Early Life and Childhood Environmental Exposures, More Than Genetic Predisposition, Influence Age of Diagnosis in a Diverse Cohort of 2952 Patients With IBD.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) develops from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of established environmental risk factors and genetic risk on age of IBD diagnosis in a diverse cohort. METHODS: IBD patients in clinic completed detailed questionnaires. Blood was drawn for genetic analysis. Environmental risk factors and age of diagnosis were analyzed by ethnicity (Hispanic/Latinx or non-Hispanic White [NHW] individuals) and IBD subtype (ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease [CD]). Weighted genetic risk scores and environmental risk scores were developed. We examined the relationship between environmental risk scores, genetic risk scores, and age of diagnosis. RESULTS: A total of 2952 patients were included: 58.9% had CD. A total of 46.83% were of Hispanic background. Early life exposures like cesarean delivery and being born in a developed country were associated with a younger age of IBD diagnosis. Childhood exposures such as frequent plastic water bottle use and having more than 1 bathroom at home were associated with a younger age of IBD. Hispanic and NHW individuals shared similar susceptibilities to environmental exposures. Environmental factors explained 21% of the variance in age of CD diagnosis and 39% in ulcerative colitis. In models incorporating genetic risk score and environmental risk score, the environment was the only significant factor associated with younger age of IBD diagnosis in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Early life and childhood exposures impact IBD diagnosis and influence Hispanic and NHW individuals similarly. A cumulative environmental risk score contributes more to age of IBD diagnosis than genetic risk.

Small Intestinal Perforation Secondary to Necrotizing Enteritis-An Under-Recognized Complication of Crohn's Disease.

Small bowel perforation is an uncommon but severe event in the natural history of Crohn's disease with fewer than 100 cases reported. We review Crohn's disease cases with necrotizing enteritis and share a case of a 26-year-old female who presented with a recurrent episode of small intestinal perforation. A PubMed literature review of case reports and series was conducted using keywords and combinations of "Crohn's disease," "small intestine perforation," "small bowel perforation," "free perforation," "regional enteritis," and "necrotizing enteritis." Data extracted included demographic data, pre- or postoperative steroid administration, medical or surgical management, and case fatality. Nineteen reports from 1935 to 2021 qualified for inclusion. There were 43 patients: 20 males and 23 females with a mean age of 36 ± 15 years old. 75 total perforations were described: 56 ileal (74.6%), 15 jejunal (20.0%), 2 cecal (2.7%), and 1 small intestine non-specified (2.7%). 38 of 43 patients were managed surgically by primary repair (11), ostomy creation (21), or an anastomosis (11). Of 11 case fatalities, medical management alone was associated with higher mortality (5/5; 100% mortality) compared to those treated surgically (6/38; 15.8% mortality; P < .001). Patient sex, disease history, acute abdomen, and pre- or postoperative steroid use did not significantly correlate with mortality. Jejunal perforation was significantly (P = .028) associated with event mortality while ileal was not (P = .45). Although uncommon, necrotizing enteritis should be considered in Crohn's patients who present with small intestinal perforation. These cases often require urgent surgical intervention and may progress to fulminant sepsis and fatality if not adequately treated.

