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1.
J Vet Med Sci ; 86(4): 440-450, 2024 Apr 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38383004

ABSTRACT

In this study using computed tomography (CT), the volumes of the internal cranial cavities, such as the braincase, frontal sinus and tympanic cavity, and the ratio of the volume of each cavity to the skull volume in Japanese wolves were quantified, and CT images of the frontal sinus were observed. The results were then compared with those of other wolf subspecies, including Akita, a dog breed, to clarify the characteristics of the internal cranial cavities in Japanese wolves. The present study revealed that the Japanese wolf had a relatively larger braincase volume and a relatively smaller frontal sinus volume than the wolf ssp. (a group of wild wolf subspecies except the Japanese wolf) and Akita. Moreover, the relative and absolute tympanic cavity volumes of the Japanese wolf and Akita were significantly smaller than those of the wolf ssp. In the CT image or macroscopic observations, the frontal sinuses of the wolf ssp. and Akita were relatively well developed to the caudal and dorsal directions, respectively, compared with that of the Japanese wolf, and the tympanic cavity of the wolf ssp. was more largely swelled ventrally and medially than that of other groups.


Subject(s)
Wolves , Dogs , Animals , Japan , Skull/diagnostic imaging , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinary
2.
BMC Vet Res ; 13(1): 292, 2017 Sep 29.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28962659

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Laterality disorders of the abdominal organs include situs inversus totalis that mirrors the arrangements of all internal organs and heterotaxy syndrome (situs ambiguus) in which the thoracic or abdominal organs are abnormally arranged. Heterotaxy is often accompanied by multiple congenital malformations, and it generally comprises asplenia and polysplenia syndromes. To our knowledge, polysplenia syndrome has been reported in only three cattle, and computerized tomographic (CT) images of these animals were not obtained. CASE PRESENTATION: A six-month-old Holstein heifer had ruminal tympani and right abdominal distension. CT imaging showed that the rumen occupied the right side of the abdominal cavity, the omasum and abomasum occupied the left ventral side and the liver was positioned on the left. The colon and cecum were located at the left dorsum of the cavity, and the left kidney was located more cranially than the right. Postmortem findings revealed two spleens attached to the rumen. Significantly, the duodenum was too short to be divided into segments, except the cranial and descending parts, or flexures, except the cranial flexure, and the pancreas, which lacked a left lobe, was covered with mesojejunum. The liver comprised a relatively large right lobe and a small left lobe without quadrate and caudate lobes. The caudal vena cava that connected to the left azygous vein passed irregularly through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm, and the common hepatic vein without the caudal vena cava passed through the caval foramen. Although the lungs and heart were morphologically normal, the right atrium received three major systemic veins. Polysplenia syndrome was diagnosed based on the CT and postmortem findings. CONCLUSION: We defined the positions of the abdominal organs and morphological abnormalities in various organs of a calf with polysplenia syndrome based on CT and postmortem findings. These findings will improve understanding of the malpositioning and malformations that can occur in the organs of cattle with polysplenia syndrome.


Subject(s)
Abnormalities, Multiple/veterinary , Cattle/abnormalities , Duodenum/abnormalities , Heterotaxy Syndrome/veterinary , Pancreas/abnormalities , Spleen/abnormalities , Abnormalities, Multiple/diagnostic imaging , Animals , Duodenum/diagnostic imaging , Female , Heterotaxy Syndrome/diagnostic imaging , Pancreas/diagnostic imaging , Spleen/diagnostic imaging , Syndrome , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinary
3.
Phys Chem Chem Phys ; 11(26): 5290-301, 2009 Jul 14.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19551196

ABSTRACT

Two kinds of mechanisms are well known for electron transfer (ET) in the system DMA where a donor D and an acceptor A are fixed in a close distance by a bridging molecule M. When the free energy DeltaG(m) of the intermediate state |m of DM(-)A is much higher than the thermal energy k(B)T above the initial state of D(-)MA, the ET occurs unistep from D to A by the superexchange (SX) mechanism, passing |m as a quantum-mechanical virtual state. However, when DeltaG(m) becomes not much higher than k(B)T, the ordinary sequential (OS) ET may manifest itself, where the second ET from |m to the final state of DMA(-) takes place after thermalization of phonons in |m. Recently, much interest has been aroused in how the SX mechanism switches to the OS one as DeltaG(m) is lowered. This subject has often been described conventionally by summation of the rate constant for the SX mechanism and that for the OS one. However, such convention cannot be justified, since these mechanisms are realized in mutually opposite limits concerned with dynamics in mediation of ET by a bridging molecule, hence they cannot both be realized simultaneously in a single system. An observation of such a bridged ET by Paulson, Miller, Gan and Closs (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 4860) provides a good example of this feature. Describing their observation in a unified framework for the ET, it is shown that the switch occurs at DeltaG(m) congruent with-0.5 eV, which is much lower than 0.3 eV reported by them, where the hot-sequential ET reveals itself, taking place during thermalization of phonons in |m.


Subject(s)
Electrons , Molecular Structure , Thermodynamics
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