ABSTRACT
This article explores new and innovative ways of delivering palliative and end-of-life care (EoLC) within the acute hospital setting. Severe financial pressures in the NHS and social care, combined with the increasing clinical complexity of patients, have raised concerns about the quality of EoLC in hospitals. The creation of hospital palliative care units (PCUs) and other improvement initiatives will be described across two large acute hospital trusts which resulted in a rating of 'Outstanding' by the Care Quality Commission (CQC) for their delivery of end-of-life services.
ABSTRACT
CONTEXT: Decisions surrounding the administration of clinically assisted hydration to patients dying of cancer can be challenging because of the limited understanding of hydration in advanced cancer and a lack of evidence to guide health care professionals. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) has been used to assess hydration in various patient groupings, but evidence for its use in advanced cancer is limited. OBJECTIVES: To critically appraise existing methods of hydration status assessment in advanced cancer and review the potential for BIA to assess hydration in advanced cancer. METHODS: Searches were carried out in four electronic databases. A hand search of selected peer-reviewed journals and conference abstracts also was conducted. Studies reporting (de)hydration assessment (physical examination, biochemical measures, symptom assessment, and BIA) in patients with advanced cancer were included. RESULTS: The results highlight how clinical examination and biochemical tests are standard methods of assessing hydration, but limitations exist with these methods in advanced cancer. Furthermore, there is disagreement over the evidence for some commonly associated symptoms with dehydration in cancer. Although there are limitations with using BIA alone to assess hydration in advanced cancer, analysis of BIA raw measurements through the method of bioelectrical impedance vector analysis may have a role in this population. CONCLUSION: The benefits and burdens of providing clinically assisted hydration to patients dying of cancer are unclear. Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis shows promise as a hydration assessment tool but requires further study in advanced cancer. Innovative methodologies for research are required to add to the evidence base and ultimately improve the care for the dying.