Lamina Propria Phagocyte Profiling Reveals Targetable Signaling Pathways in Refractory Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Lamina propria phagocytes are key mediators of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We aimed to understand the transcriptomic and functional differences in these cells based on location, disease type, inflammation state, and medication use in patients with IBD. METHODS: Phagocytic immune cells in the lamina propria, as defined by the marker CD11b, were isolated from 54 unique patients (n = 111 gut mucosal biopsies). We performed flow cytometry for cell phenotyping (n = 30) and RNA sequencing with differential gene expression analysis (n = 58). We further cultured these cells in vitro and exposed them to janus kinase inhibitors to measure cytokine output (n = 27). Finally, we matched patient genomic data to our RNA sequencing data to perform candidate gene expression quantitative trait locus analysis (n = 34). RESULTS: We found distinct differences in gene expression between CD11b+ cells from the colon vs ileum, as well as in different inflammatory states and, to a lesser degree, IBD types (Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis). These genes mapped to targetable immune pathways and metabolic and cancer pathways. We further explored the janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway, which was upregulated across many comparisons including in biopsies from anti-tumor necrosis factor refractory patients. We found that isolated CD11b+ cells treated with janus kinase inhibitors had decreased secretion of cytokines tumor necrosis factora and interleukin-8 (P ≤ .05). We also found 3 genetic variants acting as expression quantitative trait loci (P ≤ .1) within our CD11b+ data set. CONCLUSIONS: Lamina propria phagocytes from IBD mucosa provide pathogenetic clues on the nature of treatment refractoriness and inform new targets for therapy.

Transcriptional Behavior of Regulatory T Cells Predicts IBD Patient Responses to Vedolizumab Therapy.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves chronic T cell-mediated inflammatory responses. Vedolizumab (VDZ), a monoclonal antibody against α4ß7 integrin, inhibits lymphocyte extravasation into intestinal mucosae and is effective in ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). AIM: We sought to identify immune cell phenotypic and gene expression signatures that related to response to VDZ. METHODS: Peripheral blood (PBMC) and lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs) were analyzed by flow cytometry and Cytofkit. Sorted CD4 + memory (Tmem) or regulatory T (Treg) cells from PBMC and LPMC were analyzed by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Clinical response (≥2-point drop in partial Mayo scores [UC] or Harvey-Bradshaw index [CD]) was assessed 14 to 22 weeks after VDZ initiation. Machine-learning models were used to infer combinatorial traits that predicted response to VDZ. RESULTS: Seventy-one patients were enrolled: 37 received VDZ and 21 patients remained on VDZ >2 years. Fourteen of 37 patients (38%; 8 UC, 6 CD) responded to VDZ. Immune cell phenotypes and CD4 + Tmem and Treg transcriptional behaviors were most divergent between the ileum and colon, irrespective of IBD subtype or inflammation status. Vedolizumab treatment had the greatest impact on Treg metabolic pathways, and response was associated with increased expression of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation. The strongest clinical predictor of VDZ efficacy was concurrent use of thiopurines. Mucosal tissues offered the greatest number of response-predictive biomarkers, whereas PBMC Treg-expressed genes were the best predictors in combinatorial models of response. CONCLUSIONS: Mucosal and peripheral blood immune cell phenotypes and transcriptional profiles can inform VDZ efficacy and inform new opportunities for combination therapies.

Vedolizumab (VDZ) is effective in the treatment of IBD. Immunophenotyping and RNAseq of T cells were used to inform its mechanism of action. Changes in T regulatory cells in the periphery and mucosa have the greatest relationship to VDZ response.

Combining Pentoxifylline With Vedolizumab for Crohn's Disease: Results of a Randomised, Placebo-controlled Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The efficacy of current biologics may be limited by targeting only one pathway. Pentoxifylline [PTX] interferes with tumour necrosis factor [TNF] gene expression. We performed a randomised, placebo-controlled pilot study to determine if PTX plus vedolizumab [VDZ] in patients with Crohn's disease [CD] is safe and improves response compared with VDZ monotherapy. METHODS: Thirty adult patients with active CD were randomised to VDZ/PTX or VDZ/placebo and followed for 24 weeks. Endoscopic activity and inflammatory cytokines were measured at baseline and Week 24. Descriptive statistics were used to determine estimates of effect. RESULTS: Demographics were similar but baseline disease activity was higher in the VDZ/PTX group. There was no difference in clinical remission at Week 14 (60.0% vs 66.67%, odds ratio [OR] 0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.16, 3.51) or steroid-free clinical remission at Week 24 in patients receiving VDZ/PTX. Improved clinical response was noted in the VDZ/PTX group at Weeks 6, 14, and 24 [Week 6: 20% vs 6.67%, Week 14: 26.67% vs 6.67%, Week 24: 40% vs 20%]. The rate of endoscopic remission was similar between the groups [40% vs 33.33%], with a greater mean decrease in Simple Endoscopic Score-CD [SES-CD] and C-reactive protein [CRP] with VDZ/PTX [SES-CD -3.17 vs -0.15, CRP -5.56 vs 0.46]. An increase in serum TNF-α concentration was observed with VDZ/placebo group; PTX mitigated this effect. No serious adverse events occurred. CONCLUSIONS: VDZ/PTX did not provide benefit over VDZ monotherapy in clinical or endoscopic remission but appeared to improve clinical response and was safe. These data should inform a fully powered study.

