Hyperglycemia-driven signaling bridges between diabetes and cancer.

Growing epidemiological evidence indicates an association between obesity, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers, suggesting the existence of common underlying mechanisms in these diseases. Frequent hyperglycemias in type 2 diabetes promote pro-inflammatory responses and stimulate intracellular metabolic flux which rewires signaling pathways and influences the onset and advancement of different types of cancers. Here, we review the provocative impact of hyperglycemia on a subset of interconnected signalling pathways that regulate (i) cell growth and survival, (ii) metabolism adjustments, (iii) protein function modulation in response to nutrient availability (iv) and cell fate and proliferation and which are driven respectively by PI3K (Phosphoinositide 3-kinase), AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase), O-GlcNAc (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine) and Wnt/ß-catenin. Specifically, we will elaborate on their involvement in glucose metabolism, inflammation, and cell proliferation, highlighting their interplay in the pathogenesis of diabetes and cancer. Furthermore, the influence of antineoplastic and antidiabetic drugs on the unbridled cellular pathways will be examined. This review aims to inspire the next molecular studies to understand how type 2 diabetes may lead to certain cancers. This will contribute to personalized medicine and direct better prevention strategies.

DeepRetroMoCo: deep neural network-based retrospective motion correction algorithm for spinal cord functional MRI.

Background and purpose: There are distinct challenges in the preprocessing of spinal cord fMRI data, particularly concerning the mitigation of voluntary or involuntary movement artifacts during image acquisition. Despite the notable progress in data processing techniques for movement detection and correction, applying motion correction algorithms developed for the brain cortex to the brainstem and spinal cord remains a challenging endeavor. Methods: In this study, we employed a deep learning-based convolutional neural network (CNN) named DeepRetroMoCo, trained using an unsupervised learning algorithm. Our goal was to detect and rectify motion artifacts in axial T2*-weighted spinal cord data. The training dataset consisted of spinal cord fMRI data from 27 participants, comprising 135 runs for training and 81 runs for testing. Results: To evaluate the efficacy of DeepRetroMoCo, we compared its performance against the sct_fmri_moco method implemented in the spinal cord toolbox. We assessed the motion-corrected images using two metrics: the average temporal signal-to-noise ratio (tSNR) and Delta Variation Signal (DVARS) for both raw and motion-corrected data. Notably, the average tSNR in the cervical cord was significantly higher when DeepRetroMoCo was utilized for motion correction, compared to the sct_fmri_moco method. Additionally, the average DVARS values were lower in images corrected by DeepRetroMoCo, indicating a superior reduction in motion artifacts. Moreover, DeepRetroMoCo exhibited a significantly shorter processing time compared to sct_fmri_moco. Conclusion: Our findings strongly support the notion that DeepRetroMoCo represents a substantial improvement in motion correction procedures for fMRI data acquired from the cervical spinal cord. This novel deep learning-based approach showcases enhanced performance, offering a promising solution to address the challenges posed by motion artifacts in spinal cord fMRI data.

Anhedonia as a Potential Transdiagnostic Phenotype With Immune-Related Changes in Recent-Onset Mental Health Disorders.

