Deep Learning Model for Cosmetic Gel Classification Based on a Short-Time Fourier Transform and Spectrogram.

Cosmetics and topical medications, such as gels, foams, creams, and lotions, are viscoelastic substances that are applied to the skin or mucous membranes. The human perception of these materials is complex and involves multiple sensory modalities. Traditional panel-based sensory evaluations have limitations due to individual differences in sensory receptors and factors such as age, race, and gender. Therefore, this study proposes a deep-learning-based method for systematically analyzing and effectively identifying the physical properties of cosmetic gels. Time-series friction signals generated by rubbing the gels were measured. These signals were preprocessed through short-time Fourier transform (STFT) and continuous wavelet transform (CWT), respectively, and the frequency factors that change over time were distinguished and analyzed. The deep learning model employed a ResNet-based convolution neural network (CNN) structure with optimization achieved through a learning rate scheduler. The optimized STFT-based 2D CNN model outperforms the CWT-based 2D and 1D CNN models. The optimized STFT-based 2D CNN model also demonstrated robustness and reliability through k-fold cross-validation. This study suggests the potential for an innovative approach to replace traditional expert panel evaluations and objectively assess the user experience of cosmetics.

Temporal Transcriptome Profiling of Pinus densiflora Infected with Pine Wood Nematode Reveals Genetically Programmed Changes upon Pine Wilt Disease.

Pine, an evergreen conifer, is widely distributed worldwide. It is economically, scientifically, and ecologically important. However, pine wilt disease (PWD) induced by the pine wood nematode (PWN) adversely affects pine trees. Many studies have been conducted on the PWN and its beetle vectors to prevent the spread of PWD. However, studies providing a comprehensive understanding of the pine tree transcriptome in response to PWN infection are lacking. Here, we performed temporal profiling of the pine tree transcriptome using PWD-infected red pine trees, Pinus densiflora, inoculated with the PWN by RNA sequencing. Our analysis revealed that defense-responsive genes involved in cell wall modification, jasmonic acid signaling, and phenylpropanoid-related processes were significantly enriched 2 weeks after PWD infection. Furthermore, some WRKY-type and MYB-type transcription factors were upregulated 2 weeks after PWD infection, suggesting that these transcription factors might be responsible for the genome-wide reprogramming of defense-responsive genes in the early PWD stage. Our comprehensive transcriptome analysis will assist in developing PWD-resistant pine trees and identifying genes to diagnose PWD at the early stage of infection, during which large-scale phenotypic changes are absent in PWD-infected pine trees.

Fabrication of a Fully Printed Ammonia Gas Sensor Based on ZnO/rGO Using Ultraviolet-Ozone Treatment.

In this study, a room-temperature ammonia gas sensor using a ZnO and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite is developed. The sensor fabrication involved the innovative application of reverse offset and electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) techniques to create a ZnO/rGO sensing platform. The structural and chemical characteristics of the resulting material were comprehensively analyzed using XRD, FT-IR, FESEM, EDS, and XPS, and rGO reduction was achieved via UV-ozone treatment. Electrical properties were assessed through I-V curves, demonstrating enhanced conductivity due to UV-ozone treatment and improved charge mobility from the formation of a ZnO-rGO heterojunction. Exposure to ammonia gas resulted in increased sensor responsiveness, with longer UV-ozone treatment durations yielding superior sensitivity. Furthermore, response and recovery times were measured, with the 10 min UV-ozone-treated sensor displaying optimal responsiveness. Performance evaluation revealed linear responsiveness to ammonia concentration with a high R2 value. The sensor also exhibited exceptional selectivity for ammonia compared to acetone and CO gases, making it a promising candidate for ammonia gas detection. This study shows the outstanding performance and potential applications of the ZnO/rGO-based ammonia gas sensor, promising significant contributions to the field of gas detection.

Fully Printed Cellulose Nanofiber-Ag Nanoparticle Composite for High-Performance Humidity Sensor.