Social barriers influence inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) outcomes and disproportionally affect Hispanics and non-Hispanic Blacks with IBD.

Background: The impact of social determinants of health in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains understudied. We evaluated the impact of social barriers on IBD outcomes within a diverse cohort of patients. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study on adult IBD patients and assessed known social determinants of health. We calculated the total prevalence of these barriers in the sample as a whole and within each ethnic group. We summed the number of barriers present for each individual to create a cumulative social barrier score (SBS), and we evaluated the relationship of each barrier and of the cumulative SBS with IBD outcomes, including disease activity and depressive symptoms. Results: A total of 316 patients were included in the study. Disparities in the prevalence of social barriers emerged by ethnicity: non-Hispanic Blacks reported the greatest number of social barriers, followed by Hispanic patients. Prevalent social barriers included financial strains (38.4%), such as food insecurity, medical care delays (~30%), and low educational attainment (26.8%). Social barriers associated with poor IBD outcomes included low educational attainment, poor health literacy, and financial insecurity. High SBS was associated with greater depressive symptoms [odds ratio (OR) 1.94, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21-2.9, p = 0.001] and lower reported use of medications. Greater ulcerative colitis (UC) disease activity was observed in patients with greater SBS. No associations were identified between SBS and IBD surgeries, hospitalizations, or disease location. Conclusion: Our study identifies social barriers that may impact IBD care and are disproportionately higher in non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics in the United States. Future studies should focus on implementing interventions to reduce these barriers and improve delivery of care.

Ethnicity Influences Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)-Associated Colon Cancer: A Cross-sectional Analysis of Dysplasia Prevalence and Risk Factors in Hispanics and Non-Hispanic Whites With IBD.

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an emerging disease in Hispanics. In this study, we examine the prevalence of IBD-related colon dysplasia (IBD-dys) in Hispanics versus non-Hispanic whites (NHWs) and compare differences in established clinical and environmental risk factors. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis on adult Hispanics and NHWs with IBD who met criteria for colorectal cancer surveillance and were followed at our center between 2008 and 2018. Clinical variables and IBD phenotype were recorded. Lifestyle IBD-dys risk factors were examined, including smoking and lack of physical activity. Using multivariable regression, we compared the prevalence of IBD-dys in Hispanics versus NHW, using relevant covariates. Receiver operating characteristic and area under the curve were performed to find the best fitting model. Results: A total of 445 IBD patients were included (148 Hispanics and 297 NHWs). IBD phenotype was similar between groups, except that Hispanics had shorter disease duration, a lower frequency of Crohn's disease-related complications, and lower reported use of steroids. Frequency of surveillance colonoscopies was similar between Hispanics and NHW. There were no differences in median body mass index between Hispanics and NHW [26.5 (IQR 6.0) vs 25.0 (IQR 6.0), P = 0.40]. Hispanics were less likely than NHW to consume alcohol but smoking history was similar between groups. Three out of 148 Hispanic patients had IBD-dys (2.02%) compared to 29 out of 297 NHWs (9.76%). Adjusting for disease duration, primary sclerosing cholangitis, family history of colon cancer, and smoking, Hispanics had a lower prevalence of IBD-dys compared to NHW [ORadjusted = 0.207 (95% CI 0.046-0.938), P = 0.008]. Conclusions: Hispanics with IBD undergoing surveillance had a lower prevalence of IBD-dys than their NHW counterparts, despite similar risk factors. Future studies should examine dietary and microbial factors that may explain differences in risk.

