Association between obesity and cancer risk in adults with HIV in Korea.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to investigate the association between obesity and cancer risk as well as site-specific cancer risks in adults with HIV using a nationwide health screening database in Korea. METHODS: Of the 16,671 adults with a new diagnosis of HIV from 2004 to 2020, 456 incident cancer cases and 1814 individually matched controls by sex, year of birth, year of HIV diagnosis, and follow-up duration (1 : 4 ratio) were included in this nested case-control study. The association between obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m 2 ) and cancer risks was estimated and presented as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). RESULTS: Of the 456 cancer incident cases, there were 146 AIDS-defining cancer cases and 310 non-AIDS-defining cancer cases. Compared with nonobese adults with HIV, obese adults with HIV were at higher risk of non-AIDS-defining cancer (OR = 1.478, 95% CI = 1.118-1.955). Otherwise, the overall risk of AIDS-defining cancer (OR = 0.816, 95% CI = 0.520-1.279) and each type of AIDS-defining cancer (Kaposi sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma) were not high in obese adults with HIV. Of the specific types of non-AIDS-defining cancers, obesity was associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (OR = 3.090, 95% CI = 1.110-8.604) and liver, bile duct, and pancreatic cancers (OR = 2.532, 95% CI = 1.141-5.617). CONCLUSION: Obesity, which is one of the important health concerns in HIV management, was associated with an increased risk of non-AIDS-defining cancer but not AIDS-defining cancer.

Effect of characteristics on the clinical course at the initiation of treatment for human immunodeficiency virus infection using dimensionality reduction.

The beginning of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection treatment depends on various factors, which are significantly correlated with the initial CD4 cell number. However, a covariate correlation between these factors may not reflect the correct outcome variable. Thus, we evaluated the effects of a combination of fixed factors (reduced dimensions), which determine when to start treatment for the first time, on short-term outcome, long-term outcome, and survival, considering correlations between factors. Multiple correspondence analysis was performed on variables obtained from 925 patients who participated in a Korean HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome cohort study (2006-2017). Five reduced dimension groups were derived according to clinical data, viral load, CD4 cell count at diagnosis, initial antiretroviral therapy, and others. The dimension group with high initial viral loads (55,000 copies/mL) and low CD4 cell counts (< 200 cells/mm3) should start treatment promptly after diagnosis. Groups with high initial CD4 cell counts (> 350 cells/mm3) that did not require immediate treatment according to previous guidelines had a higher failure rate for long-term relative CD4 recovery. Our results highlight the importance of early diagnosis and treatment to positively influence long-term disease outcomes, even if the initial immune status is poor, given the patient's combination of early diagnostic symptoms.

Mortality and Causes of Death among Individuals Diagnosed with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Korea, 2004-2018: An Analysis of a Nationwide Population-Based Claims Database.

The mortality rate and causes of death among individuals diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Korea were described and compared to those of the general population of Korea using a nationwide population-based claims database. We included 13,919 individuals aged 20-79 years newly diagnosed with HIV between 2004 and 2018. The patients' vital status and cause of death were linked until 31 December 2019. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for all-cause death and specific causes of death were calculated. By the end of 2019, 1669 (12.0%) of the 13,919 HIV-infected participants had died. The survival probabilities of HIV-infected individuals at 1, 5, 10, and 15 years after diagnosis in Korea were 96.2%, 91.6%, 85.9%, and 79.6%, respectively. The main causes of death during the study period were acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS; 59.0%), non-AIDS-defining cancer (8.2%), suicide (7.4%), cardiovascular disease (4.9%), and liver disease (2.7%). The mortality rate of men and women infected with HIV was 5.60-fold (95% CI = 5.32-5.89) and 6.18-fold (95% CI = 5.30-7.09) that of men and women in the general population, respectively. After excluding deaths due to HIV, the mortality remained significantly higher, with an SMR of 2.16 (95% CI = 1.99-3.24) in men and 3.77 (95% CI = 3.06-4.48) in women. HIV-infected individuals had a higher overall mortality than the general population, with AIDS the leading cause of mortality. Additionally, mortality due to non-AIDS-related causes was higher in HIV-infected individuals.

Characterization of HIV-1 recombinant and subtype B near full-length genome among men who have sex with men in South Korea.

