Insights into time fractional dynamics in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky system through singular and non-singular kernels.

In the realm of nonlinear dynamics, the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction system has long held the fascination of researchers. The Belousov-Zhabotinsky system continues to be an active area of research, offering insights into the fundamental principles of nonlinear dynamics in complex systems. To deepen our understanding of this intricate system, we introduce a pioneering approach to tackle the time fractional Belousov-Zhabotinsky system, employing the Caputo and Atangana-Baleanu Caputo fractional derivatives with the double Laplace method. The solution we obtained is in the form of series which helps in investigating the accuracy of the proposed method. The primary advantage of the proposed technique lies in the low amount of calculations required and produce high degree of precision in the solutions. Furthermore, the existence and uniqueness of the solution are investigated thereby enhancing the overall credibility of our study. To visually represent our results, we present a series of 2D and 3D graphical representations that vividly illustrate the behavior of the model and the impact of changing the fractional order derivative and the time on the obtained solutions.

Sun-Exposed versus Sun-Protected Cutaneous Basal Cell Carcinoma: Clinico-Pathological Profile and p16 Immunostaining.

INTRODUCTION: Although widespread, BCC is still relatively poorly understood in regards to pathogenesis and prognosis, particularly the lesions formed on anatomical sites away from sun exposure. With the aim of deepening our understanding of the pathogenesis and clinico-pathological correlations of BCCs, we conducted this study. METHODS: Tissue blocks and data of 52 Egyptian patients diagnosed with BCC were retrieved for clinical information and inclusion criteria, then re-examined histologically; p16 immunostaining was carried out and evaluated for analysis and comparison between the two groups, i.e., sun-exposed and sun-protected. RESULTS: Sex, age, clinical suspicion, tumor size, recurrence status, and histologic variants did not show a significant difference between the sun-protected and sun-exposed groups; however, the mean ages recorded were 67.2 vs. 62.7 for the sun-protected and sun-exposed groups, respectively. A total of 52% of BCCs were positive for p16. The sun-protected lesions showed p16 positivity in 61% of cases, whereas 49% of the sun-exposed lesions were positive with no significant difference. There was a significant difference in p16 expression between the recurrent and non-recurrent lesions. CONCLUSIONS: A significant difference was seen in the case of cancer recurrence, where all the recurrent BCCs in this study demonstrated negative p16 immunostaining of the primary lesions; however, the positively stained cases in total were 52% of BCCs. The mean patient age of the sun-protected group was much higher than in previous peer studies. We assume that the biological, prognostic, and clinical aspects of p16 protein expression in BCCs are still far from being clearly understood. Further studies are highly recommended, with more focus on its role in the pathogenesis and the prognostic factors.

Synthesis and characterization of novel acrylamide derivatives and their use as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in hydrochloric acid solution.

Two new acrylamide derivatives were prepared namely: "N-(bis(2-hydroxyethyl) carbamothioyl) acrylamide (BHCA) and N-((2-hydroxyethyl) carbamothioyl) acrylamide( HCA) and their chemical structures were analyzed and confirmed using IR and 1H NMR". These chemicals were investigated as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel (CS) in 1 M HCl medium using chemical method (mass  loss, ML), and electrochemical techniques including potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that the acrylamide derivatives work well as corrosion inhibitors, with inhibition efficacy (%IE) reaching 94.91-95.28% at 60 ppm for BHCA and HCA, respectively. Their inhibition depends mainly on their concentration and temperature of the solution. According to the PDP files, these derivatives function as mixed-type inhibitors that physically adsorb on the CS surface in accordance with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, creating a thin coating that shields the CS surface from corrosive fluids. The charge transfer resistance (Rct) increased and the double layer capacitance (Cdl) decreased as a result of the adsorption of the used derivatives. Calculated and described were the thermodynamic parameters for activation and adsorption. Quantum chemistry computations and Monte Carlo simulations were examined and discussed for these derivatives under investigation. Surface analysis was checked using atomic force microscope (AFM). Validity of the obtained data was demonstrated by the confirmation of these several independent procedures.

Influence of the dissipation on the N-level atom interacting with a two two-level atoms in presence of qubit-qubit interaction.