Patient Adherence to Fecal Calprotectin Testing Is Low Compared to Other Commonly Ordered Tests in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Background: Limited data exist on adherence to fecal calprotectin (FCP) testing in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Methods: Completion rates for patients who had at least one FCP test ordered (n = 3082) and a subgroup with C-reactive protein, complete blood count, and Clostridium difficile tests also ordered (n = 1563) were analyzed. Results: More patients completed blood than stool tests, with FCP having the poorest adherence of all tests analyzed. Older patients had higher FCP completion rates. No differences were noted in completion rates across age, gender, or ethnicity for blood tests. Conclusions: Further studies are needed to develop strategies that improve the uptake of FCP.

Real-World Experience With Proactive Therapeutic Drug Monitoring During Infliximab Reintroduction.

Background: Interruptions in infliximab therapy are associated with the development of antibodies to infliximab (ATI), infusion reactions (IRs), and loss of response. Despite these challenges, recent observational studies suggest that reinitiating infliximab after a drug holiday can be safe and effective. We assessed the utility of our protocol for restarting infliximab using early serum infliximab and ATI measurements. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of patients restarted on infliximab after at least a 6-month drug holiday. The cohort was divided into 2 groups: a "therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) group," those who had serum infliximab and ATI measured 1-3 weeks after first reinduction dose, and a "non-TDM group." Outcomes included results of TDM, occurrence of immediate IR (IIR) and delayed hypersensitivity reactions, and medication persistence at 14 weeks and 1 year. Results: About 76 patients were included: 49 in the TDM group and 27 in the non-TDM group. Of 76, 67 (88%) patients tolerated the first reinduction dose without IR. Formation of ATI was seen in 17 of 49 (35%) patients and was associated with longer drug holidays. Most did not experience IR during the entire therapy course-in 26 of 32 (81%) without ATI and 20 of 27 (74%) in the non-TDM group. Infliximab persistence at 14 weeks and 1 year was 76% and 57% for the cohort, respectively. Conclusion: Infliximab can be safely and effectively restarted after a drug holiday. We suggest performing TDM with a drug-tolerant assay 1-3 weeks after the first reinduction infusion as a means to identify patients at risk for severe IIR at the second dose.

