Anterior Segment Complications Following Intravitreal Injection.

Intravitreal injections (IVI s) have gained increased popularity in the past decades and are used to treat a multitude of ailments. In 2010, the total number of IVI s surpassed the number of cataract surgeries performed, making it the most common procedure in ophthalmology. As the number of injections increases, so does the number of injected-related complications. While complications in the posterior segment, such as retinal detachment or endophthalmitis, are detrimental to visual function and have therefore been well documented, IVI s can also lead to complications in the anterior segment. These include hyphema, inflammation of the sterile anterior segment (incidence rate of 0.05 to 1.1% depending on the drug), implant migration with corneal decompensation (incidence rate of 0.43%), iatrogenic lens damage (incidence rate of 0.07%), accelerated cataract formation (up to 50% for steroids and 10.9% for anti-VEGF), and an increased complication rate during subsequent cataract surgery (up to 4% per IVI). Most of these complications occur immediately and have a good prognosis if treated correctly. However, the increased risk of complications during subsequent surgery demonstrates that IVI s can also have long-term complications, a topic that needs to be explored further in future research projects.

Next-generation study databases require FAIR, EHR-integrated, and scalable Electronic Data Capture for medical documentation and decision support.

Structured patient data play a key role in all types of clinical research. They are often collected in study databases for research purposes. In order to describe characteristics of a next-generation study database and assess the feasibility of its implementation a proof-of-concept study in a German university hospital was performed. Key characteristics identified include FAIR access to electronic case report forms (eCRF), regulatory compliant Electronic Data Capture (EDC), an EDC with electronic health record (EHR) integration, scalable EDC for medical documentation, patient generated data, and clinical decision support. In a local case study, we then successfully implemented a next-generation study database for 19 EDC systems (n = 2217 patients) that linked to i.s.h.med (Oracle Cerner) with the local EDC system called OpenEDC. Desiderata of next-generation study databases for patient data were identified from ongoing local clinical study projects in 11 clinical departments at Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany, a major tertiary referral hospital. We compiled and analyzed feature and functionality requests submitted to the OpenEDC team between May 2021 and July 2023. Next-generation study databases are technically and clinically feasible. Further research is needed to evaluate if our approach is feasible in a multi-center setting as well.

Two-Photon Vision in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Translational Study.

The recently introduced term "two-photon vision" relates to the visual perception resulting from a simultaneous absorption of two photons by photoreceptors. In this study, we determined two-photon retinal sensitivity in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and compared it that in normal aging. Microperimetry was performed with visible (white) light and infrared (IR) light, which was perceived as green in the two-photon stimulation. In total, 45 subjects were included with one (better) eye studied. Furthermore, best-corrected visual acuity (VA) and ocular straylight were assessed. AMD resulted in decreased median (interquartile range) logMAR VA, i.e., 0.15 (0.05; 0.24), which in normal eyes was −0.02 (−0.06; 0.02). The two groups showed comparable straylight levels. Sensitivity to IR light was significantly lower in the AMD group (p < 0.001): 8.3 (7.4, 9.3) dB than in controls 10.7 (9.7, 11.2) dB. AMD also significantly affected visible light sensitivity (p < 0.001): 14.0 (11.0; 15.5) dB vs. 18.0 (16.3; 18.9) dB. Notably, the two-photon approach yielded a lower data spread. In conclusion, AMD considerably impairs retinal sensitivity measured in the single- and two-photon realm. However, two-photon-vision microperimetry may improve the testing accuracy and offer an additional diagnostic parameter (beyond VA measurements) for retinal function assessment.

Semi-Automated Quantification of Retinal and Choroidal Biomarkers in Retinal Vascular Diseases: Agreement of Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography with and without Enhanced Depth Imaging Mode.

BACKGROUND: We compared with and without enhanced depth imaging mode (EDI) in semi-automated quantification of retinal and choroidal biomarkers in optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) or retinal vein occlusion (RVO) complicated by macular edema. We chose to study three OCT biomarkers: the numbers of hyperreflective foci (HF), the ellipsoid zone reflectivity ratio (EZR) and the choroidal vascularity index (CVI), all known to be correlated with visual acuity changes or treatment outcomes. METHODS: In a single examination, one eye of each patient (n = 60; diabetic retinopathy: n = 27, retinal vein occlusion: n = 33) underwent macular 870 nm spectral domain-OCT (SD-OCT) B-scans without and with EDI mode. Semi-automated quantification of HF, EZR and CVI was applied according to preexisting published protocols. Paired Student's t-test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to test for differences in subgroups. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots were applied to describe the agreement between quantification in EDI and conventional OCT mode. The effect of macular edema on semi-automated quantification was evaluated. RESULTS: For the entire cohort, quantification of all three biomarkers was not significantly different in SD-OCT scans with and without EDI mode (p > 0.05). ICC was 0.78, 0.90 and 0.80 for HF, EZR and CVI. The presence of macular edema led to significant differences in the quantification of hyperreflective foci (without EDI: 80.00 ± 33.70, with EDI: 92.08 ± 38.11; mean difference: 12.09, p = 0.03), but not in the quantification of EZR and CVI (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Quantification of EZR and CVI was comparable whether or not EDI mode was used. In conclusion, both retinal and choroidal biomarkers can be quantified from one single 870 nm SD-OCT EDI image.

Ellipsoid Zone Integrity and Visual Acuity Changes during Diabetic Macular Edema Therapy: A Longitudinal Study.

PURPOSE: Ellipsoid zone (EZ) integrity is identified as a potential biomarker for therapy surveillance and outcome prediction of visual acuity (VA). However, only a few studies report long-term results of over 1 year of clinical and anatomical changes in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME). This study is aimed at describing the long-term VA and anatomical outcomes in spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) (relative ellipsoid zone reflectivity ratio, central macular thickness, and volume) in patients with DME treated with antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy. Furthermore, we studied the correlation between EZ integrity and changes in visual acuity. METHODS: 71 eyes of 71 patients were included in this retrospective study. Clinical characteristics were reviewed yearly. OCT data were assessed at baseline and after 1, 3, and 5 years. EZ parameters were quantified automatically. OCT parameters and visual outcome were correlated and analyzed in multivariable regression models. RESULTS: EZ reflectivity ratio correlated with functional outcome in DME patients from baseline to fifth year at all time points (for all p < 0.05). EZ reflectivity improved the most in the first year of treatment (0.68 to 0.75; p < 0.05) and declined gradually until year 5 of therapy (0.71; compared to baseline p > 0.05). Similarly, best VA was achieved after 1 year (0.40 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) to 0.28 logMAR; p < 0.001) and declined gradually until year 5. Final VA in year 5 was comparable to baseline (0.45 logMAR, compared to baseline p > 0.05). Together with baseline VA, baseline EZ parameters did predict VA outcome after 1 year (p < 0.05). Concordantly, VA and EZ parameters from year 1 were associated with VA outcome in year 2. CONCLUSION: This study described the long-term course of EZ changes during anti-VEGF treatment in DME patients. In addition, our results underlined the potential of EZ parameters as novel OCT biomarkers for prediction of VA outcomes during therapy.