This paper reports a high-performance humidity sensor made using a novel cellulose nanofiber (CNF)-silver nanoparticle (AgNP) sensing material. The interdigital electrode pattern was printed via reverse-offset printing using Ag nano-ink, and the sensing layer on the printed interdigitated electrode (IDE) was formed by depositing the CNF-AgNP composite via inkjet printing. The structure and morphology of the CNF-AgNP layer are characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, an X-ray diffractometer, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. The humidity-sensing performance of the prepared sensors is evaluated by measuring the impedance changes under the relative humidity variation between 10 and 90% relative humidity. The CNF-AgNP sensor exhibited very sensitive and fast humidity-sensing responses compared to the CNF sensor. The electrode distance effect and the response and recovery times are investigated. The enhanced humidity-sensing performance is reflected in the increased conductivity of the Ag nanoparticles and the adsorption of free water molecules associated with the porous characteristics of the CNF layer. The CNF-AgNP composite enables the development of highly sensitive, fast-responding, reproducible, flexible, and inexpensive humidity sensors.

Correlation Analysis between Hypogonadal Symptoms and Changes in Body Composition and Physical Fitness after Testosterone Treatment in Men with Testosterone Deficiency.

PURPOSE: This study analyzed changes in body composition and physical fitness in men with testosterone deficiency (TD) after testosterone treatment (TT) and examined the correlations of body composition and physical fitness with serum testosterone levels and hypogonadal symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy patients with TD were divided into control (group I, n=23) and experimental (group II, n=47) groups. Patients in the experimental group were administered intramuscular testosterone enanthate (250 mg) for six months. The aging males symptom scale (AMS) score, international prostate symptom score (IPSS), body mass index, waist circumference, and serum laboratory values were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to assess the patients' body composition. Seven types of basic exercise tests were used to evaluate the patients' physical fitness. RESULTS: After six months, there were no significant differences in group I, while group II had significantly improved IPSS and AMS scores; increased hemoglobin, hematocrit, prostate-specific antigen, and testosterone levels and skeletal muscle mass; and waist circumference, and body fat mass. All elements of the physical fitness test were significantly improved in group II, with the exceptions of flexibility and endurance. Decreased waist circumference was correlated with changes in testosterone levels in group II, and the IPSS, cardiorespiratory fitness, and agility were correlated with improved hypogonadal symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: TT improved the hypogonadal and lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with TD and improved body composition, physical fitness, and metabolic syndrome parameters. Increased testosterone and improved hypogonadal symptoms were correlated with a decrease in waist circumference and an improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness and agility. As such, when implementing TT, we should consider whether these areas may be improved, as this can help to predict the effect.

Humidity Sensors Based on Cellulose Nanofiber Fabricated on a Three-Dimensional (3D) Curved Surface.

Traditional printed electronics processes have recently been utilized within 3D-printed structures where components and interconnects are introduced during manufacturing disruptions. The dielectric performance of 3D-printed materials has a low-resolution problem, and many technologies have been proposed for direct printing on a 3D curved surface or structure. This paper reports a humidity sensor fabricated with a 3D-printed electrode and cellulose nanofibers on a curved surface. The electrode part of an interdigital electrode (IDE) sensor is printed on a flat glass substrate and a 3D-curved glass substrate using a double blanket reverse offset. Subsequently, a cellulose nanofiber emulsion is coated onto the IDE pattern as a sensing layer with a dispenser. The electrical impedance of the sensor is measured with the relative humidity (RH) changes between 10% and 90% RH. The sensor demonstrates a high repeatability and sensitivity, even on a 3D curved substrate. This technology provides a promising method to integrate humidity sensors and 3D deformable surfaces.

Urinary Tract Infection and Microbiome.

Urinary tract infection is one of the most common bacterial infections and can cause major burdens, not only to individuals but also to an entire society. Current knowledge of the microbial communities in the urinary tract has increased exponentially due to next-generation sequencing and expanded quantitative urine culture. We now acknowledge a dynamic urinary tract microbiome that we once thought was sterile. Taxonomic studies have identified the normal core microbiota of the urinary tract, and studies on the changes in microbiome due to sexuality and age have set the foundation for microbiome studies in pathologic states. Urinary tract infection is not only caused by invading uropathogenic bacteria but also by changes to the uromicrobiome milieu, and interactions with other microbial communities can also contribute. Recent studies have provided insights into the pathogenesis of recurrent urinary tract infections and antimicrobial resistance. New therapeutic options for urinary tract infections also show promise; however, further research is needed to fully understand the implications of the urinary microbiome in urinary tract infections.