The interacting of two qubits and an N-level atom based on su(2) Lie algebra in the presence of both qubit-qubit interaction and dissipation term is considered. The effects of the qubit-qubit interaction and the dissipation term on the dynamics of the proposed system are discussed in detail for certain values of the number of levels. The dynamical expressions of the observable operators are obtained using the Heisenberg equation of motion. The population inversion and linear entropy, as well as the concurrence formula as a measure of entanglement between the two qubits are calculated and discussed. The roles of the number of levels, the qubit-qubit coupling parameter and the dissipation rate on these quantities are also discussed. We explore the sudden birth and sudden death of the entanglement phenomena with and without the dissipation term.

Two-Qubit Local Fisher Information Correlation beyond Entanglement in a Nonlinear Generalized Cavity with an Intrinsic Decoherence.

In this paper, we study a Hamiltonian system constituted by two coupled two-level atoms (qubits) interacting with a nonlinear generalized cavity field. The nonclassical two-qubit correlation dynamics are investigated using Bures distance entanglement and local quantum Fisher information under the influences of intrinsic decoherence and qubit-qubit interaction. The effects of the superposition of two identical generalized coherent states and the initial coherent field intensity on the generated two-qubit correlations are investigated. Entanglement of sudden death and sudden birth of the Bures distance entanglement as well as the sudden changes in local Fisher information are observed. We show that the robustness, against decoherence, of the generated two-qubit correlations can be controlled by qubit-qubit coupling and the initial coherent cavity states.

Entanglement and entropy squeezing in the system of two qubits interacting with a two-mode field in the context of power low potentials.

We study the dynamics of two non-stationary qubits, allowing for dipole-dipole and Ising-like interplays between them, coupled to quantized fields in the framework of two-mode pair coherent states of power-low potentials. We focus on three particular cases of the coherent states through the exponent parameter taken infinite square, triangular and harmonic potential wells. We examine the possible effects of such features on the evolution of some quantities of current interest, such as population inversion, entanglement among subsystems and squeezing entropy. We show how these quantities can be affected by the qubit-qubit interaction and exponent parameter during the time evolution for both cases of stationary and non-stationary qubits. The obtained results suggest insights about the capability of quantum systems composed of nonstationary qubits to maintain resources in comparison with stationary qubits.

Acceptability of silver diamine fluoride as interim measure towards untreated dental caries and its impact on ohrqol among children with HIV: Pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Children with HIV are a special group with limited access to care and high prevalence of dental caries. Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) is approved universally for the management of asymptomatic carious lesions but research on the psychological impact of black staining is scarce. AIMS: Effect of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) application as an interim caries management on the child's oral health-related quality of life of children with HIV over a period of 4 months until definitive care was provided. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A pilot study conducted among children with HIV in a care home. It was a pilot trial to check the acceptability of SDF among these children. METHODS AND MATERIAL: Forty-two children (12.3 ± 3.5 years) participated in this pilot study. Prevalence of caries (DMFT), candidiasis, gingival inflammation, and cervical lymphadenitis was evaluated. OHRQoL inventory (COHIP-SF) was completed by the students at baseline, immediately, 4 months after SDF application. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: One-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey HSD test. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Poor oral hygiene was universal and mean DMFT was 3.2 ± 2.5. OHRQoL was not significantly affected at baseline (26.2 ± 6.4), but immediately following SDF application, OHRQoL was significantly poor (48.7 ± 8.2), remained poor even after 4 months (42.6 ± 6.1). Emotional wellbeing was significantly impacted negatively following SDF application (p < 0.001); whereas oral health, functional wellbeing dimensions were not impacted. SDF should be used with caution among special children as the black discoloration of the teeth can cause emotional trauma and negatively impacting their OHRQoL while trying to improve the same.

A Comparison of Six Ultrasound Stimulation Types on Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Growth in Vitro.