Low-Fat, High-Fiber Diet Reduces Markers of Inflammation and Dysbiosis and Improves Quality of Life in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: A high-fat diet has been associated with an increased risk of ulcerative colitis (UC). We studied the effects of a low-fat, high-fiber diet (LFD) vs an improved standard American diet (iSAD, included higher quantities of fruits, vegetables, and fiber than a typical SAD). We collected data on quality of life, markers of inflammation, and fecal markers of intestinal dysbiosis in patients with UC. METHODS: We analyzed data from a parallel-group, cross-over study of 17 patients with UC in remission or with mild disease (with a flare within the past 18 mo), from February 25, 2015, through September 11, 2018. Participants were assigned randomly to 2 groups and received a LFD (10% of calories from fat) or an iSAD (35%-40% of calories from fat) for the first 4-week period, followed by a 2-week washout period, and then switched to the other diet for 4 weeks. All diets were catered and delivered to patients' homes, and each participant served as her or his own control. Serum and stool samples were collected at baseline and week 4 of each diet and analyzed for markers of inflammation. We performed 16s ribosomal RNA sequencing and untargeted and targeted metabolomic analyses on stool samples. The primary outcome was quality of life, which was measured by the short inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) questionnaire at baseline and week 4 of the diets. Secondary outcomes included changes in the Short-Form 36 health survey, partial Mayo score, markers of inflammation, microbiome and metabolome analysis, and adherence to the diet. RESULTS: Participants' baseline diets were unhealthier than either study diet. All patients remained in remission throughout the study period. Compared with baseline, the iSAD and LFD each increased quality of life, based on the short IBD questionnaire and Short-Form 36 health survey scores (baseline short IBD questionnaire score, 4.98; iSAD, 5.55; LFD, 5.77; baseline vs iSAD, P = .02; baseline vs LFD, P = .001). Serum amyloid A decreased significantly from 7.99 mg/L at baseline to 4.50 mg/L after LFD (P = .02), but did not decrease significantly compared with iSAD (7.20 mg/L; iSAD vs LFD, P = .07). The serum level of C-reactive protein decreased numerically from 3.23 mg/L at baseline to 2.51 mg/L after LFD (P = .07). The relative abundance of Actinobacteria in fecal samples decreased from 13.69% at baseline to 7.82% after LFD (P = .017), whereas the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes increased from 14.6% at baseline to 24.02% on LFD (P = .015). The relative abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii was higher after 4 weeks on the LFD (7.20%) compared with iSAD (5.37%; P = .04). Fecal levels of acetate (an anti-inflammatory metabolite) increased from a relative abundance of 40.37 at baseline to 42.52 on the iSAD and 53.98 on the LFD (baseline vs LFD, P = .05; iSAD vs LFD, P = .09). The fecal level of tryptophan decreased from a relative abundance of 1.33 at baseline to 1.08 on the iSAD (P = .43), but increased to a relative abundance of 2.27 on the LFD (baseline vs LFD, P = .04; iSAD vs LFD, P = .08); fecal levels of lauric acid decreased after LFD (baseline, 203.4; iSAD, 381.4; LFD, 29.91; baseline vs LFD, P = .04; iSAD vs LFD, P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: In a cross-over study of patients with UC in remission, we found that a catered LFD or iSAD were each well tolerated and increased quality of life. However, the LFD decreased markers of inflammation and reduced intestinal dysbiosis in fecal samples. Dietary interventions therefore might benefit patients with UC in remission. ClinicalTrials.gov no: NCT04147598.

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Is Highly Effective in Real-World Practice: Initial Results From the FMT National Registry.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is used commonly for treatment of Clostridioides difficile infections (CDIs), although prospective safety data are limited and real-world FMT practice and outcomes are not well described. The FMT National Registry was designed to assess FMT methods and both safety and effectiveness outcomes from North American FMT providers. METHODS: Patients undergoing FMT in clinical practices across North America were eligible. Participating investigators enter de-identified data into an online platform, including FMT protocol, baseline patient characteristics, CDI cure and recurrence, and short and long-term safety outcomes. RESULTS: Of the first 259 participants enrolled at 20 sites, 222 had completed short-term follow-up at 1 month and 123 had follow-up to 6 months; 171 (66%) were female. All FMTs were done for CDI and 249 (96%) used an unknown donor (eg, stool bank). One-month cure occurred in 200 patients (90%); of these, 197 (98%) received only 1 FMT. Among 112 patients with initial cure who were followed to 6 months, 4 (4%) had CDI recurrence. Severe symptoms reported within 1-month of FMT included diarrhea (n = 5 [2%]) and abdominal pain (n = 4 [2%]); 3 patients (1%) had hospitalizations possibly related to FMT. At 6 months, new diagnoses of irritable bowel syndrome were made in 2 patients (1%) and inflammatory bowel disease in 2 patients (1%). CONCLUSIONS: This prospective real-world study demonstrated high effectiveness of FMT for CDI with a good safety profile. Assessment of new conditions at long-term follow-up is planned as this registry grows and will be important for determining the full safety profile of FMT.

Expression of SARS-CoV-2 Entry Molecules ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the Gut of Patients With IBD.