Integrated Temperature-Humidity Sensors for a Pouch-Type Battery Using 100% Printing Process.

The performance, stability, and lifespan of lithium-ion batteries are influenced by variations in the flow of lithium ions with temperature. In electric vehicles, coolants are generally used to maintain the optimal temperature of the battery, leading to an increasing demand for temperature and humidity sensors that can prevent leakage and short circuits. In this study, humidity and temperature sensors were fabricated on a pouch film of a pouch-type battery. IDE electrodes were screen-printed on the pouch film and humidity- and temperature-sensing materials were printed using a dispenser process. Changes in the capacitance of the printed Ag-CNF film were used for humidity sensing, while changes in the resistance of the printed PEDOT:PSS film were used for temperature sensing. The two sensors were integrated into a single electrode for performance evaluation. The integrated sensor exhibited a response of ΔR ≈ 0.14 to temperature variations from 20 °C to 100 °C with 20% RH humidity as a reference, and a response of ΔC ≈ 2.8 to relative humidity changes from 20% RH to 80% RH at 20 °C. The fabricated integrated sensor is expected to contribute to efficient temperature and humidity monitoring applications in various pouch-type lithium-ion batteries.

Deep learning-based system development for black pine bast scale detection.

The prevention of the loss of agricultural resources caused by pests is an important issue. Advances are being made in technologies, but current farm management methods and equipment have not yet met the level required for precise pest control, and most rely on manual management by professional workers. Hence, a pest detection system based on deep learning was developed for the automatic pest density measurement. In the proposed system, an image capture device for pheromone traps was developed to solve nonuniform shooting distance and the reflection of the outer vinyl of the trap while capturing the images. Since the black pine bast scale pest is small, pheromone traps are captured as several subimages and they are used for training the deep learning model. Finally, they are integrated by an image stitching algorithm to form an entire trap image. These processes are managed with the developed smartphone application. The deep learning model detects the pests in the image. The experimental results indicate that the model achieves an F1 score of 0.90 and mAP of 94.7% and suggest that a deep learning model based on object detection can be used for quick and automatic detection of pests attracted to pheromone traps.

Spontaneous rupture of adrenal myelolipoma as a cause of acute flank pain: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Adrenal myelolipoma is a rare, benign, non-functioning mass that occurs in the adrenal gland. It is composed of an admixture of hematopoietic elements and mature adipose tissue, similar to bone marrow. Even at large sizes, adrenal myelolipomas are usually asymptomatic and often incidentally found by ultrasonography or computed tomography (CT) scan. This paper describes an unusual case of adrenal myelolipoma presenting as flank pain. CASE SUMMARY: A 50-year-old male with severe right flank pain underwent a CT scan revealing a huge mass extending into the suprarenal space. The mass showed a fat component with retroperitoneal hemorrhage. The tumor was treated laparoscopically, and pathologic examination revealed features of myelolipoma originating from the adrenal gland. CONCLUSION: Adrenal myelolipomas are generally asymptomatic and can be treated conservatively. However, rupture and hemorrhage of the tumor can cause symptoms requiring surgical removal.

Large-area synthesis of nanoscopic catalyst-decorated conductive MOF film using microfluidic-based solution shearing.

Conductive metal-organic framework (C-MOF) thin-films have a wide variety of potential applications in the field of electronics, sensors, and energy devices. The immobilization of various functional species within the pores of C-MOFs can further improve the performance and extend the potential applications of C-MOFs thin films. However, developing facile and scalable synthesis of high quality ultra-thin C-MOFs while simultaneously immobilizing functional species within the MOF pores remains challenging. Here, we develop microfluidic channel-embedded solution-shearing (MiCS) for ultra-fast (≤5 mm/s) and large-area synthesis of high quality nanocatalyst-embedded C-MOF thin films with thickness controllability down to tens of nanometers. The MiCS method synthesizes nanoscopic catalyst-embedded C-MOF particles within the microfluidic channels, and simultaneously grows catalyst-embedded C-MOF thin-film uniformly over a large area using solution shearing. The thin film displays high nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sensing properties at room temperature in air amongst two-dimensional materials, owing to the high surface area and porosity of the ultra-thin C-MOFs, and the catalytic activity of the nanoscopic catalysts embedded in the C-MOFs. Therefore, our method, i.e. MiCS, can provide an efficient way to fabricate highly active and conductive porous materials for various applications.

