[Features of nutrition of elderly patients with removable dental orthopedic constructions].

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: studying of features of nutrition in elderly patients with removable stomatologic orthopedic constructions. 1388 patients aged from 60 up to 75 years which addressed in a city dental out-patient department were examined. Patients were divided into three groups: group 1 - the persons having only fixed stomatologic orthopedic constructions (n=419); group 2 - the persons having at least one partially removable stomatologic orthopedic construction and not having full-removable orthopedic constructions (n=512); group 3 - the persons having at least one full-removable stomatologic orthopedic construction (n=457). Patients were interviewed about nutrition features (frequency of consumption). Anthropometric researches were conducted. There were 2.2 and 1.3 fold more persons in group 3 with a concomitant increase in waist circumference and waist-hip ratio compared to groups 1 and 2 (p=0.0013). Persons from group 3 consumed meat significantly less often than patients in groups 1 and 2. A similar trend was observed for meat products, vegetables and fruits (p<0.05). Compared to patients in groups 1 and 2, patients from group 3 more often consumed cereals, potatoes, rice, pasta, as well as sauces, mayonnaises, margarines. All examined elderly patients rarely consumed fish and seafood (76.0-89.9% persons consumed once a month and less often).

[The structure of macronutrient consumption by the population of various regions of Russian Federation].

The article presents data on the consumption of macronutrients by the population of large cities of all eight Federal Districts of the Russian Federation. Dietary intake assessment was investigated using method of 24-hour recall. The analyzed sample consisted of 11 850 people. The criterion for not inclusion was people working in harmful working conditions and engaged in heavy physical labor. In each of the four age groups (12-17, 18-30, 31-45, 46-60 years), there were at least 150 subjects surveyed for each gender. It has been established that in all districts of Russia the level of consumption of total fats (33.2-38.8% of the energy value of the diet) was exceeded. The level of protein intake was 9.3-11.5% with a rate of 12% of the caloric intake. The share of carbohydrates in the caloric content of the diet was 50.3-56.4% with the recommended rates of 50-60%.

[Consumption of carbohydratecontaining beverages and their contribution to the total calorie content of the diet].

The article presents data on the frequency of consumption of carbohydrate-containing sweet carbonated drinks by the population of the Russian Federation and their contribution to the overall caloric intake of the diet. Questioning 11 850 people of different ages (from 12 to 60 years) and sex in all eight Federal Districts of Russia has been conducted. The frequency of food consumption has been studied, and in parallel dietary intake has been assessed using 24-hour recall method. The survey showed a fairly low frequency of consumption of sweet carbonated beverages and no significant differences in the frequency of their consumption by the population of various federal districts of Russia. With a certain frequency from 55.5 to 67.3% of the population consumed sweet carbonated drinks, while 18.1-20.9% of the respondents did not consume them more often 1-3 times a month, and 1.3% of the surveyed (from 0.3% in the North- West to 3.9% in the Southern Federal District) - 2 times a day or more often. Analysis of the data obtained showed that the contribution of the carbohydrate component contained in sweet carbonated beverages, even when consumed frequently (5-6 times a week) did not exceed 3.71% of the total diet calorie intake and not more than 7.1% of the caloric value of carbohydrates' intake.

[Sources of added sugar and their possible significance in the formation of obesity and overweight].

The results of a study on the frequency of consumption of added sugar by the population of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation are presented obtained on the basis of a questioning of 2043 persons of both sexes (Moscow, Kaluga, Michurinsk, Tambov). The sample in each age group of the subjects (12-17, 18-30, 31-45, 46-60 years) was about 150 persons of each sex. The gender distribution within the sample was uniform with a slight predominance of females (53.6%). Analysis of the results showed that 58% of those surveyed daily consumed added sugar with hot drinks; of these, 30% of interviewees consumed 1 teaspoon of sugar 2-3 times a day (56-84 kcal per day); 8% of respondents - 4-5 times a day (28-35 g, which corresponded to 112-140 kcal); 6% of the population - 6 or more times a day (42 g or more, more than 168 kcal). Only 22% of the surveyed did not consume sugar with tea and coffee. There was no correlation between BMI, the presence of excessive body weight and the consumption of added sugar with hot drinks. Only frequent intake of added sugar with drinks (2-3 to 4-5 times or more per day) had a statistically determined dependence with an increase in body mass index in the age groups of 31-45 and 46-60 years.

