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.01-2.22) and for bowel injury (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.05-1.67). CONCLUSIONS: LS for SBO had better postoperative short-term outcomes than OS. The outcomes of LS for SBO were significantly affected by prior bowel obstruction and bowel diameter.

Low psoas muscle index is a poor prognostic factor for lower gastrointestinal perforation: a single-center retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Various body composition indices have been reported as prognostic factors for different cancers. However, whether body composition affects prognosis after lower gastrointestinal tract perforation requiring emergency surgery and multidisciplinary treatment has not been clarified. This study examined whether body composition evaluations that can be measured easily and quickly from computed tomography (CT) are useful for predicting prognosis. METHODS: Subjects comprised 64 patients diagnosed with perforation at final diagnosis after emergency surgery for a preoperative diagnosis of lower gastrointestinal tract perforation and penetration. They were divided into a survival group and a non-survival (in-hospital mortality) group and compared. Body composition indices (psoas muscle index (PMI); psoas muscle attenuation (PMA); subcutaneous adipose tissue index (SATI); visceral adipose tissue index (VATI); visceral-to-subcutaneous fat area ratio (VSR)) were measured from preoperative CT. Cross-sectional psoas muscle area at the level of the 3rd lumbar vertebra was quantified. Optimal cut-off values were calculated using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Poor prognostic factors were investigated from multivariate logistic regression analyses that included patient factors, perioperative factors, intraoperative factors, and body composition indices as explanatory variables. RESULTS: The cause of perforation was malignant disease in 12 cases (18.7%), and benign disease in 52 cases (81.2%). The most common cause was diverticulum of the large intestine. Emergency surgery for the 64 patients led to survival in 52 patients and death in 12 patients. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, independent predictors of poor prognosis were Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (odds ratio 1.908; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.235-3.681; P = 0.0020) and PMI (odds ratio 13.478; 95%CI 1.342-332.690; P = 0.0252). The cut-off PMI was 4.75 cm2/m2 for males and 2.89 cm2/m2 for females. Among survivors, duration of hospitalization was significantly longer in the low PMI group (29 days) than in the high PMI group (22 days, p = 0.0257). CONCLUSIONS: PMI is easily determined from CT and allows rapid evaluation of prognosis following lower gastrointestinal perforation.

Short- and Long-term Outcomes of 2-Step Stapled Intracorporeal Versus Extracorporeal Anastomosis in Laparoscopic Colectomy for Colon Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Intracorporeal anastomosis (IA) in laparoscopic colectomy for colon cancer is technically difficult, and there is a lack of consensus on the risk of bacterial contamination and cancer cell dissemination. In this study, short- and long-term outcomes of IA were examined. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Short and long-term outcomes of those who underwent IA (n=44) or extracorporeal anastomosis (EA) (n=61) were compared. RESULTS: IA was better than EA for blood loss, incision length, and first stool. Maximum temperature and C-reactive protein on postoperative day 1 were higher for the IA group. The rate of positive cultures from intraoperative lavage was higher for IA. The rate of positive cultures improved to an equivalent level by replacing mechanical pretreatment with chemical pretreatment. IA and EA were equivalent for the results of ascites cytology from lavage. CONCLUSION: With the use of appropriate preoperative treatment, IA takes advantage of the minimally invasive nature of laparoscopic surgery.

Functional Evaluation for Various Methods of Gastrectomy and Reconstruction for Gastric Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: This study of 45 patients aimed to retrospectively examine whether the relationships among the postoperative to preoperative body weight ratio (BWR), meal intake as a good indicator of quality of l ife (QOL), and absorptive kinetics from the small intestine could be expressed by the acetaminophen (AAP) concentration. METHODS: The postoperative/preoperative BWR and meal intake ratio (MIR) were evaluated in 30 patients who underwent open distal gastrectomy for advanced gastric cancer (ODG group) and 15 patients who underwent laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy for early gastric cancer (LPG group). In addition, all patients underwent functional evaluation using the AAP method. Correlation coefficients of the BWR and MIR with the plasma AAP concentration after meal intake were evaluated. RESULTS: There was a negative correlation between the AAP concentration at 15 min and the BWR in all patients (r = -0.438, P = 0.00259, n = 45) and a weak negative correlation between the AAP concentration at 15 min and the MIR (r = -0.309, P = 0.0368, n = 45). CONCLUSIONS: There were some relationships between slow intestinal absorption in the early postprandial phase and the maintenance of postoperative body weight and meal intake. Namely, operative methods that maintained preoperative slow intestinal absorption were thought to be better for maintaining postoperative QOL.

