Continuous Kidney Replacement Therapy and Survival in Children and Young Adults: Findings From the Multinational WE-ROCK Collaborative.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: There are limited studies describing the epidemiology and outcomes in children and young adults receiving continuous kidney replacement therapy (CKRT). We aimed to describe associations between patient characteristics, CKRT prescription, and survival. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective multicenter cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 980 patients aged from birth to 25 years who received CKRT between 2015 and 2021 at 1 of 32 centers in 7 countries participating in WE-ROCK (Worldwide Exploration of Renal Replacement Outcomes Collaborative in Kidney Diseases). EXPOSURE: CKRT for acute kidney injury or volume overload. OUTCOMES: Death before intensive care unit (ICU) discharge. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Median age was 8.8 years (IQR, 1.6-15.0), and median weight was 26.8 (IQR, 11.6-55.0) kg. CKRT was initiated a median of 2 (IQR, 1-6) days after ICU admission and lasted a median of 6 (IQR, 3-14) days. The most common CKRT modality was continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration. Citrate anticoagulation was used in 62%, and the internal jugular vein was the most common catheter placement location (66%). 629 participants (64.1%) survived at least until ICU discharge. CKRT dose, filter type, and anticoagulation were similar in those who did and did not survive to ICU discharge. There were apparent practice variations by institutional ICU size. LIMITATIONS: Retrospective design; limited representation from centers outside the United States. CONCLUSIONS: In this study of children and young adults receiving CKRT, approximately two thirds survived at least until ICU discharge. Although variations in dialysis mode and dose, catheter size and location, and anticoagulation were observed, survival was not detected to be associated with these parameters. PLAIN-LANGUAGE SUMMARY: In this large contemporary epidemiological study of children and young adults receiving continuous kidney replacement therapy in the intensive care unit, we observed that two thirds of patients survived at least until ICU discharge. However, patients with comorbidities appeared to have worse outcomes. Compared with previously published reports on continuous kidney replacement therapy practice, we observed greater use of continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration with regional citrate anticoagulation.

The Effect of the Coronavirus-2019 Pandemic on Pediatric Critical Care Fellowship Training.

Objective: To assess the impact of the coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on pediatric critical care medicine (PCCM) fellowship training through a cross-sectional survey of both program directors (PDs) and fellows. Design: Cross-sectional internet-based survey. Setting: Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited PCCM fellowship programs in the United States. Subjects: PCCM PDs and fellows. Results: A total of 34 PDs and 92 fellows responded to the national survey (rate of 47% and 17%, respectively). The majority (69%) of respondents agreed that medical education has been negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. When PDs were surveyed, 91% noted a significant decrease in the patient census since March 2020, with 59% citing a >15% decrease. Further, 65% reported trainees had less procedural experience. All respondents reported that education was at least in part provided through virtual learning platforms, with nearly half having exclusive remote learning without in-person sessions. Fifty percent of PDs and 62% of fellows reported decreased learner engagement during virtual didactics when compared to in-person education. The majority of PDs reported specific decreases in simulation, procedural skills training, and ultrasound training. Few PDs (15%) and fellows (13-16%) reported redeployment to adult patient care, with northeastern programs having the highest rates. In univariate analyses, decreased PDs confidence in trainee procedural skills was associated with reported decreases in number of procedures performed (P = .0006) and number of procedural skills didactic sessions (P = .0245). Change in the unit census was associated with less PDs confidence in fellows' medical knowledge (P = .0004), fellows' management skills (P = .0232), and fellows' procedural skills (P = .0003), with larger decreases in patient census correlating with larger decreases in confidence. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the education and clinical training of PCCM fellows. More knowledge on this topic can assist PDs in curriculum changes for the future to address any gaps in learning that have occurred.

Characteristics, Cardiac Involvement, and Outcomes of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome of Childhood Associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Infection.

We report on the presentation and course of 33 children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Hemodynamic instability and cardiac dysfunction were prominent findings, with most patients exhibiting rapid resolution following anti-inflammatory therapy.

