ABSTRACT
Similar to many other medical training programs, fellowship interviews for hand surgery will be conducted virtually for a second consecutive year. We provide strategies for applicants to ideally portray themselves and to learn about fellowship programs. We include approaches for fellowship programs to identify candidates that match their values as a program, as well as ways to provide useful information to applicants about the program's culture. Given that components of virtual interviewing and recruitment will likely be an ongoing part of fellowship applications, we hope this article provides a framework to guide both applicants and program faculty for the 2021 to 2022 cycle and beyond.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Internship and Residency , Specialties, Surgical , Fellowships and Scholarships , Hand/surgery , HumansABSTRACT
CONTEXT: RJ is a natural bee product and is known to have remarkable health benefits. The objective was to evaluate its antimicrobial potential against periodontopathic bacteria and compare the same with chlorhexidine. AIMS: The aim was to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial activity of royal jelly (RJ) with chlorhexidine against the periodontopathic bacteria (aerobic and anaerobic) in subgingival plaque. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subgingival plaque samples of 15 chronic periodontitis patients were taken, and clinical parameters were evaluated. Inhibitory effect of RJ and chlorhexidine was investigated "in vitro" on the growth of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria by colony count, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) by the method of serial broth dilution. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: ANOVA statistical analysis was used in this study. RESULTS: Subgingival anaerobic bacteria predominate (colony-forming unit). Chlorhexidine is more sensitive in inhibiting aerobic and anaerobic bacteria (at concentration 50 µg/100 µl). A higher concentration of RJ is required to have an inhibitory effect. MBC of chlorhexidine shows no growth on blood agar plates, whereas minimum bacterial growth is seen around the RJ. CONCLUSIONS: Chlorhexidine (gold standard) has a higher inhibitory effect in the case of chronic periodontitis; however, RJ can also be used as an alternative but at higher concentration and lesser dilution. Evaluation of the quality, quantity and the biological activity of RJ is a necessity and must be done before its "in vivo" application.