[Potential side effects of caffeine consumption in healthy adults, pregnant women, adolescents and children (review of foreign literature)].

The article analyzes data on the safety of caffeine consumption by various population groups, mainly related to risk groups (pregnant and lactating women, adolescents and children), as well as the adult population, consumers of high doses of coffee. Based on the analysis of the data contained in the published studies, it was concluded that caffeine intake in the amount of 400 mg per day in healthy adults is not associated with obvious side effects in the cardiovascular system, significant changes in reproductive function, does not lead to any or any acute consequences and does not affect the exchange of calcium in bone tissue. In placebo-controlled studies it was found that caffeine, consumed in the range of 50 to 300 mg per day, did not cause serious side effects from the cardiovascular system and the cognitive functions of children and adolescents. In the study of a large group (3747) of children aged 15-16 years who consumed caffeine-containing beverages, according to the questionnaire surveyed, personal self-esteem increased and some behavioral disorders were observed. Studies by foreign authors confirm that consumption of caffeine by pregnant women also does not have side effects on fetal development.

[Non-alcoholic beverages: russian priorities].

The article presents data of a survey of 11 850 persons of both sexes and various age groups (from 12 to 60 years) conducted in all Federal Districts of Russia, from 2013 to 2016. The analysis of consumption by the population of various widely consumed beverages, including different types of tea, low-calorie and dietary carbonated soft drinks and waters from various sources, was conducted and an analysis of the possible correlation between their frequency of consumption and body mass index (BMI) was carried out. It has been established that practically in all groups questioned about 10-15% of persons of various Federal districts and ages consume tap water. At the same time, the number of people consuming filtered, bottled water has significantly increased. In all age groups, except for a group of people aged 12-17 years, the consumption of tea by female obese women was 10-13% less than in the male group, and almost all groups with normal BMI consumed tea more often, than men. At the same time, there were no gender differences in the consumption of tea by individuals with a BMI of 25-30. There was no correlation between consumption of low-calorie, dietary carbonated soft drinks and BMI. Only in the group of people aged 31-45 years, gender differences were found, while in this group of people it was shown that obese men were about 3 times more likely than women to use these drinks (67.7 vs 25.0%).

[Frequency of consumption of sweet carbonated drinks by the population of different age groups of the Russian Federation].

The article analyzes the frequency of consumption of sweet carbonated beverages by various age groups (from 12 to 60 years) of the population of all Federal districts of Russian Federation. The presence of general regularities in the frequency of consumption of these drinks, regardless of the region, was established. About 5-8% of the population of different age and sex groups consumed sweet carbonated drinks with a fairly high frequency (5-6 times a week). The analysis showed that there was no dependence of the body mass index on the frequency of consumption of carbonated beverages and the absence of gender and age differences.

[Efficiency of polyphenol-rich grape products for the prevention of metabolic disorders in the experiment].

The article presents the results of study of the effect of polyphenol-rich materials obtained from grapes on the clinical symptoms, activity of non-specific proteases, and parameters of lipid peroxidation (LPO) of blood of rats with fructose model of metabolic syndrome (MS). White male rats (n=54, with initial body weight of 190-210 g) were randomly divided into five groups: control and 4 experimental groups. Body weight, circumference of the abdomen, blood serum level of glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and high density (HDL) lipoproteins were monitored in all animals in dynamics. Also non-specific proteases and their inhibitors were evaluated in rat blood by enzymatic methods, lipid peroxidation profile (malondialdehyde and caeruloplasmin blood serum level, superoxide dismutase blood activity) - by spectrophotometric methods. Modeling of the MS (10% fructose in drinking water) within 8 weeks resulted in statistically significant increase in body mass, abdominal adipose tissue, the activity of elastase-like (ELA) and trypsin-like (TLA) proteinases (20 and 18% respectively), the level of secondary products of LPO (50%), and decrease in activity of superoxide dismutase (15%) compared with the parameters of intact animals. The use of polyphenol-rich materials obtained from grapes with a total content of 1; 1,1 and 4 mg of phenolic compounds (in 0.05 ml) at MS for 4 weeks contributed regression the key clinical signs of MS: significant decrease of glucose and triglyceride levels against the background of increasing the HDL cholesterol were observed. The polyphenol-rich materials obtained from grapes influenced positively on the proteolytic profile (decreased TLA and ELA by 20% at the maximum dosage), contributed to the increase of the level of acid-stable protease inhibitors (by 21%), and reduced the amount of secondary products of LPO (by 34%). The dose-dependent effect of the amount of polyphenol components contained in food concentrates has been revealed.

