Comparison of Radiovisiography, an Apex Locator and an Integrated Endomotor-inbuilt Apex Locator in Primary Teeth Endometrics.

Aim and objective: To compare the accuracy of radiovisiography (RVG), Root ZX mini Apex locator, and Endo radar's inbuilt Apex Locator during working length determination determination in primary teeth with the actual/direct canal length. Materials and methods: 58 primary teeth indicated for extraction in children of age group 4-12 years were selected. RVG, Root ZX mini Apex Locator, and Endo radar's Apex Locator were used to determine the working length intraorally. Following extraction of the teeth, the actual working length was determined with magnifying loupes (2.5×) using a K-file and an endodontic ruler. The data was tabulated and statistically analyzed. Results: 84 canals (58 teeth) were evaluated and Root ZX mini Electronic Apex Locator (EAL) showed no statistically significant difference with the actual measurement (p = 0.18) whereas Endo radar and RVG showed statistically significant difference. Endo radar underestimated, while RVG overestimated the working length. The most accurate method for working length measurements of the root canals in primary teeth was Root ZX mini EAL, followed by Endo radar and the least accurate was RVG. Conclusion: The Root ZX mini Apex Locator showed the most promising results and had an excellent degree of agreement with actual working length, followed by Endo radar and RVG. How to cite this article: Khan SA, Khanna R, Navit S, et al. Comparison of Radiovisiography, an Apex Locator and an Integrated Endomotor-inbuilt Apex Locator in Primary Teeth Endometrics. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2022;15(S-1):S18-S21.

Ectrodactyly-Ectodermal Dysplasia Clefting Syndrome: A Case Report of Its Dental Management with 2 Years Follow-Up.

Ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia clefting syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the triad of ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia and facial clefting of lip or palate or both along with some systemic manifestations. Although each defect that comprises the syndrome has been known to occur as a separate entity, the congregation of all three anomalies in a single individual appears to be an extremely rare occurrence, with incidence being approximately 1.5/100 million population. Early diagnosis and management of clinical manifestations associated with ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia clefting syndrome present a unique challenge. We report a case of this rare disorder in an 11-year-old male patient along with its dental management using a multidisciplinary approach.

Nature's Benefaction as a Life Saver for an Avulsed Tooth: An In vitro Study.

INTRODUCTION: Dentoalveolar trauma is a very common and avulsion is the most frequent injury. Treatment of choice following avulsion is immediate reimplantation. However, in cases where this might not be possible the prognosis of reimplanted teeth can be improved by the selection of an appropriate storage media. Prevention of ankylosis and replacement resorption depends more on the potential of storage media to maintain cell viability rather than the extraalveolar time period. AIM: To compare and evaluate the efficacy of different storage media in maintaining the viability of Periodontal Ligament (PDL) cells in an avulsed tooth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 58 freshly extracted human premolar teeth were divided into four experimental groups and two control groups. The positive and negative controls corresponded to 0 minute and an eight hours dry time, respectively. The experimental teeth were stored dry for 30 minutes and then immersed in one of the four media: Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS), coconut water, aloe vera and saline for 45 minutes. The teeth were then treated with Collagenase Type II and Dispase for 30 minutes. The number of viable PDL cells were counted with a haemocytometer and analysed. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 15.0. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Post-hoc tests (Tukey-HSD) were performed to reveal the statistical significance. The values were represented in number (%) and mean±SD. RESULTS: Statistical analysis demonstrated that among the experimental groups maximum percentage of viable cells were seen in HBSS (87.33%) followed by coconut water (79.87%), aloe vera (70.59%) and saline (50.56%). CONCLUSION: Within the parameters of this study, it can be concluded that the HBSS is the most effective storage media in maintaining the viability of PDL cells. However, in Indian scenario where availability of HBSS is questionable, coconut water can be considered as the best natural storage media for an avulsed tooth followed by aloe vera.

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Contemporary Obturating Materials used in Primary Teeth- An In-vitro Study.

