Birth order and risk for schizophrenia: a 31-year follow-up of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort.

OBJECTIVE: The Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort was studied in order to investigate the association between birth order and schizophrenia. METHOD: Four categories of birth order status (first-born, last-born, only child and other status) were formed and linked to data on psychiatric morbidity. Effects were adjusted for wantedness of pregnancy, perinatal complications, maternal age at delivery, family type and number of siblings. RESULTS: The risk for schizophrenia was elevated among male first-borns (ratio 1.5; 95% CI 1.0-2.2) and female last-borns (ratio 1.3; 95% CI 0.9-1.9). The risk was lower than expected among male last-borns (ratio 0.7; 95% CI 0.5-0.9) and females belonging to other status (ratio 0.6; 95% CI 0.3-0.9). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that specific birth order status is an independent risk factor for schizophrenia. Theoretical explanations may arise from biological factors unidentified here and/or psychological stressors linked with these positions.

The one-child family and violent criminality: a 31-year follow-up study of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort.

OBJECTIVE: Serious defects in social skills acquired during childhood may be associated with aggressive behavior in later life. The authors studied whether being an only child was associated with criminality in adulthood and, secondly, if parental factors increased the putative risk. METHOD: The authors used an unselected, prospectively collected large birth cohort. Data on crimes were linked with being an only child as well as with perinatal risk and maternal and paternal psychological risk factors among male subjects. RESULTS: The risk for violent crimes later in life was elevated among the only children. If perinatal or parental risks were combined with being an only child, the odds ratios for violent offending increased four-fold to eight-fold. A corresponding risk increase between being an only child and nonviolent offending was not detected. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the hypothesis that growing up as an only child is associated with violent criminality among male subjects.

Is grand multiparity associated with offsprings' hospital-treated mental disorders? A 28-year follow-up of the North Finland 1966 birth cohort.

BACKGROUND: A child born to a grand multiparous (GMP) mother (i.e. a mother who has undergone six or more deliveries) is at increased risk of perinatal complications, but it is not known whether or not GMP status is associated with child's adulthood mental disorders. METHODS: The data were obtained from the unselected, general population Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort (n = 11,017). The cohort members (children) were followed up prospectively to the age of 28 years. Using the National Hospital Discharge Register, a total of 89 DSM-III-R schizophrenia cases were identified, as well as 55 other psychoses, 87 personality disorders, 36 cases of alcoholism, 53 depressive disorders, and 67 anxiety and other non-psychotic disorders. The association between the mother's grand multiparity and the offspring's adult hospital-treated psychiatric morbidity was analysed using a continuation ratio model, which is a modification of logistic regression. Odds ratios were adjusted for social class, maternal antenatal depression, and wantedness of pregnancy. RESULTS: A total of 1320 mothers (12%) were GMPs. Maternal GMP status was not associated with offspring's schizophrenia, anxiety or other non-psychotic disorders. The risk of other psychoses (OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.2-4.7), alcoholism (OR 2.0; 95% CI 0.8-4.7) and depressive disorder (OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.0-4.5) was elevated among offspring of GMP mothers. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible that the mother's GMP status and the large family size associated with this are causal factors in the development of other psychoses than schizophrenia, alcoholism and depression among adult offspring.

Childhood and adolescent predictors of schizophrenia in the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort--a descriptive life-span model.

Subtle motor, emotional, cognitive and behavioral abnormalities are often present in apparently healthy children and adolescents who later develop schizophrenia. This suggests that some aspects of causation are established long before psychosis is manifest. We aim to develop a descriptive model of the factors contributing to the development of schizophrenia. Our main focus is on genetic factors, pregnancy and delivery complications, early development and scholastic performance. This is done by reviewing the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort, its scientific activities (publications and work in progress) and selected literature.

Collagen metabolites in the prediction of response to GH therapy in short children.