BACKGROUND: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have intestinal inflammation and are treated with immune-modulating medications. In the face of the coronavirus disease-19 pandemic, we do not know whether patients with IBD will be more susceptible to infection or disease. We hypothesized that the viral entry molecules angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) are expressed in the intestine. We further hypothesized that their expression could be affected by inflammation or medication usage. METHODS: We examined the expression of Ace2 and Tmprss2 by quantitative polymerase chain reacion in animal models of IBD. Publicly available data from organoids and mucosal biopsies from patients with IBD were examined for expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2. We conducted RNA sequencing for CD11b-enriched cells and peripheral and lamina propria T-cells from well-annotated patient samples. RESULTS: ACE2 and TMPRSS2 were abundantly expressed in the ileum and colon and had high expression in intestinal epithelial cells. In animal models, inflammation led to downregulation of epithelial Ace2. Expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 was not increased in samples from patients with compared with those of control patients. In CD11b-enriched cells but not T-cells, the level of expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the mucosa was comparable to other functional mucosal genes and was not affected by inflammation. Anti-tumor necrosis factor drugs, vedolizumab, ustekinumab, and steroids were linked to significantly lower expression of ACE2 in CD11b-enriched cells. CONCLUSIONS: The viral entry molecules ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are expressed in the ileum and colon. Patients with IBD do not have higher expression during inflammation; medical therapy is associated with lower levels of ACE2. These data provide reassurance for patients with IBD.

Microbial Signatures and Innate Immune Gene Expression in Lamina Propria Phagocytes of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The interaction between intestinal microbiota and the immune system plays a vital role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although numerous deep-sequencing studies have suggested dysbiosis in IBD, identifying specific bacteria from the stool or mucosa that are responsible for disease susceptibility or severity has remained a challenge. Lamina propria phagocytes ideally are localized to interact with bacteria that are in close proximity to, or have invaded, the tissue. Thus, we examined the microbial populations associated with the lamina propria phagocytes in 20 Crohn's disease and 12 ulcerative colitis patients. Specifically, we aimed to address whether the phagocyte-associated microbiota differed from the mucosa-associated microbiota and whether this varied based on IBD type or the state of inflammation. METHODS: 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and innate immune gene expression profiling was done on CD11b+ lamina propria phagocytes isolated from the biopsies obtained from IBD patients. RESULTS: Phagocyte-associated microbiota was enriched in bacterial species belonging to phylum Proteobacteria, whereas species belonging to phylum Bacteroidetes were enriched in the mucosal microbiota of IBD patients. Disease type was the most influential factor in driving differences in the microbiota of both the mucosa and the lamina propria phagocytes, irrespective of inflammation state o`r anatomic location. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis specimens showed similar patterns of increased inflammatory gene expression in phagocytes isolated from inflamed areas compared with those isolated from uninflamed regions. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study shows the feasibility of using lamina propria phagocytes to characterize the microbiota in IBD patients. The approach used in this study can narrow the spectrum of potentially dysbiotic bacterial populations and clinically relevant gene expression signatures in IBD patients.