BACKGROUND: Chronic low-grade inflammation is observed across mental disorders and is associated with difficult-to-treat-symptoms of anhedonia and functional brain changes, reflecting a potential transdiagnostic dimension. Previous investigations have focused on distinct illness categories in people with enduring illness, but few have explored inflammatory changes. We sought to identify an inflammatory signal and the associated brain function underlying anhedonia among young people with recent-onset psychosis and recent-onset depression. METHODS: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, inflammatory markers, and anhedonia symptoms were collected from 108 (mean [SD] age = 26.2 [6.2] years; female = 50) participants with recent-onset psychosis (n = 53) and recent-onset depression (n = 55) from the European Union/Seventh Framework Programme-funded PRONIA (Personalised Prognostic Tools for Early Psychosis Management) study. Time series were extracted using the Schaefer atlas, defining 100 cortical regions of interest. Using advanced multimodal machine learning, an inflammatory marker model and a functional connectivity model were developed to classify participants into an anhedonic group or a normal hedonic group. RESULTS: A repeated nested cross-validation model using inflammatory markers classified normal hedonic and anhedonic recent-onset psychosis/recent-onset depression groups with a balanced accuracy of 63.9% and an area under the curve of 0.61. The functional connectivity model produced a balanced accuracy of 55.2% and an area under the curve of 0.57. Anhedonic group assignment was driven by higher levels of interleukin 6, S100B, and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist and lower levels of interferon gamma, in addition to connectivity within the precuneus and posterior cingulate. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a potential transdiagnostic anhedonic subtype that was accounted for by an inflammatory profile and functional connectivity. Results have implications for anhedonia as an emerging transdiagnostic target across emerging mental disorders.

Body size interacts with the structure of the central nervous system: A multi-center in vivo neuroimaging study.

Clinical research emphasizes the implementation of rigorous and reproducible study designs that rely on between-group matching or controlling for sources of biological variation such as subject's sex and age. However, corrections for body size (i.e. height and weight) are mostly lacking in clinical neuroimaging designs. This study investigates the importance of body size parameters in their relationship with spinal cord (SC) and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) metrics. Data were derived from a cosmopolitan population of 267 healthy human adults (age 30.1±6.6 years old, 125 females). We show that body height correlated strongly or moderately with brain gray matter (GM) volume, cortical GM volume, total cerebellar volume, brainstem volume, and cross-sectional area (CSA) of cervical SC white matter (CSA-WM; 0.44≤r≤0.62). In comparison, age correlated weakly with cortical GM volume, precentral GM volume, and cortical thickness (-0.21≥r≥-0.27). Body weight correlated weakly with magnetization transfer ratio in the SC WM, dorsal columns, and lateral corticospinal tracts (-0.20≥r≥-0.23). Body weight further correlated weakly with the mean diffusivity derived from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in SC WM (r=-0.20) and dorsal columns (-0.21), but only in males. CSA-WM correlated strongly or moderately with brain volumes (0.39≤r≤0.64), and weakly with precentral gyrus thickness and DTI-based fractional anisotropy in SC dorsal columns and SC lateral corticospinal tracts (-0.22≥r≥-0.25). Linear mixture of sex and age explained 26±10% of data variance in brain volumetry and SC CSA. The amount of explained variance increased at 33±11% when body height was added into the mixture model. Age itself explained only 2±2% of such variance. In conclusion, body size is a significant biological variable. Along with sex and age, body size should therefore be included as a mandatory variable in the design of clinical neuroimaging studies examining SC and brain structure.

Smartphone-based device for point-of-care diagnostics of pulmonary inflammation using convolutional neural networks (CNNs).

In pulmonary inflammation diseases, like COVID-19, lung involvement and inflammation determine the treatment regime. Respiratory inflammation is typically arisen due to the cytokine storm and the leakage of the vessels for immune cells recruitment. Currently, such a situation is detected by the clinical judgment of a specialist or precisely by a chest CT scan. However, the lack of accessibility to the CT machines in many poor medical centers as well as its expensive service, demands more accessible methods for fast and cheap detection of lung inflammation. Here, we have introduced a novel method for tracing the inflammation and lung involvement in patients with pulmonary inflammation, such as COVID-19, by a simple electrolyte detection in their sputum samples. The presence of the electrolyte in the sputum sample results in the fern-like structures after air-drying. These fern patterns are different in the CT positive and negative cases that are detected by an AI application on a smartphone and using a low-cost and portable mini-microscope. Evaluating 160 patient-derived sputum sample images, this method demonstrated an interesting accuracy of 95%, as confirmed by CT-scan results. This finding suggests that the method has the potential to serve as a promising and reliable approach for recognizing lung inflammatory diseases, such as COVID-19.