Characteristics and Outcomes of Critically Ill Pediatric Patients with Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a clinical and radiologic entity, typically manifesting as reversible neurological symptoms and signs of white matter edema on magnetic resonance imaging. PRES has been widely described in adults. Studies of PRES in children are mostly limited to case series and case controls. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of patients under 21 years with PRES admitted at a tertiary children's hospital from 2011 to 2016. They were compared to controls matched for age and mortality risk using the Pediatric Index of Mortality-2 score. RESULTS: Sixteen cases of PRES were identified in 13 patients (ages 5-17 years, 46% male). PRES presented with altered mental status (75%), seizures (77%), headache (31%), and vision changes (23%). In patients who recovered (n = 11), median days to symptom resolution was three (range 1-8). PRES patients had a higher mortality rate (15% vs. 5%, p < 0.05) and higher mean length of stay (13.1 vs. 4.6 days) and were more likely to have autoimmune disease (p < 0.05), immunosuppression (p < 0.05), and anemia (p < 0.05). No PRES patients were diagnosed with epilepsy by last known follow-up, and all of whom had been started on an antiepileptic drug were discontinued within 13 months. Sepsis was suspected in 53% of PRES patients and 59% of controls (p = 1.00). All PRES patients had stage II hypertension, versus 41% of controls (p < 0.05). Average creatinine in PRES was 2.35 mg/dL compared to 0.90 mg/dL in controls (p < 0.05). PRES patients had lower serum calcium (p < 0.05). After correcting for albumin, no association between PRES and hypocalcemia remained. PRES patients had a higher length of stay (13.1 vs. 4.6 days, p < 0.05) and mortality rate (15% vs. 3%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Immunosuppression, autoimmune disease, renal insufficiency, anemia, and hypertension are associated with PRES after controlling for mortality risk in critically ill children. There was no association between corrected serum calcium and sepsis with PRES.

Criteria for Critical Care Infants and Children: PICU Admission, Discharge, and Triage Practice Statement and Levels of Care Guidance.

OBJECTIVES: To update the American Academy of Pediatrics and Society of Critical Care Medicine's 2004 Guidelines and levels of care for PICU. DESIGN: A task force was appointed by the American College of Critical Care Medicine to follow a standardized and systematic review of the literature using an evidence-based approach. The 2004 Admission, Discharge and Triage Guidelines served as the starting point, and searches in Medline (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), and PubMed resulted in 329 articles published from 2004 to 2016. Only 21 pediatric studies evaluating outcomes related to pediatric level of care, specialized PICU, patient volume, or personnel. Of these, 13 studies were large retrospective registry data analyses, six small single-center studies, and two multicenter survey analyses. Limited high-quality evidence was found, and therefore, a modified Delphi process was used. Liaisons from the American Academy of Pediatrics were included in the panel representing critical care, surgical, and hospital medicine expertise for the development of this practice guidance. The title was amended to "practice statement" and "guidance" because Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology was not possible in this administrative work and to align with requirements put forth by the American Academy of Pediatrics. METHODS: The panel consisted of two groups: a voting group and a writing group. The panel used an iterative collaborative approach to formulate statements on the basis of the literature review and common practice of the pediatric critical care bedside experts and administrators on the task force. Statements were then formulated and presented via an online anonymous voting tool to a voting group using a three-cycle interactive forecasting Delphi method. With each cycle of voting, statements were refined on the basis of votes received and on comments. Voting was conducted between the months of January 2017 and March 2017. The consensus was deemed achieved once 80% or higher scores from the voting group were recorded on any given statement or where there was consensus upon review of comments provided by voters. The Voting Panel was required to vote in all three forecasting events for the final evaluation of the data and inclusion in this work. The writing panel developed admission recommendations by level of care on the basis of voting results. RESULTS: The panel voted on 30 statements, five of which were multicomponent statements addressing characteristics specific to PICU level of care including team structure, technology, education and training, academic pursuits, and indications for transfer to tertiary or quaternary PICU. Of the remaining 25 statements, 17 reached consensus cutoff score. Following a review of the Delphi results and consensus, the recommendations were written. CONCLUSIONS: This practice statement and level of care guidance manuscript addresses important specifications for each PICU level of care, including the team structure and resources, technology and equipment, education and training, quality metrics, admission and discharge criteria, and indications for transfer to a higher level of care. The sparse high-quality evidence led the panel to use a modified Delphi process to seek expert opinion to develop consensus-based recommendations where gaps in the evidence exist. Despite this limitation, the members of the Task Force believe that these recommendations will provide guidance to practitioners in making informed decisions regarding pediatric admission or transfer to the appropriate level of care to achieve best outcomes.