Effect of individualized feedback on learning curves in EGD and colonoscopy: a cluster randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Gastroenterology fellowships need to ensure that trainees achieve competence in upper endoscopy (EGD) and colonoscopy. Because the impact of structured feedback remains unknown in endoscopy training, this study compared the effect of structured feedback with standard feedback on trainee learning curves for EGD and colonoscopy. METHODS: In this multicenter, cluster, randomized controlled trial, trainees received either individualized quarterly learning curves or feedback standard to their fellowship. Assessment was performed in all trainees using the Assessment of Competency in Endoscopy tool on 5 consecutive procedures after every 25 EGDs and colonoscopies. Individual learning curves were created using cumulative sum (CUSUM) analysis. The primary outcome was the mean CUSUM score in overall technical and overall cognitive skills. RESULTS: In all, 13 programs including 132 trainees participated. The intervention arm (6 programs, 51 trainees) contributed 558 EGD and 600 colonoscopy assessments. The control arm (7 programs, 81 trainees) provided 305 EGD and 468 colonoscopy assessments. For EGD, the intervention arm (-.7 [standard deviation {SD}, 1.3]) had a superior mean CUSUM score in overall cognitive skills compared with the control arm (1.6 [SD, .8], P = .03) but not in overall technical skills (intervention, -.26 [SD, 1.4]; control, 1.76 [SD, .7]; P = .06). For colonoscopy, no differences were found between the 2 arms in overall cognitive skills (intervention, -.7 [SD, 1.3]; control, .7 [SD, 1.3]; P = .95) or overall technical skills (intervention, .1 [SD, 1.5]; control, -.1 [SD, 1.5]; P = .77). CONCLUSIONS: Quarterly feedback in the form of individualized learning curves did not affect learning curves for EGD and colonoscopy in a clinically meaningful manner. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT02891304.).

Reclassifying Pseudopolyps in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Histologic and Endoscopic Description in the New Era of Mucosal Healing.

INTRODUCTION: In this study, we identify the frequency of pseudopolyps (PPs) with normal histology and their association to surrounding tissue. METHODS: Patients were enrolled in a study identifying endoscopic characteristics of PPs (n = 29) or were collected as part of our IBD biobank (n = 16). Statistical analysis included Stata v.15.0. chi-square and Student t-test. RESULTS: A total of 45 patients with 117 PP biopsies were identified. More patients with healed PP were in endoscopic remission compared with those with inflammatory PP (82.6% vs 17.4%, respectively). CONCLUSION: This is the first study to find mucosal healing of PPs and its association with deep remission.

Inflammatory Cytokine Profile in Crohn's Disease Nonresponders to Optimal Antitumor Necrosis Factor Therapy.

BACKGROUND: A significant number of patients receiving therapy with antitumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents for Crohn's disease experience primary or secondary nonresponse. The aim of this study was to assess whether patients with nonresponse to anti-TNF agents have increased expression of alternative cytokine pathways. METHODS: We designed a prospective, cross-sectional study that included patients with Crohn's disease receiving anti-TNF undergoing colonoscopy with adequate serum trough drug levels (≥8 µg/mL) and without anti-drug antibodies. Inflammatory cytokines and cell adhesions markers measured included intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1ß, and IL-6. The primary outcome was the presence of active endoscopic inflammation defined as the presence of at least 1 ulceration ≥5 mm. RESULTS: In total, 47 patients were included. Patients with active inflammation had significantly higher levels of ICAM-1 and IL-1ß when compared with those without intestinal inflammation (45.9 vs. 35.8 ng/mL, P<0.0001 and 3.2 vs. 1.5 pg/mL, P=0.002, respectively). There were no significant differences in the other study variables. Using receiving operating curves, ICAM and IL-1ß had a good correlation (receiver operating characteristic ≥0.8) with inflammation in this cohort of patients with "anti-TNF resistance." The results were similar in the group of patients with previous anti-TNF exposure. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that patients who have active inflammation with seemingly adequate serum anti-TNF levels have increased levels of specific inflammatory pathways that may serve as biomarkers of nonresponse as well as potential targets of therapy in anti-TNF nonresponders.

