Measuring social determinants of health in the All of Us Research Program.

To accelerate medical breakthroughs, the All of Us Research Program aims to collect data from over one million participants. This report outlines processes used to construct the All of Us Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) survey and presents the psychometric characteristics of SDOH survey measures in All of Us. A consensus process was used to select SDOH measures, prioritizing concepts validated in diverse populations and other national cohort surveys. Survey item non-response was calculated, and Cronbach's alpha was used to analyze psychometric properties of scales. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine associations between demographic categories and item non-response. Twenty-nine percent (N = 117,783) of eligible All of Us participants submitted SDOH survey data for these analyses. Most scales had less than 5% incalculable scores due to item non-response. Patterns of item non-response were seen by racial identity, educational attainment, income level, survey language, and age. Internal consistency reliability was greater than 0.80 for almost all scales and most demographic groups. The SDOH survey demonstrated good to excellent reliability across several measures and within multiple populations underrepresented in biomedical research. Bias due to survey non-response and item non-response will be monitored and addressed as the survey is fielded more completely.

Contemplating on the end of integrated care-part II: Living the questions to foster adaptability.

This article extends the use of the ecocycle planning framework to describe challenges ahead for the integrated care and Collaborative Family Healthcare Association (CFHA). The authors make the case that to remain agile and adaptable, there are contextual, ecological, and moral challenges that integrated care and CFHA should keep in the forefront as they navigate the future of an inequitable health care system that is morphing at a rapid pace. These influences include but are not limited to challenges of social determinants of health, artificial intelligence, generational differences in technology among older and younger populations, the moral issue of poverty, challenges to retain an integrated care workforce, and rethinking development of evidence-based supported treatments for integrated care. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Integrated Behavioral Health in OB-GYN: Federally Qualified Health Care Centers.

Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) are private nonprofit community-based primary care health care organizations that are charged with providing high-quality comprehensive care that is affordable and accessible. FQHCs are ideally suited for the integration of behavioral health services (BHC). This article reviews the history of FQHCs, the various models of BHC integration, and details of the Cherokee Health Systems integrated model.

The All of Us Research Program: Data quality, utility, and diversity.

The All of Us Research Program seeks to engage at least one million diverse participants to advance precision medicine and improve human health. We describe here the cloud-based Researcher Workbench that uses a data passport model to democratize access to analytical tools and participant information including survey, physical measurement, and electronic health record (EHR) data. We also present validation study findings for several common complex diseases to demonstrate use of this novel platform in 315,000 participants, 78% of whom are from groups historically underrepresented in biomedical research, including 49% self-reporting non-White races. Replication findings include medication usage pattern differences by race in depression and type 2 diabetes, validation of known cancer associations with smoking, and calculation of cardiovascular risk scores by reported race effects. The cloud-based Researcher Workbench represents an important advance in enabling secure access for a broad range of researchers to this large resource and analytical tools.

Implementing Prevention Plus with Underserved Families in an Integrated Primary Care Setting.

Background: This proof-of-concept trial examined a 6-month Prevention Plus (PP) intervention implemented in a federally qualified health center on child standardized BMI (ZBMI), using a planned clinical effect threshold of -0.16 ZBMI. The relationship between food security status and PP delivered with caregiver goals (PP+) and without caregiver goals (PP-) on energy balance behaviors (i.e., fruits and vegetables, physical activity) and child ZBMI was explored. Methods: Seventy-three, underserved children, 4-10 years of age with a BMI ≥85th percentile, were randomized to one of two interventions, PP+ and PP-, both providing 2.5 hours of contact time, implemented in five clinics by behavioral health consultants (BHCs). Outcomes were child anthropometrics (included 9-month follow-up), implementation data collected from electronic health records, and caregiver and BHC evaluations. Results: Children were 57.5% female and 78.1% Hispanic, with 32.9% from food-insecure households and 58.9% from households with an annual income of less than $20,000. Child ZBMI significantly (p < 0.05) decreased at 6 and 9 months (-0.08 ± 0.24 and -0.12 ± 0.43), with only PP+ reaching the clinical threshold at 9 months (PP+: -0.20 ± 0.42 vs. PP-: -0.05 ± 0.42). Sixty-four percent of families attended ≥50% of the sessions, and BHCs delivered 78.5% ± 23.5% of components at attended sessions. Caregivers were satisfied with the intervention and BHCs found the intervention helpful/useful. No relationship with food insecurity status and outcomes was found. Conclusions: PP+ when delivered by a primary care provider to underserved families showed promise for producing a clinically meaningful effect. Families and providers felt the intervention was a viable treatment option.

Don Bloch Award acceptance.

This article focuses on Parinda Khatri's acceptance of the Don Bloch Award and her acceptance speech. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Reducing Risk for Adolescent Substance Misuse with Text-Delivered Counseling to Adolescents and Parents.