INTRODUCTION: Preservation of primary tooth with non-vital pulp has been a major problem for pediatric dentist. In such cases, the preferred treatment modality is pulpectomy. The objective of pulpectomy is complete removal of necrotic and irreversibly infected pulp of an affected tooth but, in spite of chemomechanical preparation and copious irrigation of canal, there are chances of failure of pulp therapy due to the entrapped micro organisms in the canal space owing to the tortuous and complex nature of the root canal system and change in their morphology with root resorption. Thus, for optimal success of endodontic treatment, obturating material with antimicrobial properties is advocated in deciduous teeth. AIM: The aim of the study was to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of different obturating materials used in pediatric dentistry. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study, antimicrobial efficacy of endoflas, Zinc Oxide Eugenol (ZOE), calcium hydroxide with chlorhexidine, calcium hydroxide with iodoform and distilled water, metapex and saline as control were assessed and compared with each other. The antimicrobial efficacy of obturating materials was evaluated against E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) by agar diffusion method. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS Version 15.0. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Post-Hoc Tests (Tukey-HSD) were performed to reveal the statistical significance. RESULTS: Intergroup comparison at 24 hours (Tukey's test) revealed significant difference amongst all the groups. Endoflas had significantly higher zone of inhibition as compared to all the other groups except group treated with ZOE (p-value <0.001). CONCLUSION: The antimicrobial activity of obturating materials according to results obtained from the present study can be summarized as follows: Endoflas > ZOE >Calcium hydroxide + Chlorhexidine > Calcium hydroxide + Iodoform +Distilled water ~ Metapex > Saline.

Role of odanacatib in reducing bone loss due to endodontic disease: An overview.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Through a comprehensive literature review, this article provides an overview of the potential role of odanacatib (ODN) in reducing bone loss due to endodontic disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature review was performed in PubMed Central, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and EBSCO databases. The articles identified included those published between 2002 and 2016. Based on the predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, out of 237 articles found, 50 were selected for this review. RESULTS: Cathepsin K (CstK), which is indispensible to the immune system, also plays an important role in osteoclastic bone resorption. ODN, which is an orally active, selective, and effective inhibitor of CstK, decreases bone resorption by selectively inhibiting proteolysis of matrix proteins by CstK, without affecting other osteoclastic activity or osteoblast viability. CONCLUSION: The goal of endodontic treatment is to achieve a clinically asymptomatic state along with formation of reparative bone. This process could take 6 months or longer, hence, an earlier reversal of the resorption process could lead to faster healing and resolution of the periapical lesion. Use of ODN can be of help in achieving this goal.

Relationship Between Dental Fluorosis and Intelligence Quotient of School Going Children In and Around Lucknow District: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Fluoridation of drinking water, despite being regarded as one of the top ten public health achievements of the twentieth century, has remained a much debated concept. Various studies on animals and aborted human fetuses have confirmed that excessive fluoride intake during infancy and early childhood, causes a number of irreversible structural and functional changes in the CNS leading to memory, learning and intellectual deficits. AIM: To compare the IQ levels of school children of two different locations, having different fluoride levels in water, and to establish a relationship between fluoride levels, prevalence of fluorosis and its effect on IQ levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 429 children aged 6 - 12 years, selected by stratified random sampling from two different areas with different levels of fluoride in drinking water in and around Lucknow district. Dental fluorosis was measured using Dean's Fluorosis Index. Intelligence Quotient was measured using Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (1998 edition). RESULTS: Majority of the fluorosis free children (76.3%) had an IQ grade 2 (definitely above the average). Majority of the children suffering from very mild and mild dental fluorosis were found to have IQ grade 3 (Intellectually average). Children with moderate cases of dental fluorosis were found to have IQ grade 4 (Definitely below average). Only 5 children with severe fluorosis were included in the study and they all were found to have an IQ grade 5. Hence, a trend of increase in the IQ grade (decrease in intellectual capacity) was observed indicating a strong correlation between fluorosis grade and IQ grade. CONCLUSION: Findings of this study suggest that the overall IQ of the children exposed to high fluoride levels in drinking water and hence suffering from dental fluorosis were significantly lower than those of the low fluoride area.