Colon cancer arising from colonic diverticulum: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Colonic diverticulosis is a common disease, and the coexistence of colonic diverticulosis and colorectal cancer is often seen clinically. It is very rare that colon cancer arises from the mucosa of a colonic diverticulum. When colon cancer arises in a diverticulum and then tends to develop outside the wall, without developing within the lumen, the differential diagnosis from complicating lesions due to colonic diverticulitis is difficult. CASE SUMMARY: A 76-year-old man was admitted to a nearby clinic with a chief complaint of discomfort and urinary frequency. Since a vesicosigmoidal fistula was seen on abdominal computed tomography, he was referred to our hospital. Laparoscopic sigmoidectomy was performed because the various diagnostic findings were diagnosed as a vesicosigmoidal fistula with diverticulitis of the sigmoid colon. However, on histopathological examination, it was diagnosed as a vesicosigmoidal fistula due to colon cancer arising in the diverticulum. Laparoscopic partial resection of the bladder was performed because local recurrence was observed in the bladder wall one and a half years after surgery. It is currently one year after reoperation, but there has been no recurrence or metastasis. CONCLUSION: Colon cancer arising in a diverticulum of the colon should be considered when diverticulitis with complications is observed.

Functional evaluations comparing the double-tract method and the jejunal interposition method following laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy for gastric cancer: an investigation including laparoscopic total gastrectomy.

PURPOSE: Functional outcomes were prospectively compared between two types of reconstruction [double tract (L-DT; n = 15) and jejunal interposition (L-JIP; n = 15)] following laparoscopic half-proximal gastrectomy (LPG), including laparoscopic total gastrectomy (L-TG; n = 30) as a control group, at 1 year after surgery. METHODS: Clinical investigations were performed in each patient, and functional evaluations, involving the swallowing of an alimentary liquid containing acetaminophen (AAP), followed by measurements of the concentrations of AAP and hormones in the sitting (n = 5) and in the supine positions (n = 5), were carried out in each group. RESULTS: The post-/preoperative body weight ratios were significantly higher in the L-DT and L-JIP groups than in the L-TG group. The AAP levels were significantly lower in the LPG group than in the LTG group. The AAP, insulin, and gastrin levels in the L-JIP group were markedly increased in the sitting position compared with the supine position, while those in the L-DT and L-TG groups were stable in both positions. CONCLUSIONS: L-JIP and L-DT are procedures that maintain gradual intestinal absorption and help improve the quality of life. Intestinal absorption and hormonal secretion were relatively unaffected by the posture of the meal intake after L-DT, so L-DT might be the procedure providing the most stable results.

Two Cases of Laparoscopic Diagnosis and Treatment of Intersigmoid Hernia.

We present two cases of intestinal obstruction due to intersigmoid hernia that were diagnosed and treated laparoscopically. The first case was a 42-year-old woman with no surgical history. She was treated conservatively with the insertion of an ileus tube. Although the intestinal obstruction improved temporarily, since it subsequently worsened, laparoscopic surgery was performed, which revealed incarceration of the ileum in the intersigmoid fossa. Although there were no signs of necrosis after intestinal release, partial resection of the small bowel was performed before the hernial orifice was closed due to the evidence of serous damage. The second case was a 53-year-old man with no surgical history. An ileus tube was inserted for intestinal decompression, following which laparoscopic surgery was performed. Operative findings revealed incarceration of the ileum in the intersigmoid fossa, and, since there were no signs of necrosis after intestinal release, the hernial orifice was closed without performing intestinal resection. This condition is a good indication for laparoscopic surgery, given that intestinal necrosis is frequently absent and the operation can usually be completed simply by release of the incarcerated intestine and closure of the hernia orifice. Intersigmoid hernia should be suspected in cases of intestinal obstruction with no surgical history.

A Case of Idiopathic Mesenteric Phlebosclerosis with Progressive Intestinal Necrosis.