BACKGROUND: This work evaluated the efficiency of common ultrasound stimulation (U.S.S) types on bacterial growth in vitro using clinically relevant conditions. OBJECTIVE: To estimate different frequencies ultrasound bactericidal ability on bacteria in bacteria of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Six types of U.S.S (continuous wave, 7w/cm2, 20 KHz; continuous wave, 35w/0.8L, 40 KHz; continuous wave, 5w/cm2, 1.1 MHz; pulsed wave, 5w/cm2, 3.3 MHz; continuous wave, 5w/cm2, 3.3 MHz and continuous wave, 0.5w/cm2, 3.5 MHz) were applied to a separate set of culture plates containing Pseudomonas aeruginosa for 10 minutes at room temperature on four sample sets to inhibit bacterial growth. After US.S treatment, the zone of inhibition at the US probe location was measured. RESULTS: Zone of inhibition measurements demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect for continuous wave US.S of 5w/cm2, 1.1 MHz; pulsed wave US.S of 5w/cm2, 3.3 MHz; and continuous wave US.S of 5w/cm2, 3.3 MHz (p < 0.05), but not for continuous wave US.S of 7w/cm2, 20 KHz; continuous wave US.S of 35w/0.8L, 40 KHz; and continuous wave US.S of 0.5w/cm2, 3.5 MHz. CONCLUSION: The data suggest that for infected wounds, continuous wave US.S of 5w/cm2 and 1.1 MHz; pulsed wave US.S of 5w/cm2 and 3.3 MHz; and continuous wave US.S of 5w/cm2 and 3.3 MHz ultrasound treatments may have an initial bacterial inhibitory effect, which does not significantly change with subsequent treatments.

Subtotal laparoscopic cholecystectomy influences the rate of conversion in patients with difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Case series.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to show that subtotal laparoscopic cholecystectomy (SLC) is a safe procedure that reduces the rate of conversion in patients with difficult laporoscopic cholecystectomies in resource-meagre settings. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Following informed consent, patients with gallstones reporting to Atbara Medical Centre, Atbara, Northern Sudan from February 2012 to July 2013 were managed laparoscopically except those with choledocholithiasis. SLC was done for patients with difficult cholecystectomy and obscured Callot's triangle. Clinical presentation, duration of symptoms, ultrasound findings, frequency of conversion to open operation, frequency of difficult cholecystectomy, operation duration and numbers/types of complications were recorded. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS. RESULTS: One hundred and nine patients with a median age of 48 years, F:M ratio of 9 and mean duration of symptoms of 14.8 ± 12.9 months were enrolled. A quarter (29/109, 26.6%) had acute choleycystitis, 13% had difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy. SLC was done for 16.2%. Retained stones were statistically significant in patients who underwent subtotal laparoscopic cholecystectomy (p = 0.02) with a conversion rate of 5.5%. CONCLUSION: SLC is feasible, safe and can reduce the rate of conversion for patients with difficult laporoscopic cholecystectomy. Sub-total laparoscopic cholecystectomy is not a substitute to conversion and in difficult conditions it is not a failure for the surgeon but a wisdom.

Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer: a Retrospective analysis of 120 cases.

INTRODUCTION: Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer (ATC) is one of the most lethal malignancies with very short survival and extremely poor treatment outcome. ATC accounts for 2-5% of all thyroid cancers worldwide with an annual incidence of about 2 million. OBJECTIVE: To review the natural history and treatment outcome of ATC patients treated at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSH and RC) located at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective review of 120 Saudi cancer patients collected from registry data at KFSH & RC from 1976-2008. Search key words included: thyroid cancer, anaplastic, undifferentiated and not otherwise specified. Search was not restricted to particular age, gender, treatment or tumor size. Demographic information, baseline patient characteristics including date of diagnosis, type of treatment and date of death were obtained from KFSH & RC registry data and Saudi death registry. RESULTS: A total of 120 cases were identified at our cancer centre from 1976 to 2008. Of these total, 73 were females (60.8%) and 47 were males (39.2%). The average age at diagnosis was 63.34 +/- 12.8 years. Thirty-four patients underwent surgery (28.3%), 52 had a palliative radiation treatment (43.3%) and only 5 had chemotherapy (4.2%). The median survival was 53 days (0-457). CONCLUSION: Our review proves that ATC is rapidly fatal cancer and is unresponsive to currently available therapeutic options. More research is needed to understand the tumor biology and novel treatment options. KEYWORDS: thyroid cancer, anaplastic, undifferentiated, radiation treatment, chemotherapy, median survival, Riyadh and Saudi Arabia.

Treatment-based strategy for the management of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis patients in the Sudan.