To evaluate the role of collagen metabolites in the prediction of the response to GH treatment we measured the serum concentrations of the C-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP) and the N-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen (PIIINP) with specific RIAs in 35 short children (16 boys) before and after 5 days, 5 weeks and 3 months of GH therapy. The mean age of the children was 10.3 years (range 1.9-16.4 years) and the bone age ranged from 1.2 to 12.5 years (mean 7.6 years). The initial mean relative height (RH) was -3.6 SDS (range -6.6 to -2.4 S.D.). Nineteen children were found to have GH deficiency (GHD; peak GH responses in two pharmacological tests < 10 micrograms/l), while the remaining 16 were considered to have undefined short stature (USS). The children were treated with recombinant human GH (0.1 U/kg given subcutaneously at bedtime 6-7 times/week). The increases in RHI over the first 6 and 12 months of therapy were used as response measures. There was already a significant increase (P < 0.001) in both the serum PICP and PIIINP levels at 5 days, and the concentrations continued to rise up to 3 months, PICP levels rising less than the PIIINP levels. In the whole group the RHI over 6 months correlated most strongly with the absolute PICP concentrations at 3 months (rS = 0.59; P < 0.05), while the absolute PIIINP concentrations at 3 months showed the strongest relation to the one year RHI (rS = 0.69; P < 0.001). In the GHD group the 6 month RHI was most strongly related to the absolute PICP concentration at 3 months (rS = 0.59; P < 0.05). In the USS group the absolute PICP concentrations at 3 months correlated most strongly with the one year RHI (rS = 0.82; P < 0.01). Significant correlations were also observed between the absolute PIIINP levels at 3 months and the 6 month RHI (rS = 0.60; P < 0.05) and 12 month RHI (rS = 0.76; P < 0.01) in this group. These results show that GH therapy results in an unequivocal increase in circulating concentrations of PICP and PIIINP. The serum PICP and PIIINP concentrations may be of value in the prediction of the long-term response to GH therapy.

Management of traumatic hyphema in children. An analysis of 340 cases.

Three hundred forty children with nonperforating traumatic hyphema were examined to verify or refute the possible protective action of the antifibrinolytic agent, tranexamic acid, against rebleeding. In the retrospective study group, 219 children were treated with strict bed rest, binocular patching, and sedation but did not receive antifibrinolytic agents. In the prospective study group, 121 children received systemically administered tranexamic acid; some of these children were confined to bed rest (26 cases) and some were allowed free ambulation within their rooms (95 cases). In the children who were treated with bed rest but who did not receive the antifibrinolytic agent, the frequency of secondary hemorrhage was 9.6%. Tranexamic acid reduced the incidence of secondary hemorrhage significantly: none of 26 eyes of patients who received systemically administered tranexamic acid and were confined to bed rest rebled, and only one (1.1%) of 95 eyes of children who received tranexamic acid and were allowed free ambulation in the hospital rebled.

Screening of infants for strabismus and refractive errors with two-flash photorefraction with and without cycloplegia.

35 1/2-year-old and 31 1-year-old children were screened by two-flash photorefraction for strabismus and refractive errors with and without cycloplegia. The sensitivity of the method to detect refractive errors was tested with an optical demonstration eye. All the children were examined clinically to compare the sensitivity of the method. Every child co-operated with the photography, but 4 children did not co-operate in the clinical examination and were thus excluded from the refractive material, as were also two cases of esotropias which were found. There were no false positive or negative strabismus cases. The total refractive material consisted of 120 eyes. The method was clearly more sensitive for refractive errors with cycloplegia. Even one hyperopia of +5.25 D(OD) and +6.0 D(OS) was underestimated without cycloplegia. In the material there were no cases of anisometropia of over 1.0 D in spherical equivivalent that would cause a potential risk for amblyopia. A rather good correlation of refractive results existed with the method in cycloplegia. With partial overlapping of emmetropic and moderate hyperopic cases. The screening of children aged 1/2-1 year with two-flash photorefraction is simple to perform. The underestimation of symmetrical hyperopias should be accepted when cycloplegia is not used. Only one successful photograph of each child is necessary for the interpretation.