Health anxiety and the negative interpretation of children's bodily symptoms in mothers of cancer patients.

PURPOSE: Fear of progression (FoP) is a substantial concern for family caregivers of cancer survivors and is related to a number of adverse outcomes, including increased mental distress and worse quality of life. Previous research has revealed that health anxiety (HA) contributes to fear of relapse, but cognitive factors underlying establishing and maintaining FoP in mothers of cancer patients have not been examined. In this study, we were looking to investigate this association. METHODS: We used the computerized interpretation bias (IB) assessment to investigate the biased interpretation of ambiguous bodily information and its association with FoP through HA among 69 mothers of cancer patients and 42 mothers of healthy kids. RESULTS: Mothers of cancer patients interpreted more negatively ambiguous bodily symptoms than mothers of healthy kids. Moreover, they had higher levels of HA and FoP and lower quality of life than the healthy group. Also, among mothers of cancer patients, the relationship between negative IB and FoP is mediated by their HA. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study imply that negative IB may contribute to increased HA, which in turn contributes to higher levels of FoP among the mothers of cancer patients, which may reduce the quality of life of their children. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: From these findings, we propose that changing HA through modification of IB might lower the FoP in mothers of kids with cancer and improve the mother and child's quality of life.

Differential Cortical Oscillatory Patterns in Amputees With and Without Phantom Limb Pain.

Introduction: Phantom limb pain (PLP) as neuropathic pain affects the life of amputees. It is believed an efficient PLP treatment should consider the underlying neurological mechanisms. Hereby, we investigated brain activity in PLP and its relationships to the psychological and cognitive dimensions of chronic pain. We investigate differences in resting brain activities between amputees with and without pain. We hypothesize significant differences in the motor cortex and parietal cortex activity that are related to pain perception. Also, we hypothesize two groups have significant differences in cognitive and psychological components. Methods: Behavioral assessment (psychological status, life satisfaction, and pain level) and EEG signals of 19 amputees (12 without pain and 7 with pain) were recorded. Data were statistically compared between the two groups. Also, the association between behavioral and neurophysiological data was computed. Results: The results showed a significant decrease in the pain group for the beta and gamma waves, as well as, for the theta and delta waves in the posterior temporal on both sides, during the eye-open condition. The eyes-closed condition showed that the delta waves were decreased on the right side of the cortex. Also, data showed a significant difference in the correlation of pain features with brain waves between the two groups. Conclusion: Significant differences were mostly observed in regions related to pain perception rather than the motor cortex. This can be due to the learned strategies to deal with pain and the degree of pain. Results showed maladaptive cognitive processes had a relationship with brain wave activities. According to the result of brain wave activities, it seems that cognitive factors have a role in the experience of PLP rather than neuroplasticity through amputation. Highlights: Differences found in the parietal and temporal regions of phantom limb pain's (PLP's) suggests cognition's role in the persistence of PLP.Decreased delta power at the posterior temporal cortex in PLP's could be the focus of treatments.Increased activity of the parietal cortex could be helpful in the treatment of PLP's. Plain Language Summary: PLP is an annoying neurologic pain. A wide range of treatments have focused on this type of pain but couldn't be effective. Recently, researchers suggest BCI-based treatments for better treatment. For this type of treatment, we should know the neurological aspect of PLP. In most studies to investigate or treatment of neurological aspects of PLP, researchers induced pain experimentally or studied acute phantom limb pain. We believed for a better understanding of PLP, should investigate it in a natural and stabilized position. Therefore we studied brain activities in amputees with and without PLP in a resting state to find out differences. Trends in this field express the alpha band differences in the motor cortex. On the contrary, our results showed the most significant difference in high-frequency bandpasses such as beta and gamma. Also, in our study, it seems the parietal and temporal cortex that are related to pain perception is the more relevant to PLP. This study showed a psycho-cognitive aspect of pain such as pain exaggeration has a relation with PLP's brain wave activities. So, we can suggest rather than neuroplasticity through amputation, cognitive factors have a role in the experience of PLP.