Executive Summary: Criteria for Critical Care of Infants and Children: PICU Admission, Discharge, and Triage Practice Statement and Levels of Care Guidance.

This is an executive summary of the 2019 update of the 2004 guidelines and levels of care for PICU. Since previous guidelines, there has been a tremendous transformation of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine with advancements in pediatric cardiovascular medicine, transplant, neurology, trauma, and oncology as well as improvements of care in general PICUs. This has led to the evolution of resources and training in the provision of care through the PICU. Outcome and quality research related to admission, transfer, and discharge criteria as well as literature regarding PICU levels of care to include volume, staffing, and structure were reviewed and included in this statement as appropriate. Consequently, the purposes of this significant update are to address the transformation of the field and codify a revised set of guidelines that will enable hospitals, institutions, and individuals in developing the appropriate PICU for their community needs. The target audiences of the practice statement and guidance are broad and include critical care professionals; pediatricians; pediatric subspecialists; pediatric surgeons; pediatric surgical subspecialists; pediatric imaging physicians; and other members of the patient care team such as nurses, therapists, dieticians, pharmacists, social workers, care coordinators, and hospital administrators who make daily administrative and clinical decisions in all PICU levels of care.

Case Report: Typhoid Fever Complicated by Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in a Pediatric Traveler.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is seldom described as a complication of typhoid fever (TF). Only 13 cases have hitherto been reported in the English and non-English literature since 1990. We report an 8-year-old boy with TF after return from India who developed pediatric ARDS (pARDS) despite adequate antibiotic treatment. Among patients with available information including this case, we noted that most not born or raised in a TF-endemic country (4/6) compared with none (0/6) of the domestic cases in a TF-endemic country developed ARDS within 48 hours of starting the antibiotic treatment. Our case raises important questions regarding the frequency, pathophysiology, and appropriate management of ARDS and pARDS in patients with TF.

The Impact and Statistical Analysis of a Multifaceted Anticoagulation Strategy in Children Supported on ECMO: Performance and Pitfalls.

BACKGROUND: We sought to determine whether the introduction of a new anticoagulation protocol improved the frequency with which target anticoagulation parameters were met in children supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Additionally, we sought to correlate the results of various tests of anticoagulation with the heparin infusion dose (HID) for patients on ECMO and to evaluate the utility of these anticoagulation monitoring tests for the titration of the HID. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of 18 patients who received ECMO at an academic tertiary care children's hospital. Nine patients who were managed using a new anticoagulation protocol were matched by age and diagnosis with 9 patients managed with the old protocol. We collected data relating to patient demographics, type of extracorporeal support, disease process, and incidence of bleeding or thrombosis. Anticoagulation parameters collected include the activated clotting time (ACT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time/international normalized ratio, anti-factor Xa level, and antithrombin 3 level along with the HID at each time point. Patient groups were compared using a Generalized Linear Mixed Model, a mixed model analysis of variance, and correlational studies. MAIN RESULTS: The percentage of in-range ACT values was not different between the 2 protocols, whereas the percentage of in-range aPTT values was higher in the new anticoagulation protocol (ACT: 37.7% vs 39.5%; aPTT: 25.1% vs 39.8%). After accounting for repeated and variable measures within patients, the probability of obtaining an in-range ACT and aPTT did not differ significantly between the 2 protocols (ACT: P = .3488; aPTT: P = .16). The mean HID did not differ between the 2 groups (35.0 unit/kg/h vs 37.6 unit/kg/h, P = .56). Correlation coefficients demonstrated a significant inverse correlation between the ACT and the HID in both the groups (old: r = -.22, P < .0001; new: r = -.26, P < .0001). We observed a significant positive correlation between the aPTT and the HID in the historical group (r = .25, P < .0001), but no correlation between the aPTT and the HID in the current group (r = -.02, P = .71). The anti-factor Xa level showed a significantly positive correlation with the HID in the current group (r = .62, P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: A multipronged monitoring regimen slightly increased the amount of time that anticoagulation parameters were within range. Correlations between the HID and the aPTT differed based on anticoagulation protocol, with a positive correlation in the older protocol and no correlation in the new protocol. This may highlight a problem in study design and analysis that requires further examination. Further trials are needed to assess the most useful markers with which anticoagulation protocols for ECMO can be created, adjusted, and evaluated.