Evaluation In Vitro of Immunoregulatory Cytokines Secretion by Dendritic Cells in Mountain Skiers.

In vitro production of immunoregulatory cytokines (IFN-α, IL-31, TNF-ß, IL-17A, IL-7, IL-1RA, IL-1α, IL-10, IL-15, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-27, and IL-9) by dendritic cell cultures was compared in ski athletes and healthy donors. Effect of prolonged intense physical exercise on secretory activity of immune cells was investigated. In both groups, secretion of IL-1RA, IL-10, IL-1α by dendritic cells was revealed, but there were significant differences in IL-1RA, IL-1α content (p<0.05) with lower level in the group of athletes. Production of IL-17A and IL-7 by dendritic cells in the group of athletes was not detected. In athletes, several proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-α, IL-31, and TNF-ß) were secreted by cells in high concentrations, in contrast to the control group. In both groups, dendritic cells did not secrete IL-15, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-27, and IL-9.

[Toxicological evaluation of colloidal nano-sized silver stabilized polyvinylpyrrolidone. IV. Influence on intestinal microbiota, immune indexes].

Nano-sized colloidal silver (NCS) stabilized with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) containing nanoparticles (NPs) of silver with a diameter of 10-80 nm was administered to growing male rats (body weight 80±10 g) during the first 30 days by intragastric gavage and then for 62 days with diet consumed in doses of 0.1, 1.0 and 10 mg/kg of body weight per day based on silver (Ag). The control animals received deionized water and PVP. The composition of microbiota from the cecum was studied using standard microbiological methods with determination of the main and transient components, together with antagonistic activity of symbiotic bifidobacteria. Expression of antigens CD45RA, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD161a on lymphocytes (Ly) of peripheral blood was determined by flow cytometry; blood serum levels of cytokines IL10, IL13, TNFα were examined by ELISA. It was shown that subacute administration of colloidal Ag in all studied doses did not lead to significant changes in the composition of the main components of normal microbiota, providing, however, the inhibitory effect on the growth of some transitory components probably including opportunistic species of microorganisms. Among the studied immunological parameters decreased amount of B-Ly was noticed at the highest dose of the NCS, while changes in the other parameters of the immune system were depended ambiguously on the dose of the product. The results were analyzed in conjunction with the data of previous publications concerning the impact on the NCS on integrated, morphological, hematological, biochemical and enzymological indexes of animals in the 92-day experiment. It was concluded that significant symptoms of NCS sub-acute oral toxicity manifested starting from a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight of Ag, and the maximum not observed adverse effect dose (NOAEL) can be estimated as 0.1 mg/kg body weight.

[Estimation of vitamin status of moscow student according to data on vitamins intake and their levels in blood].

Supply with vitamins C, A, E and B2 of 61 high school students (38 girls and 23 boys, aged 18­22 years, body mass index ­ 23.0±0.6 kg/m2) by means of determination of blood plasma concentration of ascorbic acid, retinol and carotenoids, tocopherols and riboflavin has been investigated in the period from May to September. All students were well supplied with vitamin C (only 2 boys had a reduced level of ascorbic acid) and vitamin A. Decreased level of carotenoids was more common in boys (48 versus 24% in girls). 20% of the students were insufficiently supplied with vitamin E, 38% ­ with vitamin B2. 39% of students (50% girls and 22% boys) were adequately provided with all studied vitamins. 5% of the students had a combined deficiency of 3 vitamins, 20% ­ 2 vitamins. Student's sufficiency with vitamins B2, C, A, E, carotenoids did not depend on the season. Diet intake of vitamins C, A, carotenoids and vitamin B2 has been calculated basing on the data on the frequency of food consumption during the previous month. Reduced consumption relatively to the Russia RDA of vitamins В2, C and А took place in 63, 54 and 46% of the students respectively. The lack of vitamin B2 in the diet was most pronounced, the value of probabilistic risk corresponded to the average level in 34% of students. Average probabilistic risk of inadequate intake of vitamin A was present in 17% of students, vitamin C ­ 6%. Coincidence of the results of vitamin C and A status assessment obtained by calculation of vitamin diet intake and by biochemical methods (concentration of vitamins in the blood plasma) was 94 and 83%. These methods are interchangeable if you select the value of the average probability of risk failure intake of these vitamins as a criterion. Proportion of coinciding results of the estimation of vitamin B2 status was 56%. Special well-designed studies on larger sample surveyed are needed for the final output of the interchangeability of methods to assess riboflavin status.