Familial aspects of fear of cancer recurrence: current insights and knowledge gaps.

Fear of cancer recurrence is fear or worry about cancer recurrence or progress. Fear of recurrence can impact patients' quality of life and wellbeing. Cancer survivors' families support them practically and emotionally, making them a vital supplement for official healthcare. Given the well-established important role of the family in dealing with cancer, we compiled the studies that examined the relationship between family-related factors and fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) among cancer survivors (CSs). One of the foremost studies in this field is the FCR model presented by Mellon and colleagues, which included concurrent family stressors and family-caregiver FCR as factors linked to survivor FCR. Our goal was to prepare the ground for a family-based model of FCR that is more comprehensive than the one proposed by Mellon et al. sixteen years ago. The studies included those with samples of adult cancer survivors from different regions of the world. Most of the studies we reviewed are cross-sectional studies. We categorized family-related factors associated with survivor FCR into partner-related factors, including subgroups of disclosure to partner, cognitions of partner, and partner's sources of support; parenthood-related factors, including having children and parenting stress; family-related factors, including living situation, family history of cancer, family's perception of the illness, and family characteristics; and social interactions including social support, disclosure, social constraints, and attitudes of others. This review sheds light on how significant others of cancer survivors can affect and be affected by cancer-related concerns of survivors and emphasizes the necessity of further investigation of family-related factors associated with FCR.

Intra-operative Guidelines for the Prevention of Uterine Niche Formation in Cesarean Sections: A Review.

Formation of a uterine niche following a C-section can predispose the patient to future obstetric complications such as dehiscence, uterine rupture, ectopic pregnancy, and placenta accreta. The significant morbidity and mortality of these complications along with increasing C-section rates emphasizes the importance of prevention. However, there are no clear guidelines on intra-operative protocol to prevent postpartum niche formation. Besides surgical technique, the novel use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) injections has demonstrated promising potential and may have applications in hysterotomy closures. The objective is to examine current research on optimal C-section procedures to prevent uterine niche formation and subsequent obstetric complications. A systematic review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar. Initial searches yielded 827 results. Inclusion criteria were human, animal, and in-vitro studies, peer-reviewed sources, and outcomes pertinent to the uterine niche. Exclusion criteria applied to articles with outcomes unrelated to myometrium and interventions outside of the intra-operative and immediate pre-/post-operative period. Based on the criteria, 41 articles were cited. Pathophysiology of uterine niche formation was associated with incisions through cervical tissue, adhesion formation, and poor approximation. Significant risk factors were low uterine incisions, advanced cervical dilatation, low station, non-closure of the peritoneum, and creation of a bladder flap. There was no consensus on uterine closure as it likely depends on surgical proficiency with the given technique, but a double-layered non-locking suture appears reliable to reduce niche severity. Recent trials indicate that intra-operative PRP/MSC injections may decrease niche incidence and severity, but more research is needed. If prevention or minimization of uterine niche is desired, the optimal C-section protocol should avoid low uterine incisions, choose uterine closure technique based on the surgeon's proficiency (double-layered non-locking is reliable), and close the peritoneum, and myometrial injection of PRP/MSC may be a useful adjunct intervention pending further clinical evidence.

Sustainable utilization of unsaleable walnut kernel in substitution for corn grain in the diet of fattening lambs improves growth performance and meat quality.