Can insecticide applications used to kill vector insects prevent pine wilt disease?

BACKGROUND: The aerial application of insecticides is a primary method used to prevent the spread of pine wilt disease by reducing the population density of Monochamus beetles, the vector insects of pine wood nematodes (PWNs). This study investigated the mortality of vector insects and the ratio of PWN-infected trees according to systemically remaining thiacloprid residues in Pinus densiflora. To do this, thiacloprid was sprayed on a nursery of 5-year-old P. densiflora in meshed cages. Then Monochamus alternatus adults carrying PWNs were placed into meshed cages 1 and 15 days post-treatment (T1 and T15 groups for thiacloprid spraying, and N1 and N15 groups for nonsprayed groups) and tree mortality was monitored. We also measured the thiacloprid residues in pine branches in each treatment. RESULTS: In pine trees, more thiacloprid residues were found in the T1 group than in the T15 group, but most M. alternatus adults died in the T1 and T15 groups and PWNs were detected in 51.3% of all recaptured beetles. In the 16th week after each treatment, the average tree mortalities in T1 and T15 were 0% and 16.7%, respectively, whereas mortality of ≈50-60% of all tested trees in the nonsprayed groups was observed. CONCLUSION: The current aerial application of insecticides may have a limitation in preventing PWN transmission from dying M. alternatus adults when they are exposed to low thiacloprid residues in pine trees.

The Value of Low Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) Scores in Preventing Unnecessary Prostate Biopsies.

Background and Objectives: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) have become essential tools for prostate cancer evaluation. We evaluated the ability of PI-RADS scores in identifying significant prostate cancer, which would help avoid unnecessary prostate biopsies. Materials and Methods: Patients with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels ≤ 20 ng/mL, who underwent prostate MRI for evaluation from January 2018 to November 2019, were analyzed. Among them, 105 patients who received transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-guided biopsy were included. PSA, PI-RADS scores (low 1-2, high 3-5), biopsy results, and Gleason scores (GS) were evaluated. Biopsies with GS higher than 3 + 4 were considered as significant cancers and biopsies with no cancer or Gleason 3 + 3 were considered insignificant or no cancers. Results: Among the 105 patients, 45 patients had low PI-RADS and 60 had high PI-RADS scores. There were no patients with significant prostate cancer in the low PI-RADS groups. For the high PI-RADS group, 28 (46.7%) patients had significant cancer and 32 (53.3%) had insignificant or no cancer. The sensitivity and specificity of high PI-RADS to detect significant cancer was 100% and 58.4%, respectively. Positive predictive value was 46.7% and negative predictive value was 100%. Conclusions: Low PI-RADS scores on MRI did not show significant prostate cancer and surveillance should be considered in selected cases to prevent unnecessary invasive procedures and overdiagnosis.

Risk factors of febrile urinary tract infections following retrograde intrarenal surgery for renal stones.

ABSTRACT: We aimed to evaluate the risk factors of febrile urinary tract infection (UTI) following retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) for treating renal stones.We retrospectively reviewed the data of patients with 10 - 30 mm kidney stones who underwent RIRS from January 2014 to July 2017. Evaluation included age, gender, body mass index, stone size, stone location, and operative time. All surgeries were performed by a single surgeon and ureteral stenting was not done prior surgery. The risk factors of febrile UTI after RIRS were assessed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis.A total of 150 patients were included in the present study, and 17 patients (11.3%) had febrile UTI after RIRS. Mean patient age was 56.64 ±â€Š13.91 years, and both genders were evenly distributed. Mean stone size was 14.16 ±â€Š5.89 mm. and mean operation time was 74.50 ±â€Š42.56 minutes. According to univariate analysis, preoperative pyuria was associated with postoperative febrile UTI. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that preoperative pyuria was the only independent risk factor of infectious complications after RIRS (odds ratios 8.311, 95% confidence intervals 1.759 - 39.275, P = .008). Age, gender, body mass index, comorbidity, preoperative bacteriuria, presence of hydronephrosis, renal stone characteristics, and operative time were not associated with febrile UTI after RIRS.Preoperative pyuria was the only risk factor of infectious complications following RIRS. Therefore, careful management after RIRS is necessary especially when preoperative urinalysis shows pyuria.