UNLABELLED: Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a dermatosis that affects more than 50% of successfully treated visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients in Sudan. PKDL is considered an important reservoir for the parasite and its treatment may help in the control of VL. Currently, treatment is mainly with sodium stibogluconate (SSG), an expensive and fairly toxic drug and without universally in treatment protocols used. A literature review, a consensus of a panel of experts, and unpublished data formed the basis for the development of guidelines for the treatment of PKDL in the Sudan. Six treatment modalities were evaluated. Experts were asked to justify their choices based on their experience regarding of drug safety, efficacy, availability, and cost. The consensus was defined by assigning a categorical rank (first line, second line, third line) to each option. Regarding the use of AmBisome the presence of the drug in the skin was confirmed in smears from PKDL lesions. RECOMMENDATIONS: AmBisome at 2.5 mg/kg/day/20 days or SSG at 20 mg/kg/day/40 days plus four/weekly intradermal injection of alum-precipitated autoclave L. major vaccine are suggested as first- and second-treatment options for PKDL in the Sudan, respectively. SSG at 20 mg/Kg/day/60 or more days can be used if other options are not available.

Incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Bahrain from 2002 to 2010.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence and trends of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Bahrain from 2002 to 2010, and to investigate 2 possible risk factors within the affected population. METHODS: In a retrospective survey, data on maternal body weight and age were collected from women who gave birth in government maternity units in Bahrain and who were screened for GDM during pregnancy using the 2-step approach and criteria of the US Expert Committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes. RESULTS: Among 49 552 pregnant women, 4982 (10.1%) were diagnosed with gestational diabetes. The Cox-Stuart test for trend analysis suggested that there was an increase in the incidence of gestational diabetes from 7.2% in 2002 to 12.5% in 2010 (P<0.01). For the period 2006-2010, maternal age, and weight at onset of pregnancy and at time of delivery were positively associated with risk of GDM with an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.094 (1.081-1.107), 1.081 (1.001-1.104), and 1.027 (1.013-1.040), respectively. CONCLUSION: A combination of increasing maternal weight, maternal age, and incidence of GDM among women in Bahrain indicates a significant future burden on health services.

Tuberculous lymphadenitis: skin delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and cellular immune responses.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculous lymphadenitis (TL) is the commonest form of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in tropical countries. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to characterize in vivo and in vitro cellular immune responses to Mycobacterium PPD in TL patients as markers of disease and healing. METHODS: Following informed consent, 36 TL patients, 40 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and 20 apparently healthy individuals were enrolled when they met specific selection criteria. The tuberculin skin test (TST) and peripheral blood mono-nuclear cells (PBMCs) culture were conducted using PPD. The cytokines were measured using commercial kits. RESULTS: The mean TST was 24.6 ±8.0 mm for TL patients. The TST was variable in pulmonary TB patients and healthy individuals. It was reactive in a third of pulmonary TB patients with a mean of 20 ±3.0 mm and reactive in half of the healthy individuals with a mean of 12.6 ±3.2 mm. Pre and post-treatment interferon gamma (IFN-g) mean levels were 498.6 ±905.8 pg/ml and 710.0 ±844.6 pg/ml respectively (p=0.0001) for TL patients, while IL-10 mean levels were 93.0 ±136.0 pg/ml and 32.4 ±31.7 pg/ml respectively (p= 0.0001). TST-reactive Pulmonary TB patients had significantly higher IFN-g (851 ±234.4 pg/ml) compared to TBLNT patients (p = 0.0001), while pulmonary TB patients had significantly lower IL-10 compared to TBLNT patients (p=0.0001). Apparently healthy individuals had significantly lower IFN-g and IL-10 levels compared to TBLNT and pulmonary TB patients (p=0.003). CONCLUSION: Strong TST reactivity, high IFN-g and IL-10 levels are good surrogate markers of active TBLNT, while increasing IFN-g levels and decreasing IL-10 levels mark healing. Tuberculosis Skin Test reactivity although a good diagnostic marker does not disappear with treatment.