The patient was a 39-year-old woman who was referred to our department from her previous doctor with a 2-day history of right abdominal pain. Abdominal computed tomography showed wall thickening associated with calcification in the ascending colon. Contrast enhancement in the same portion of the intestinal wall was rather poor. Fluid accumulation was also seen around the intestine, so emergency surgery was performed under a provisional diagnosis of intestinal necrosis. Intestinal necrosis due to idiopathic mesenteric phlebosclerosis was diagnosed from postoperative histopathological tests. Idiopathic mesenteric phlebosclerosis displays a chronic course and in most cases conservative treatment is indicated. Bowel obstruction is common among patients who require surgical treatment, but rare cases such as the present one are also seen in which intestinal necrosis occurs. In recent years, an association with herbal medicine has been indicated as one potential cause of this disease, and this entity should be kept in mind when patients with acute abdomen and a history of taking herbal medicines are encountered.

A child with colo-colonic intussusception due to a large colonic polyp: Case report and literature review.

Colo-colonic intussusception (CI) due to a colonic polyp is a rarely reported cause of intestinal obstruction in school-aged children. Hydrostatic reduction (HR) and endoscopic polypectomy are minimally invasive and technically feasible for treating CI. We report a case of CI and review the literature, focusing on the diagnosis and treatment.

Evaluating the learning curve associated with laparoscopic left hemicolectomy for colon cancer.

The role of laparoscopic surgery for transverse and descending colon cancer remains controversial. The aim of the present study was to characterize the learning curve for laparoscopic left hemicolectomy including the splenic flexure and to identify factors that influence this learning curve. Data from 120 consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic left hemicolectomy for transverse and descending colon cancer including the splenic flexure between December 1996 and December 2009 were analyzed. Patients undergoing resection combined with cholecystectomy, hepatectomy, hysterectomy, or gastrectomy were excluded. Operative time was analyzed using the moving average method. The operative time, conversion rate, and postoperative complication rate were evaluated among four groups based on the number of cases required for analysis of operative time. In addition, risk factors that influenced conversion to open surgery were analyzed. Operative time for left hemicolectomy decreased with increasing case number with stabilization at 30 cases. There was no significant difference in the conversion rate or postoperative complications over time. Significant factors for conversion to open surgery were T stage (odds ratio [OR], 5.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5 to 27.4) and previous abdominal surgery (OR, 5.38; 95% CI, 1.6 to 20.2). The learning curve for laparoscopic left hemicolectomy is steep. Thus, surgeons in the early part of this curve should carefully select patients to allow them to build experience in a stepwise manner. Laparoscopic surgery may become the gold standard for management of colon cancer regardless of stage or tumor location.

Effect of previous abdominal surgery on outcomes following laparoscopic colorectal surgery.

OBJECTIVE: The impact of previous abdominal surgeries on the need for conversion to open surgery and on short-term outcomes during/after laparoscopic colectomy was retrospectively investigated. DESIGN: This retrospective cohort study was conducted from December 1996 through December 2009. SETTING: This study was conducted at Osaka Medical College Hospital. PATIENTS: A total of 1701 consecutive patients who had undergone laparoscopic resection of the colon and rectum were classified as not having previous abdominal surgery (n = 1121) or as having previous abdominal surgery (n = 580). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Short-term outcomes were recorded, and risk factors for conversion to open surgery were analyzed. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in operative time, blood loss, number of lymph nodes removed, or conversion rate between the groups. The rate of inadvertent enterotomy was significantly higher in the previous abdominal surgery group than in the not having previous abdominal surgery group (0.9% versus 0.1%; p = 0.03), and the postoperative recovery time was significantly longer in the previous abdominal surgery group than in the not having previous abdominal surgery group. Ileus was more frequent in the previous abdominal surgery group than in the not having previous abdominal surgery group (3.8% versus 2.1%; p = 0.04). Significant risk factors for conversion to open surgery were T stage ≥3 (OR, 2.81; 95% CI, 1.89-3.75), median incision (OR, 4.34; 95% CI, 1.23-9.41), upper median incision (OR, 2.78; 95% CI, 1.29-5.42), lower median incision (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.09-3.12), and transverse colectomy (OR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.29-2.41). CONCLUSION: The incidence of successfully completed laparoscopic colectomy after previous abdominal surgery remains high, and the short-term outcomes are acceptable.