Histogram of kidney stones on non-contrast computed tomography to predict successful stone dusting during retrograde intrarenal surgery.

PURPOSE: To predict successful dusting of kidney stones during retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) using stone density parameters and histograms measured with non-contrast computed tomography imaging. METHODS: Medical records of 49 patients who underwent retrograde intrarenal surgery between January 2018 and January 2019 at Kyung Hee University Hospital were reviewed, and the data of 55 stones were evaluated. Patient age, sex, mean stone density, the highest and lowest measured Hounsfield unit (HU), standard deviation and range of the measured HUs, volume of the most measured HU, and success of dusting were evaluated. Histograms of the measured HUs were created and cutoff values for successful dusting were analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty-two stones were successfully dusted during surgery. Dusted stones had a wider range of HU and higher standard deviation. The volume of the most measured HU was smaller in the dusted stones. Successful dusting could be predicted when the volume of the most measured HU was < 8.9 mm3, with range ≥ 853, or when the volume of the most measured HU was < 8.9 mm3, with range < 853, and the mean stone density was < 355. The histograms of HUs of the dusted stones were wide and rugged, while those of dusting failed stones were narrow and peaked. CONCLUSION: Evaluation of stone HU histograms showed differences in distribution and proportion. This will help predict surgical outcomes and prepare for intraoperative complications.

Long-Term Left Atrial Function after Device Closure and Surgical Closure in Adult Patients with Atrial Septal Defect.

BACKGROUND: Studies comparing left atrial (LA) function after surgical closure or percutaneous closure in patients with an atrial septal defect (ASD) are lacking. METHODS: Between 1 and 3 years after ASD treatment, we retrospectively analyzed the medical records and transthoracic echocardiographic images of patients who had been diagnosed with an ASD after 20 years of age and who had undergone surgical closure (ASD-S) or percutaneous device closure (ASD-D). We measured LA peak systolic, early diastolic, and late diastolic strain values using 2-dimensional (2D) speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) and calculated reservoir, conduit, and contraction strain. RESULTS: The reservoir strain value of the ASD-D groups was 25.2% ± 7.4%, which was lower compared to the control group (33.6% ± 5.5%) (p = 0.004). The LA conduit strain and the LA contraction values of the ASD-D group were also lower compared to the control group (-13.8% ± 5.8% vs. -20.4% ± 4.7%, p = 0.034; -11.3% ± 4.2% vs. -13.2% ± 2.5%, p = 0.037, respectively). The reservoir, conduit, and contraction strains of the ASD-S group were 27.8% ± 8.8%, -15.3% ± 6.4%, and -12.5% ± 5.8%, respectively, and were not different from those of the control group or the ASD-D group. CONCLUSIONS: The 2D STE is a suitable method for evaluating LA function after ASD closure. Our results demonstrate that 1 year after device closure, the LA reservoir, conduit and contraction function were reduced in ASD-D group compared to healthy controls, while there was no difference between the ASD-S and ASD-D groups.