Consensus Communication on Early Peanut Introduction and Prevention of Peanut Allergy in High-Risk Infants.

The purpose of this brief communication is to highlight emerging evidence regarding potential benefits of supporting early rather than delayed peanut introduction during the period of complementary food introduction in infants. This document should be considered as interim guidance based on consensus among the following organizations: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Israel Association of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Japanese Society for Allergology, Society for Pediatric Dermatology, and World Allergy Organization. More formal guidelines regarding early-life, complementary feeding practices and the risk of allergy development will follow in the next year from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases-sponsored Working Group and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

Consensus communication on early peanut introduction and the prevention of peanut allergy in high-risk infants.

The purpose of this brief communication is to highlight emerging evidence to existing guidelines regarding potential benefits of supporting early, rather than delayed, peanut introduction during the period of complementary food introduction in infants. This document should be considered as interim guidance based on consensus among the following organizations: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Israel Association of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Japanese Society for Allergology, Society for Pediatric Dermatology, and World Allergy Organization. More formal guidelines regarding early-life, complementary feeding practices and the risk of allergy development will follow in the next year from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases-sponsored Working Group and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

Consensus communication on early peanut introduction and the prevention of peanut allergy in high-risk infants.

The purpose of this brief communication is to highlight emerging evidence to existing guidelines regarding potential benefits of supporting early, rather than delayed, peanut introduction during the period of complementary food introduction in infants. This document should be considered as interim guidance based on consensus among the following organizations: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Israel Association of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Japanese Society for Allergology, Society for Pediatric Dermatology, and World Allergy Organization. More formal guidelines regarding early-life, complementary feeding practices and the risk of allergy development will follow in the next year from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases-sponsored Working Group and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

Foreign body aspiration in a child with unilateral lung aplasia.

OBJECTIVE: To present a case of foreign body aspiration in a child with unilateral lung aplasia and successful removal of the foreign body by bedside flexible bronchoscopy. DATA SOURCE: Case details were obtained from medical records. STUDY SELECTION: Eighteen-month-old girl with unilateral lung aplasia. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Demographic details (age) and clinical and biochemical data (blood gas) were obtained from medical records. An 18-mo-old girl with the diagnosis of right lung aplasia, who underwent aortopexy in the newborn period for severe respiratory distress, presented with acute-onset respiratory distress. The patient was treated with bronchodilators and steroids without success and rapidly progressed to respiratory failure. Flexible bronchoscopy done at the bedside showed a foreign body completely obstructing the left main bronchus. The rigid bronchoscopy was unsuccessful in extracting the foreign body because of the complex airway anatomy. The foreign body was successfully extracted by basket forceps via a flexible bronchoscope, and the patient recovered remarkably within few hours of the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Because foreign body aspiration in a child with a unilateral lung can result in abrupt respiratory compromise and death, a high index of suspicion is necessary when these children present with acute respiratory symptoms. Although rigid bronchoscopy is the procedure of choice for the removal of foreign bodies, flexible bronchoscopy may be necessary for patients with abnormal airway anatomy.

CHIT1 mutations: genetic risk factor for severe asthma with fungal sensitization?

Fungi can exacerbate symptoms in patients with asthma. To our knowledge, genetic risk factors for fungal-associated asthma have not been described. We present here the cases of 6 children who carried the diagnosis of severe asthma with fungal sensitization, 3 of whom were treated with and responded clinically to itraconazole therapy. All 6 patients were heterozygous for a 24-base pair duplication in the CHIT1 gene, which has been associated with decreased levels of circulating chitotriosidase and susceptibility to fungal infection.

Severe asthma with fungal sensitization in a child: response to itraconazole therapy.

People with severe asthma with fungal sensitization may represent an underdiagnosed subset of patients with refractory disease. It is important to know that such patients may benefit from adjunct treatment with antifungal agents. We describe here the case of a child with refractory asthma, persistent airway obstruction, a serum immunoglobulin E level of >20000 IU/mL, and severe eosinophilic airway infiltration. Although he did not meet diagnostic criteria for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, he demonstrated evidence of sensitization to several fungi and responded dramatically to the addition of itraconazole therapy. We also discuss emerging hypotheses regarding fungal-induced asthma.