Anterior spinal artery syndrome after percutaneous vertebroplasty.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Vertebroplasty is commonly performed for the management of pain associated with benign compression fractures, multiple myelomas, lymphomas, vertebral metastatic lesions, and hemangiomas. We describe a severe complication associated with this procedure; only one previous case has been reported in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To report a case of anterior spinal cord syndrome caused by a direct cement leakage in the arterial vessels after vertebroplasty. METHODS: A 20-year-old man who has been diagnosed with multifocal Ewing sarcoma for 5 months suffered from severe and chronic inflammatory polyarthralgia in the left knee, pelvis, and the low back. The imaging studies, X-ray and computed tomography scan, showed the presence of pathologic fractures of T8 and L1 vertebrae. There was no retropulsion of bony fragment in the vertebral canal. A percutaneous vertebroplasty of T8 and L1 level was performed. RESULTS: Immediately after the procedure, the patient experienced a total paralysis and loss of sensitivity to pain and temperature in both lower limbs; however, deep pressure sensation and two-point discrimination below the umbilicus were preserved. Computed tomography scans showed no leakage of polymethylmethacrylate of T8 and L1 vertebral bodies, with opacification of the right intercostal artery at the L1 level and a segment of the anterior spinal artery at the T10-L1 level. CONCLUSIONS: Although percutaneous vertebroplasty has many benefits, including its simplicity and relative safety, it could lead to serious complications. The current case demonstrates the direct leakage of cement within the anterior spinal artery leading to an irreversible paralysis. The clinicians should be aware of such complications to happen and explain it to their patients.

Blindness following visceral leishmaniasis: a neglected post-kala-azar complication.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality that affects multiple organs. Post-kala-azar ocular involvement is a serious complication that can manifest as blepharo-conjuctivitis or pan-uveitis. Failure of prompt diagnosis and treatment can result in blindness. We report five cases with pan-uveitis that followed the successful treatment of VL and consequent post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis were presented. Two patients lost their sight permanently but the rest were successfully treated. A high index of suspicion and prompt treatment are of paramount importance in order to avoid blindness following post-kala-azar ocular uveitis.

Surrogate markers of subtle renal injury in patients with visceral leishmaniasis.

Sudanese visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a disease of children that is characterized by fever, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, pancytopenia, and renal injury. Microalbuminuria (MA) and urinary retinol binding protein (urRBP) are useful markers for glomerular and tubular dysfunctions, respectively. We report the prevalence of subtle renal injury in 88 parasitologically confirmed VL patients in a cross-sectional and hospital-based study. Blood and urine were collected before treatment for hematological, biochemical profiles in addition to MA and urRBP measurement using competitive solid phase, sandwich enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA), and immunoturbidometry. All the patients had normal serum urea and creatinine levels and no detectable urRBP. However, 40% of the patients had MA detected by ELISA, and 42% were reactive with turbidometry. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for MA turbidometric technique were calculated as 100%; 96%; 95% and 100%, respectively. In conclusion; subtle renal injury in VL is mainly glomerular. Turbidometry for MA measurement is a simple, inexpensive, sensitive, and specific technique with high predictive values.

Biological activity resulting from exposure to aquatic environmental genotoxic pollutants in northern Egypt.

We estimated pollution in Lake Edku and the Mediterranean Sea, El-Maadiya Region, with 3 aromatic amines (1-naphthylamine, 2-naphthylamine and benzidine) in the muscle tissue of fish. There were marked seasonal variations in the aromatic amine levels. We also determined oxidative stress (blood glutathione, and catalase activity) and genotoxic effects (chromosomal aberrations and urinary metabolites) in fishermen from each area. The fishermen suffered from oxidative stress and had high levels of the urinary metabolite sulfanilamide [mean (microg/mg creatinine): Lake Edku 20.7, Mediterranean 14.5, controls 5.3]. Frequencies for total chromosomal aberrations were significantly raised in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of fishermen in both areas [frequency (per 100 metaphases): Mediterranean 67, Lake Edku 45, controls 14].

Leishmania donovani: genetic diversity of isolates from Sudan characterized by PCR-based RAPD.

Drug unresponsiveness in patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a problem in many endemic areas. This study aimed to determine genetic diversity of Leishmania donovani isolates from a VL endemic area in Sudan as a possible explanation for drug unresponsiveness in some patients. Thirty clinically stibogluconate (SSG)-sensitive isolates were made SSG-unresponsive in vitro by gradually increasing SSG concentrations. The sensitive isolates and their SSG-unresponsive counterparts were typed using mini-circle kDNA and categorized using PCR-RAPD. All the isolates were typed as L. donovani, the resulting PCR-RAPD characterization of the SSG-sensitive isolates gave three distinct primary genotypes while, the SSG-unresponsive isolates showed only a single band. L. donovani isolates from eastern Sudan are diverse; this probably resulted from emergence of new L. donovani strains during epidemics due to the pressure of widespread use of antimonials. In this communication the possible role of isolates diversity in antimonial unresponsiveness and the in vitro changing PCR-RAPD band pattern in SSG-unresponsive strains were discussed.