[Adipose tissue composition in puberty and postpuberty according to age, sex (gender), physical activity and alimentary behavior].

The study involved 110 adolescents from 15 to 22 years (35 boys, 75 girls). To assess eating habits and physical activity we used WHO questionnaires. We also analyzed anthropometry, bioimpedance data, parameters of the cardiovascular system: systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate. It has been shown, that body mass index (BMI) in adolescents didn't correlate with the content of both total and visceral adipose tissue in the body and shoud not be used as a major diagnostic criterion of obesity. An excessive content of total adipose tissue was shown in 15% of the puberty and postpuberty teens. Visceral fat content was significantly higher in male, than female (3.03±3.31 vs 2.11±1.57%), independently of the total fat percentage (18.91±16.83 and 31.72±19.24% respectively). The visceral fat in the body begins to increase in age of 16. According to the authors, such an effect in boys and girls is associated with the final changes of puberty (concentration of sex steroids). Such hormons like testosterone and progesterone and estradiol have different effects on the white adipose tissue and play a key role in proceses of its differentiation and metabolism. Percentage of total adipose tissue depends on dietary habits in the first place ­ the predominance of fast food. A significant relationship of physical activity and the percentage of visceral fat was shown.

[Toxicological assessment of nanostructured silica. IV. Immunological and allergological indices in animals sensitized with food allergen and final discussioin].

This paper is the final in a series of publications on the assessment of subacute oral toxicity of nanostructured silica (SiO2). Preparation studied was a commercial nanopowder of SiO2, obtained by hydrolysis of tetrachlorosilane in the gaseous phase with the size of primary nanoparticles (NPs) of 5­30 nm. The experiment was conducted in 95 male Wistar rats weighing 150­180 g, divided into 6 groups numbering 25 (group 1), 26 (group 2), 11 (groups 3­6) of animals. The aqueous dispersion of SiO2 after sonication was administered to animals of groups 2, 4 and 6 for 28 days by intragastric gavage at a dose of 100 mg/kg of body weight per day. Animals of groups 1, 3, and 5 were treated with deionized water. On the 1st, 3d, 5th and 21st day of experiment the rats of groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 were sensitized intraperitoneally with hen's egg ovalbumin (OVA) adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide. Intravenous administration of the challenge dose OVA to rats in groups 1 and 2 was carried out on the 29th day. In the same period animals of groups 3­6 were bled for analysis of cellular immunity. There were evaluated the severity of systemic anaphylaxis reaction, the level of specific IgG antibodies to OVA in sensitized animals, state of erythrocytes, platelets and leukocytes of peripheral blood using standard methods. Using flow cytometry there were measured contents of lymphocyte populations of B-lymphocytes (CD45RA+), total T-lymphocytes (CD3+), T-helper cells (CD4+), T-cytotoxic cells (CD8+), NKcells (CD161a+), phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in respect of latex particles. Serum levels of TNFα and IL-10 cytokines were determined by ELISA. The result showed that NPs SiO2, at dose of 100 mg/kg body weight had no any marked effect on severity of active anaphylactic shock and level of specific antibodies. The changes in cellular immunity under the influence of nanomaterial had similar direction in sensitized and non-sensitized animals and were more pronounced in the latter. Based on the discussion of the results, together with data from previous publications it was concluded that oral maximum level without observable adverse effect (NOAEL) of nanostructured SiO2 is located below 100 mg/kg body weight.

[Antioxidant and antiradical properties of red grape wines].