As a cost-effective typical co-product of walnut processing; this study aimed to investigate the effects of feeding poor quality, unsaleable walnut kernel, also known as wasted walnut (WW) kernel, on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and fatty acid (FA) composition of fattening lambs. The experiment was conducted using 24 fattening lambs (27 ±1.07 kg initial BW) assigned to two total mixed concentrate-based diets, over a 80-day experimental period on a completely randomized design. Dietary treatments were: 1) WW (10% WW), and 2) CON (without WW). Average daily and total gain, and final weight increased with WW inclusion (P < 0.05). Also, a significant enhancement in feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05) and carcass cooler shrink loss (P = 0.03) were observed by feeding WW. Dry matter intake (DMI) was not influenced by feeding WW as did carcass prime cuts, meat, bone and fat-tail; however, the backfat thickness was increased (P = 0.01). WW inclusion reduced cholesterol and increased protein load in muscle tissue (P ≤ 0.05). Moreover, this inclusion led to higher concentration of vaccenic acid (VA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and C20 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFA), total n3 and n6 PUFA in muscle and fat-tail (P ≤ 0.05). Due to enhanced animal performance, also chemical and FA composition of muscle and adipose tissue, WW can be included in fattening lamb diets as a rich source of protein and PUFA.

Novel probe based on rhodamine B and quinoline as a naked-eye colorimetric probe for dual detection of nickel and hypochlorite ions.

This work demonstrates the design and straightforward syntheses of several novel probe-based on rhodamine B and 2-mercaptoquinoline-3-carbaldehydes as a naked-eye colorimetric probe, indicating a sensitive and selective recognition towards nickel (II) with a limit of detection 0.30 µmol L-1 (0.02 mg L-1). Further, by employing the oxidation property of hypochlorite (OCl-), this novel probe parallelly has been deployed to detect hypochlorite in laboratory conditions with a limit of detection of 0.19 µmol mL-1 and in living cells. Regarded to negligible cell toxicity toward mammalian cells, this probe has the potential to determine these analytes in in-vivo investigation and foodstuff samples.

Comparison of Effects of Stress and Midazolam on Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia in Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia.

Background: The identification of different factors affecting anesthesia and physiological changes during anesthesia can be effective in improving the quality of anesthesia. Midazolam is a benzodiazepine that has been used for many years for sedation under anesthesia. Stress is also an important factor affecting memory and other physiological changes, such as blood pressure and heart rate. Objectives: his study aimed to investigate the effects of stress on retrograde and anterograde amnesia among patients undergoing general anesthesia. Methods: This multi-center, parallel, stratified, randomized controlled trial was performed on patients undergoing non-emergency abdominal laparotomy. The patients were divided into high- and low-stress groups according to the Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale. Then, both groups were randomly divided into three subgroups receiving 0, 0.02, or 0.04 mg/kg of midazolam. Recall cards were shown to patients at 4 minutes, 2 minutes, and immediately before injection to determine retrograde amnesia and at 2 minutes, 4 minutes, and 6 minutes after injection to determine anterograde amnesia. Hemodynamic changes were recorded during intubation. The chi-square and multiple regression tests were used to analyze the data. Results: Midazolam injection was associated with the development of anterograde amnesia in all groups (P < 0.05); however, it had no effect on the development of retrograde amnesia (P < 0.05). Midazolam could decrease the systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate during intubation (P < 0.05). Stress also caused retrograde amnesia in patients (P < 0.05); nevertheless, it had no effect on anterograde amnesia (P > 0.05). Stress and midazolam injection could not affect the oxygen levels during intubation. Conclusions: The results showed that midazolam injection could induce anterograde amnesia, hypotension, and heart rate; nonetheless, it had no effect on retrograde amnesia. Stress was associated with retrograde amnesia and increased heart rate; however, it was not associated with anterograde amnesia.

Sulfur-functionalized porphyrin-based covalent organic framework as a metal-free dual-functional catalyst for photodegradation of organophosphorus pesticides under visible-LED-light.