The Mystery of Handprints: Assesment and Correlation of Dermatoglyphics with Early Childhood Caries A Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: It has been acknowledged that genetics play a significant role in determination of dermatoglyphic patterns. Since caries is a multifactorial disease with the influence of genetic pattern, this study was undertaken to assess dermatoglyphic patterns and correlate them with early childhood caries. AIM: The aim of the study was to determine the association and correlation of dermatoglyphic patterns with early childhood caries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study sample consisted of 100 children aged between 3 and 6 years, divided into two groups of 50 children each. The deft score was evaluated to select the experimental group and control group. Finger and palm prints were recorded using the ink method described by Cummins and Midlo. The handprints obtained were checked for their clarity with a magnifying glass (×2) and coded. The presence of core and the triradii of the dermatoglyphic pattern were checked thoroughly to include the handprint in the study. A total of 1000 digital prints and 200 palmar prints were obtained. RESULTS: The presence of whorls in the index finger of the right hand predicts significantly lower risk of caries in children (male and female; combined). Presence of whorls in the ring finger of the right hand predicts significantly lower risk of caries in female children. Statistically no correlation between atd angle and early childhood caries was obtained from the present data. CONCLUSION: The results obtained from the present study creates a notion on the validity of the results of the previous studies and point them to be chance findings. Due to increasing acceptability of dermatoglyphics as a diagnostic tool for congenital diseases, further large scale extensive research should be undertaken to evaluate the role of the same in children with Early Childhood Caries (ECC).

Effectiveness and Comparison of Various Audio Distraction Aids in Management of Anxious Dental Paediatric Patients.

BACKGROUND: Dental anxiety is a widespread phenomenon and a concern for paediatric dentistry. The inability of children to deal with threatening dental stimuli often manifests as behaviour management problems. Nowadays, the use of non-aversive behaviour management techniques is more advocated, which are more acceptable to parents, patients and practitioners. Therefore, this present study was conducted to find out which audio aid was the most effective in the managing anxious children. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of audio-distraction aids in reducing the anxiety of paediatric patients while undergoing various stressful and invasive dental procedures. The objectives were to ascertain whether audio distraction is an effective means of anxiety management and which type of audio aid is the most effective. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total number of 150 children, aged between 6 to 12 years, randomly selected amongst the patients who came for their first dental check-up, were placed in five groups of 30 each. These groups were the control group, the instrumental music group, the musical nursery rhymes group, the movie songs group and the audio stories group. The control group was treated under normal set-up & audio group listened to various audio presentations during treatment. Each child had four visits. In each visit, after the procedures was completed, the anxiety levels of the children were measured by the Venham's Picture Test (VPT), Venham's Clinical Rating Scale (VCRS) and pulse rate measurement with the help of pulse oximeter. RESULTS: A significant difference was seen between all the groups for the mean pulse rate, with an increase in subsequent visit. However, no significant difference was seen in the VPT & VCRS scores between all the groups. Audio aids in general reduced anxiety in comparison to the control group, and the most significant reduction in anxiety level was observed in the audio stories group. CONCLUSION: The conclusion derived from the present study was that audio distraction was effective in reducing anxiety and audio-stories were the most effective.

Dens invaginatus: review, relevance, and report of 3 cases.

Dens invaginatus is a rare developmental morphoanatomical variation resulting from the infolding of the dental papilla before biological mineralization that allows the invagination of inner dental epithelium. Permanent maxillary lateral incisors are most commonly affected, and the condition is frequently bilateral, but it may also prevail in permanent maxillary central incisors. The purpose of this paper was to provide an overview of the etiopathogenesis, frequency of occurrence, and clinical and radiographic features and to discuss 3 dens invaginatus cases.

Ossifying fibroma of maxilla in a male child: Report of a case and review of the literature.

Ossifying fibroma is a rare benign fibro-osseous neoplasm of the jaw characterized by substitution of normal bone by fibrous tissues and newly formed calcified products such as bone, cementum or both. It is a well-demarcated lesion that differentiates it from fibrous dysplasia. This case report describes a rare case of ossifying fibroma arising in the maxilla of an 11-year-old child treated with enucleation. The clinical, radiographical, surgical and histological findings are presented. Controversies regarding the terminology and classification along with the differential diagnosis are discussed and a review is provided of the literature on the subject.