The article presents the results of studies of the antioxidant and antiradical capacity of red table wines. It is shown that the antioxidant and antiradical properties of red wines due to the varieties of grapes and processing technologies. A correlation between the concentration of phenolic components of the complex and antiradical properties, as well as antioxidant and antiradical properties of red wines has been established. Antioxidant and antiradical properties were higher in variants with the highest concentration of the most important components of a phenolic complex--catechins and tannins. Their greatest content has been identified in the wine materials Saperavi made on technologies which can extract components polyphenol complex not only from grape skin, and grape seed (seed) containing ellagitannins and gallocatechin (using Vinificator company Padovan; prepared by fermenting mash irrigation heated mash, using a fermentation mash by Fludase). Depending on the grape varieties and production technology, the antioxidant activity varied by more than 30%. These data indicate that the technology can increase the production of wine intravarietal (for grapes) antioxidant activity of 10 to 20%.

[L-carnitine: properties and perspectives for use in sports practice].

The analysis of published data relating to the use in sports practice metabolic non-doping agent--L-carnitine. The review discusses some aspects of the mechanism of its action on the human body. The information is given about the role of carnitine in the energy processes, mechanisms of carnitine deficiency. On the basis of the literature is given scientific rationale for applying this metabolite in athletes, particularly with cardiovascular and immune disorders.

[Toxicological assessment of nanostructured silica. III. Microecological, hematological indices, state of cellular immunity].

This paper is the third in a series of publications on the experimental study of subacute oral toxicity of nanostructured silicon dioxide (SiO2). We used commercial nanostructured SiO2, obtained by hydrolysis of tetrachlorosilane in the gaseous phase, with the size of the primary nanoparticles (NPs) of 5-30 nm. The aqueous dispersion of SiO2 after treatment with ultrasound was administered to rats with initial weight of 80 +/- 5 g for the first 30 days by intragastric gavage and further for 60 days with diets in doses of 0.1; 1.0; 10 and 100 mg/kg body weight per day. Animals of the control group were treated with deionized water. The amount of basic and transient populations of gut microbiocenosis, hematological indexes were measured using standard methods. Specific content of the B-lymphocytes (CD45RA+), total T-lymphocytes (CD3+), T-helper cells (CD4+), T-cytotoxic cells (CD8+), NK-cells (CD161a+) in general population of lymphocytes was evaluated byflow cytometry; serum cytokine levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-10 were determined by ELISA. No significant changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the intestinal microbiota populations regardless of the dose of administered nanomaterial have been found. This gave reason to believe that the postulated mechanism of the toxic effects of the NPs of SiO2, mediated by modification of the composition of the intestinal microflora and the corresponding changes in its functional activity, apparently, is not realized. The main target of nanostructured SiO2 was the T-cellular system of the immune system of animals, that was manifested in the significant decrease of the number of leukocytes (33%), number of T-helper cells (13%), CD4/CD8 ratio (27%) and increasing the number of cytotoxic lymphocytes (19%) and the level of TNF-alpha (590%). The value of the maximum dose (NOAEL) of nanostructured SiO2, has no effect on T-cell immunity was not more than 100 mg/kg body weight per day.

[Caffeine in nutrition. Article 1. Consumption with food and regulation].

The article presents a review of the literature data on the effect of caffeine contained in a variety of foods on the functions of human, it presents the modern international legal regulatory rules in the consumption of caffeine, and caffeine consumption rules corresponding to the technical regulations of the Customs Union (Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Belaruss). It describes the sources of caffeine in the traditional diet and its consumption, safety evaluation in connection with the acute and chronic caffeine consumption and the value of caffeine as an ingredient in soft drinks tonic.

Standards of nutrition for athletes in Germany.

The Deutscher Olympische Sportbund (DOSB) founded recently an advisory board for German elite athlete nutrition, the 'Arbeitsgruppe (AG) Ernahrungsberatung an den Olympiastutzpunkten'. The 'Performance codex and quality criteria for the food supply in facilities of German elite sports' have been established since 1997. The biochemical equivalent (ATP) for the energy demand is calculated using the DLW (Double Labeled Water)-method on the basis of RMR (Resting Metabolic Rate) and BMR (Basic Metabolic Rate) at sport type specific exercises and performances. Certain nutraceutical ingredients for dietary supplements can be recommended. However, quality criteria for nutrition, cooking and food supply are defined on the basis of Health Food and the individual physiological/social-psychological status of the athlete. Especially food supplements and instant food have to be avoided for young athletes. The German advisory board for elite athlete nutrition publishes 'colour lists' for highly recommended (green), acceptable (yellow), and less recommended (red) food stuff.