Parathion and diazinon are two significant organophosphorus pesticides broadly used in agriculture. However, these compounds are toxic and can enter into the environment and atmosphere via various processes. Herein, we synthesized and post-functionalized a porphyrinic covalent organic framework (COF), COF-366, with elemental sulfur under solvent-free conditions to give polysulfide-functionalized COF-366, namely PS@COF. The resulting material consisting of porphyrin sensitizer and sulfur nucleophilic sites was used as a dual-functional heterogeneous catalyst for the degradation of these organic compounds using visible-LED-light. Accordingly, the effects of several pertinent parameters such as pH (3-9), the catalyst dosage (5-30 mg), time (up to 80 min), and substrate concentration (10-50 mg L-1) were studied in detail and optimized. The post-modified COF showed excellent photocatalytic activity (>97%) in the detoxification of diazinon and parathion for 60 min at pH 5.5. Kinetic studies indicated a fast degradation rate with pseudo-second order model for 20 mg L-1 of diazinon and parathion. The total organic carbon detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) confirmed the organic intermediates and byproducts formed during the process. PS@COF displayed good recyclability and high reusable efficiency for six cycles without a noteworthy lose in its catalytic activity, owing to its robust structure.

A network analysis on biopsychosocial factors and pain-related outcomes assessed during a COVID-19 lockdown.

Psychological stress, social isolation, physical inactivity, and reduced access to care during lockdowns throughout a pandemic negatively impact pain and function. In the context of the first COVID-19 lockdown in Spain, we aimed to investigate how different biopsychosocial factors influence chiropractic patients' pain-related outcomes and vice-versa. A total of 648 chiropractic patients completed online questionnaires including variables from the following categories: demographics, pain outcomes, pain beliefs, impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, stress/anxiety and self-efficacy. Twenty-eight variables were considered in a cross-sectional network analysis to examine bidirectional associations between biopsychosocial factors and pain outcomes. Subgroup analyses were conducted to estimate differences according to gender and symptom duration. The greatest associations were observed between pain duration and pain evolution during lockdown. Participants' age, pain symptoms' evolution during lockdown, and generalized anxiety were the variables with the strongest influence over the whole network. Negative emotions evoked by the pandemic were indirectly associated with pain outcomes, possibly via pain catastrophizing. The network structure of patients reporting acute pain showed important differences when compared to patients with chronic pain. These findings will contribute to identify which factors explain the deleterious effects of both the pandemic and the restrictions on patients living with pain.

Modulation of Nrf2/HO-1 by Natural Compounds in Lung Cancer.

Oxidative stresses (OSs) are considered a pivotal factor in creating various pathophysiological conditions. Cells have been able to move forward by modulating numerous signaling pathways to moderate the defects of these stresses during their evolution. The company of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) as a molecular sensing element of the oxidative and electrophilic stress and nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) as a master transcriptional regulator of the antioxidant response makes a master cytoprotective antioxidant pathway known as the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. This pathway is considered a dual-edged sword with beneficial features for both normal and cancer cells by regulating the gene expression of the array of endogenous antioxidant enzymes. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a critical enzyme in toxic heme removal, is one of the clear state indicators for the duality of this pathway. Therefore, Nrf2/HO-1 axis targeting is known as a novel strategy for cancer treatment. In this review, the molecular mechanism of action of natural antioxidants on lung cancer cells has been investigated by relying on the Nrf2/HO-1 axis.

Emotion regulation mediates the relationship between family caregivers' pain-related beliefs and patients' coping strategies.