Background: Text-delivered prevention programs provide unique opportunities to deliver substance use prevention interventions to at-risk populations. Methods: A pilot randomized controlled trial was conducted to test the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a 4-week, automated personalized text-messaging prevention program, designed to reduce risk factors and increase protective factors associated with adolescent substance use and misuse. Sixty-nine adolescents were recruited from a Federally Qualified Health Care clinic and randomized to a text-delivered intervention, or a wait-list control condition. Simultaneously, fifty-two parents of adolescent participants were enrolled into a parenting skills text-delivered intervention. Participants completed a baseline assessment and three follow-up surveys over three-months. Adolescent saliva specimens for drug testing were collected. Results: All intervention-allocated adolescents implemented at least one of the text-based counseling recommendations and 79% indicated that they found the texts helpful. Significant intervention effects were found on risk and protective factors for substance misuse. Adolescents in the intervention group reported reduced depression symptoms (d = -.63) and anxiety symptoms (d = -.57). Relative to controls, adolescents in the intervention group maintained a higher quality of parental relationship (d = .41) and parenting skills (d = .51), suggesting a prophylactic effect. Marginal decrease in the odds of positive drug tests were found for youth in intervention group (77.1% decrease, p = 0.07) but not with controls (54.3% decrease, p = 0.42,). Conclusions: Results provide preliminary evidence in the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of targeting risk and protective factors that are implicated in substance use via text-delivered interventions for high-risk populations.

Reach of a low-intensity, multicomponent childhood overweight and obesity intervention delivered in an integrated primary care setting.

Reach (i.e., proportion and representativeness of participants) of low-intensity, multicomponent childhood overweight/obesity interventions delivered in primary care settings with low-income and/or minority families is unknown. The purpose of this research is to describe the reach of a low-intensity, multicomponent childhood overweight/obesity intervention delivered in an integrated primary care setting in a federally qualified health center (FQHC). Eligibility criteria included children aged 4-10 years with a body mass index (BMI) ≥85th percentile, with a female caregiver. Using the electronic health record (EHR) and release forms, families were broadly categorized into groupings from recruitment flow, with differing proportions calculated from these groupings. Representativeness was determined using EHR data from families who were informed about the program (n = 963). Three calculated reach rates ranged from 54.9% to 3.9%. Lower reach rates were calculated using the number of families randomized (n = 73) as the numerator and the children from families who were informed about the program (n = 963) or all eligible children in the FQHC attending appointments (n = 1,864) as denominators. The first two steps in recruitment, informing families about the program and families initiating participation, were where the largest decreases in reach occurred. Children who were randomized were older, had a higher BMI, had a greater number of medical diagnoses indicating overweight or obesity, and were Hispanic. Reach of the intervention was low. Strategies that assist with reducing time for informing families of treatment and increasing families' awareness of their child's weight status should assist with enhancing reach.

Clinical Workflows and the Associated Tasks and Behaviors to Support Delivery of Integrated Behavioral Health and Primary Care.

Integrating primary care and behavioral health is an important focus of health system transformation. Cross-case comparative analysis of 19 practices in the United States describing integrated care clinical workflows. Surveys, observation visits, and key informant interviews analyzed using immersion-crystallization. Staff performed tasks and behaviors-guided by protocols or scripts-to support 4 workflow phases: (1) identifying; (2) engaging/transitioning; (3) providing treatment; and (4) monitoring/adjusting care. Shared electronic health records and accessible staffing/scheduling facilitated workflows. Stakeholders should consider these workflow phases, address structural features, and utilize a developmental approach as they operationalize integrated care delivery.

Toward a Unified Integration Approach: Uniting Diverse Primary Care Strategies Under the Primary Care Behavioral Health (PCBH) Model.

Primary care continues to be at the center of health care transformation. The Primary Care Behavioral Health (PCBH) model of service delivery includes patient-centered care delivery strategies that can improve clinical outcomes, cost, and patient and primary care provider satisfaction with services. This article reviews the link between the PCBH model of service delivery and health care services quality improvement, and provides guidance for initiating PCBH model clinical pathways for patients facing depression, chronic pain, alcohol misuse, obesity, insomnia, and social barriers to health.

Meeting evolving workforce needs: Preparing psychologists for leadership in the patient-centered medical home.

Behavioral health integration in the patient-centered medical home (PCMH) offers opportunities for psychologists to play leadership roles. Widespread practice transition to PCMH models of care are expected to substantially impact the psychology workforce. Conservative estimates suggest that approximately 90% of the 93,000 clinically trained psychologists would be required to meet projected need in these settings. This has implications for how health service psychologists are trained. In addition to relevant clinical competencies, they must be versed in system/program development, administration, evaluation, quality improvement, and interprofessional collaboration. Herein, the need to introduce psychologists to the many potential roles in the PCMH is underscored. Inherent to effective work in the PCMH is the synthesis of professional competences in addition to those traditionally included in psychology training. We offer a competency-based PCMH training framework adapted from levels of intensity in the Education and Training Guidelines: A taxonomy for education and training in professional psychology health service specialties (American Psychological Association, 2012). Practical examples of training activities, taking into account available programmatic resources, also are presented. (PsycINFO Database Record

CFHA's past, present, and future: building the plane while flying.