Hispanics Coming to the US Adopt US Cultural Behaviors and Eat Less Healthy: Implications for Development of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) among US Hispanics is rising. Adoption of an American diet and/or US acculturation may help explain this rise. AIMS: To measure changes in diet occurring with immigration to the USA in IBD patients and controls, and to compare US acculturation between Hispanics with versus without IBD. Last, we examine the current diet of Hispanics with IBD compared to the diet of Hispanic controls. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of Hispanic immigrants with and without IBD. Participants were recruited from a university-based GI clinic. All participants completed an abbreviated version of the Stephenson Multi-Group Acculturation Scale and a 24-h diet recall (the ASA-24). Diet quality was calculated using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2010). RESULTS: We included 58 participants: 29 controls and 29 IBD patients. Most participants were Cuban or Colombian. Most participants, particularly those with IBD, reported changing their diet after immigration (72% of IBD and 57% of controls). IBD participants and controls scored similarly on US and Hispanic acculturation measures. IBD patients and controls scored equally poorly on the HEI-2010, although they differed on specific measures of poor intake. IBD patients reported a higher intake of refined grains and lower consumption of fruits, whereas controls reported higher intake of empty calories (derived from fat and alcohol). CONCLUSION: The majority of Hispanics change their diet upon immigration to the USA and eat poorly irrespective of the presence of IBD. Future studies should examine gene-diet interactions to better understand underlying causes of IBD in Hispanics.

Genetic Characterization and Influence on Inflammatory Bowel Disease Expression in a Diverse Hispanic South Florida Cohort.

OBJECTIVES: Hispanics represent an understudied inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) population. Prior studies examining genetic predisposition to IBD in Hispanics are limited. In this study, we examined whether European-derived IBD variants confer risk in Hispanics and their influence on IBD phenotype in Hispanics compared to non-Hispanic whites (NHW). METHODS: Self-identified Hispanics and NHWs with IBD were included. Hispanic controls were included for our genetic analyses. We performed single-variant testing at previously identified Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) IBD variants in Hispanic cases and controls. These risk variants were used to compute individual genetic risk scores. Genetic risk scores and phenotype associations were compared between Hispanic and NHW. RESULTS: A total of 1,115 participants were included: 698 controls and 417 IBD patients (230 Hispanics). We found evidence of association within our Hispanic cohort at 22 IBD risk loci, with ~76% of the risk loci demonstrating over-representation of the European risk allele; these included loci corresponding to IL23R and NOD2 genes. CD genetic risk score for Hispanics (199.67) was similar to the score for NHW (200.33), P=0.51; the same was true in UC. Genetic risk scores did not predict IBD phenotype or complications in Hispanics or NHW except for a younger age of CD onset in Hispanics (P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the fundamental importance of these loci in IBD pathogenesis including in our diverse Hispanic population. Future studies looking at non-genetic mechanisms of disease are needed to explain differences in age of presentation and phenotype between Hispanics and NHW.

Endoscopic Delivery of Fecal Biotherapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

The intestinal microbiome plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We are able to use the microbiome as a therapeutic target with use of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for cure of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Given our ability to target the dysbiotic state with FMT, its use as therapy in IBD has tremendous potential. This overview discusses the practical considerations of FMT therapy with respect to our current understanding of safety and efficacy in IBD, screening for donors and recipients, specimen handling and storage, methods of delivery, and regulatory considerations.

Gut microbiota and inflammatory bowel disease: the role of antibiotics in disease management.

Imbalances in the composition and number of bacteria in the gut microbiota have been implicated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and modulation of the gut microbiota by probiotics and antibiotics in IBD has been an active area of research, with mixed results. This narrative review summarizes the findings of relevant publications identified using the PubMed database. Although antibiotics have been associated with an increased risk of IBD development and flares, several meta-analyses demonstrate that antibiotics are efficacious for the induction of remission and treatment of flares in patients with IBD. Data supporting their use include a large number of antibiotic studies in Crohn's disease and evidence suggests antibiotics are efficacious in both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, although there are fewer studies of the latter. For Crohn's disease, antibiotics have been shown to be useful for the induction of remission and in the postoperative management of patients undergoing surgery. Additionally, patients with fistulizing disease, particularly perianal, can benefit from antibiotics administered short term. Both antimicrobials and probiotics have been shown to be useful for the treatment of pouchitis. Additional randomized controlled trials are needed to further elucidate the role of bacteria in IBD and to better inform clinicians about appropriate antibiotic therapies.