Huge encrusted ureteral stent forgotten for over 25 years: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Ureteral stent insertion is a relatively non-invasive procedure commonly used in the field of urology to resolve urinary obstruction. However, they are sometimes forgotten and the risk of complications increases with time. CASE SUMMARY: A 43-year-old woman with a history of recurrent urinary tract infections visited our hospital for evaluation of persistent left flank pain, and lower urinary tract symptoms despite anti-biotic treatment. She had received urological surgery in her teens but did not know the details of her surgery. Kidney, ureter, and bladder X-ray and abdominopelvic computed tomography revealed a forgotten left ureteral stent with huge encrustation at both ends and a severely dilated left kidney with parenchymal thinning. In order to remove the ureteral stent, a laparoscopic nephroureterectomy was planned. The ureteral stent was successfully removed, and she was discharged after recovery. The patient was followed up for two years after surgery and did not show any signs of long-term complications. CONCLUSION: Long indwelling stents can cause dire complications requiring radical interventions. Stent registry systems, novel stent material development, and proper patient education is important for complication prevention.

Resting heart rate control and prognosis in coronary artery disease patients with hypertension previously treated with bisoprolol: a sub-group analysis of the BISO-CAD study.

BACKGROUND: Resting heart rate (RHR) is considered as a strong predictor of total mortality and hospitalization due to heart failure in hypertension patients. Bisoprolol fumarate, a second-generation beta-adrenoreceptor blockers (ß-blocker) is commonly prescribed drug to manage hypertension. The present study was to retrospectively evaluate changes in the average RHR and its association with cardiovascular outcomes in bisoprolol-treated coronary artery disease (CAD) patients from the CAD treated with bisoprolol (BISO-CAD) study who had comorbid hypertension. METHODS: We performed ad-hoc analysis for hypertension sub-group of the BISO-CAD study (n = 866), which was a phase IV, multination, multi-center, single-arm, observational study carried out from October 2011 to July 2015 across China, South Korea, and Vietnam. Multivariate regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with incidence of composite cardiac clinical outcome (CCCO), the results were presented as adjusted odds ratio (OR) along with 95% confidence interval (CI) and adjusted P value. RESULTS: A total of 681 patients (mean age: 64.77 ± 10.33 years) with hypertension from BISO-CAD study were included in the analysis. Bisoprolol improved CCCOs in CAD patients with comorbid hypertension, with RHR <65 and <70 beats/min compared with RHR ≥65 and ≥75 beats/min, respectively, in the efficacy analysis (EA) set. In addition, it lowered RHR in both intent-to-treat (ITT) and EA groups after 6, 12, and 18 months of treatment. Further, RHR 70 to 74 beats/min resulted in significantly higher risk of CCCOs EA set of patients (adjusted OR: 4.34; 95% CI: 1.19-15.89; P = 0.03). Also, events of hospitalization due to acute coronary syndrome were higher when RHR 69 to 74 beats/min compared to RHR <69 beats/min in ITT patients. CONCLUSION: Bisoprolol can effectively reduce RHR in Asian CAD patients with comorbid hypertension and hence, improve CCCO without affecting their blood pressure.

Predictive factors for bacteremia in febrile infants with urinary tract infection.

This study aimed to investigate the predictive factors of concomitant bacteremia occurring in febrile infants who initially presented with pyuria and fever, and were subsequently diagnosed with culture-proven urinary tract infection (UTI). We conducted a retrospective cohort study for January 2010-October 2018 that included infants younger than six months with febrile UTI at a tertiary hospital. The study included 463 patients, of whom 34 had a concomitant bacteremic UTI. Compared to those in the non-bacteremic urinary tract infection (UTI) group, the bacteremic UTI group had a lower mean age; higher levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), delta neutrophil index (DNI, reflects the fraction of immature granulocytes) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN); lower levels of hemoglobin (Hb) and albumin; and a lower platelet count. Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) was detected nearly twice as often in patients with bacteremic UTI compared to those with non-bacteremic UTI (59.3% vs. 30.6%; P = 0.003). Univariate logistic analyses showed that age ≤90 days; higher DNI, CRP, and creatinine levels; lower Hb and albumin levels; and the presence of VUR were predictors for bacteremic UTI. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, age ≤90 days, higher DNI and CRP levels, and the presence of VUR were independent predictors of bacteremic UTI. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the multivariate model was 0.859 (95% CI, 0.779-0.939; P < 0.001). Age ≤90 days, higher DNI and CRP values may help predict bacteremia of febrile infants younger than 6 months with UTI. Vesicoureteral reflux imaging is also recommended in infants with bacteremic UTI to evaluate VUR.