The Collaborative Family Healthcare Association (CFHA) began as a fledgling organization that promoted family-centered collaborative and integrated care, even when out of step with an established health care system that was characterized by fragmentation and hierarchy. Over the past two decades, however, the organization of "traditional" health care has unraveled and is ripe for change. We are in the midst of a noticeable expansion in interest and engagement in integration and collaboration as core components of a transformed health care delivery system. How do we "change the way we deliver health care while we are providing it?" We can look to lessons learned in CFHA's history for some guidance. First, cultivate the change-makers. Second, foster innovation. Third, become experts in change management-within ourselves and the systems in which we work. Moving forward, the next decade will be a critical time for CFHA and those of us who recognize integration of health care as an essential strategy to improve the health and quality of life within our communities.

Collaborative Family Healthcare Association commentary on the "joint principles: Integrating behavioral health care into the patient-centered medical home".

The Collaborative Family Healthcare Association (CFHA) welcomes the opportunity to comment on the complementary set of Joint Principles underscoring the Integration of Behavioral Health Care Into the Patient-Centered Medical Home (The Working Party Group on Integrated Behavioral Healthcare et al., 2014). CFHA is an organization that promotes comprehensive and cost-effective models of health care delivery that integrate mind and body, individual and family, patients, providers, and communities. CFHA appreciates that the Joint Principles do not explicitly endorse any single model of collaboration between behavioral health and medical practice. Rather, they broadly emphasize integration, affirming the only way to have a whole person orientation is to adopt a biopsychosocial-spiritual perspective. This commentary will highlight areas of notable strength within the Joint Principles, as well as challenge the language, if not perspective, on a few critical elements.

Health care reform, 2014: no matter what the question, mission is the answer.

In this column, the president of the Collaborative Family Healthcare Association (CFHA) addresses the lack of understanding and agreement to the question What is health care reform? It is a daunting task to understand, let alone redesign, the most expensive (but not most effective or most efficient) health care system in the world. In this critical window of opportunity, influencing positive movement through leadership, communication, and teamwork is a strategic priority of the CFHA and its journal, Family Systems & Health. The emphases on comprehensive, coordinated, and cost-effective care, although novel concepts for many, have been core features of CFHA's philosophy for almost two decades (see CFHA's mission statement). As we mark the halfway point in this pivotal year in health care reform, we continue to struggle. CFHA can help illuminate the path of what health care reform can be and what it can do for each citizen in our communities.

Aspects of social support associated with depression at hospitalization and follow-up assessment among cardiac patients.

PURPOSE: High levels of depressive symptoms have been shown to affect the morbidity, mortality, and functioning of patients with myocardial infarction (MI). Findings have shown that social support is associated with depression in both patient and community samples. This study examined various aspects of social support as they relate to depressive symptoms in patients with MI, both in the hospital and 2 weeks later. METHODS: As part of the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease (ENRICHD) pilot study, measures of perceived social support, social networks, social support received, and social conflict were administered to 196 patients with MI. These patients also were administered the Beck Depression Inventory and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Depression was reassessed 2 weeks later. Relations between social support indicators and the depression measures were examined. RESULTS: The prevalence of depression symptoms was high, especially among poorer and younger patients. There was modest improvement across time. Patients with high social support scores, particularly those reflecting perceived support, had lower scores on depression measures at baseline. High levels of perceived support and low social conflict at baseline were associated with less follow-up depression, as measured by the Beck cognitive scale, but not the Beck somatic scale nor the Hamilton scale. There were few associations with measures of social networks and received support. CONCLUSIONS: Social support indicators were differentially related to depression among patients with MI while in the hospital and 2 weeks later. The pattern of associations also depended on the measure of depression. A broad assessment strategy of both social support and depression is needed for a full understanding of their interrelations.

Exercise therapy for depression in middle-aged and older adults: predictors of early dropout and treatment failure.

Psychosocial factors predicting treatment dropout or failure to benefit from treatment were identified in a randomized trial of exercise therapy and pharmacotherapy for major depression. One hundred fifty-six men and women over age 50 diagnosed with major depressive disorder were assigned to a 16-week program of aerobic exercise, medication (sertraline), or a combination of exercise and medication. Thirty-two patients (21%) failed to complete the program and were considered treatment "dropouts." At the end of 16 weeks, 83 patients (53%) were in remission; the remaining patients not in remission were considered treatment "failures." Baseline levels of self-reported anxiety and lift satisfaction were the best predictors of both patient dropout and treatment success or failure across all treatment conditions.