Background: In order to tailor more effective interventions and minimize the burden of chronic pain, it is critical to identify the interaction and contribution of social and psychological factors in pain. One of the important psychological factors in pain management is related to the choice of pain coping strategies in chronic pain patients. Social resources, including family caregivers' pain attitudes-beliefs, can influence pain coping strategies in chronic pain patients. Moreover, one key factor that may intervene in the relationship between caregivers' pain attitudes-beliefs and the patients' coping strategies is the emotion regulation strategies. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of emotion regulation strategies of chronic pain patients and their family caregivers on the association between caregivers' pain attitudes-beliefs and pain coping strategies of chronic pain patients. Methods: We recruited 200 chronic musculoskeletal pain patients and their family caregivers. Chronic pain patients responded to measures of pain coping and emotion regulation strategies while family caregivers completed questionnaires related to their attitude toward pain and emotion regulation of themselves. Results: There is an association between caregivers' pain attitudes-beliefs and pain coping strategies in patients with chronic musculoskeletal. Moreover, the structural equation modeling revealed that the emotion regulation of both patients and family caregivers mediate the relationship between the caregivers' pain attitudes-beliefs and pain coping strategies of patients with chronic musculoskeletal. Conclusions: The social context of pain, including the effect of family caregivers' responses to the patient's pain, is a critical pain source that is suggested to affect coping strategies in patients. These findings suggest an association between pain attitudes-beliefs in family caregivers and pain coping strategies in patients. Moreover, these results showed that the emotion regulation of both patients and their family caregivers mediates this association.

Enhancing neutralizing antibodies against receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 by a safe natural adjuvant system.

The receptor binding domain (RBD) plays a pivotal role in the viral entry as it enables the engagement of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor for host cell entry. RBD is the major target for developing viral inhibitors and vaccines. Expression of recombinant RBD in E.coli is highly scalable with a low-cost procedure despite its high expression level compared to expression in mammalian and yeast cells. Using an alternative natural adjuvant system instead of alum adjuvant, increased immunogenicity of RBD antigen in serological assay including direct ELISA and surrogate Virus Neutralization Test (sVNT) was demonstrated with high levels of IgGs and neutralizing antibodies in mice sera immunized with RBD:AlSa (Alum and Sodium alginate) formulation. The sVNT is a simple and fast test that can be used instead of the conventional virus neutralization test requiring live virus and BSL3 laboratory to detect total neutralizing antibodies against RBD. Additionally, results showed a safety profile for sodium alginate which supported using it as an alternative natural adjuvant.

Endometrial receptivity array before frozen embryo transfer cycles: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of endometrial receptivity array (ERA) before frozen embryo transfer in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). There is a lack of consensus regarding the use of ERA for increasing the success rate of IVF cycles, mainly in terms of the live birth rate. DESIGN: PubMed, Web of Science and Embase were searched from inception up to February 15, 2022. SETTING: Not applicable. PATIENT(S): Patients undergoing ERA vs no ERA before frozen embryo transfer. INTERVENTION(S): Only comparative studies evaluating pregnancy rates of patients undergoing frozen embryo transfer cycles with or without prior ERA were included. Inter-study heterogeneity was also assessed using Cochrane's Q test and the I2 statistic. The random-effects model was used to pool the odds ratio (OR) with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup analyses were performed to investigate the impact of ERA on pregnancy rates according to the number of previous embryo transfer (ET) failures (≤ 2 previous failed ETs vs. > 2 failed ETs, defined as recurrent implantation failure). Separate analyses were performed according to the study design and adjustment for confounders. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES(S): The primary outcomes of the study were live birth rate and/or ongoing pregnancy rate. Implantation rate, biochemical pregnancy rate, clinical pregnancy rate, and miscarriage rate were considered secondary outcomes. RESULT(S): Eight studies (representing data on n = 2,784 patients; n = 831 had undergone ERA and n = 1,953 without ERA) were found to be eligible for this meta-analysis. The live birth or ongoing pregnancy rate for the ERA group was not significantly different compared with the non-ERA group (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 0.79-2.41; I2 83.0%), nor was a difference seen in subgroup analyses based on the number of previous failed ETs. The rates of implantation, biochemical pregnancy, clinical pregnancy, and miscarriage were also comparable between the ERA and the non-ERA groups. After separate analyses according to the study design and adjustment for confounding factors, overall pooled estimates remained statistically nonsignificant. CONCLUSION(S): The findings of the current meta-analysis did not reveal a significant change in the rate of pregnancy after IVF cycles using ERA, and it is not clear whether ERA can increase the pregnancy rate or not. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: Prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022310862).