In Korea, subtype B is the predominant variant of HIV-1, but full genome sequencing and analysis of its viral variants are lacking. We performed near full-length genome (NFLG) sequencing and phylogenetic and recombination analyses of fifty plasma samples from HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) from a Korea HIV/AIDS cohort study. Viral genomes were amplified and the near-full-length sequences were determined using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and Sanger sequencing. We focused on the HIV-1 subtype classification and identification of HIV recombinants. Twelve HIV-1 NFLGs were determined: ten were subtyped as pure HIV-1 subtype B and two recombinant strains as a common subtype CRF07_BC, and a novel subtype CRF43_02G recombined with CRF02_AG again, or a new CRF02_AG and subtype G recombinant. For the ten NFLGs determined by NGS, "the novel recombinant emerged at approximately 2003 and the other nine subtype B about 2004 or 2005". This is the first report analyzing HIV-1 NFLG, including recombinants and clinical characteristics, by subtype among MSM in Korea. Our results provide novel insights for understanding the recombinants in the HIV-1 epidemic in Korea.

Identification of Fungal Species and Detection of Azole-Resistance Mutations in the Aspergillus fumigatus cyp51A Gene at a South Korean Hospital.

PURPOSE: With changing fungal epidemiology and azole resistance in Aspergillus species, identifying fungal species and susceptibility patterns is crucial to the management of aspergillosis and mucormycosis. The objectives of this study were to evaluate performance of panfungal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) samples in the identification of fungal species and in the detection of azole-resistance mutations in the Aspergillus fumigatus cyp51A gene at a South Korean hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 75 FFPE specimens with a histopathological diagnosis of aspergillosis or mucormycosis were identified during the 10-year study period (2006-2015). After deparaffinization and DNA extraction, panfungal PCR assays were conducted on FFPE samples for fungal species identification. The identified fungal species were compared with histopathological diagnosis. On samples identified as A. fumigatus, sequencing to identify frequent mutations in the cyp51A gene [tandem repeat 46 (TR46), L98H, and M220 alterations] that confer azole resistance was performed. RESULTS: Specific fungal DNA was identified in 31 (41.3%) FFPE samples, and of these, 16 samples of specific fungal DNA were in accord with a histopathological diagnosis of aspergillosis or mucormycosis; 15 samples had discordant histopathology and PCR results. No azole-mediating cyp51A gene mutation was noted among nine cases of aspergillosis. Moreover, no cyp51A mutations were identified among three cases with history of prior azole use. CONCLUSION: Panfungal PCR assay with FFPE samples may provide additional information of use to fungal species identification. No azole-resistance mediating mutations in the A. fumigatus cyp51A gene were identified among FFPE samples during study period.

Survival Trend of HIV/AIDS Patients Starting Antiretroviral Therapy in South Korea between 2001 and 2015.

PURPOSE: In the recent antiretroviral therapy (ART) era, a large proportion of Korean patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were shown to have low CD4 cell counts at diagnosis and during ART initiation. We investigated the survival trends in patients living with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Korea who started ART in the 2000s, and evaluated the risk factors for mortality to elucidate the association between survival and low CD4 cell counts at ART initiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with HIV infection who were aged >18 years and had started ART between 2001 and 2015 in the Korean HIV/AIDS cohort study were enrolled. We compared the clinical characteristics, mortality, and causes of death among the enrolled subjects based on the time of ART initiation. Cox regression analysis was used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratios of mortality based on the time of ART initiation. RESULTS: Among the 2474 patients enrolled, 105 (4.24%) died during the follow-up period of 9568 patient-years. Although CD4 cell counts at the time of ART initiation significantly increased from 161 [interquartile range (IQR), 73.5-303] in 2001-2003 to 273 (IQR, 108-399) in 2013-2015 (p<0.001), they remained low during the study period. The incidence of all-cause mortality was 10.97 per 1000 patient-years during the study period. There was no decreasing trend in mortality between 2001 and 2015. Age >40 years [adjusted hazard ratio, 3.71; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.35-5.84] and low CD4 counts (<100 cells/mm³: adjusted hazard ratio, 2.99; 95% CI, 1.44-6.23) were significant risk factors for mortality. CONCLUSION: Despite excellent HIV care available in the recent ART era, the survival of patients with HIV/AIDS undergoing ART did not improve between 2001 and 2015 in Korea.

Efficient Early Diagnosis of Sepsis Using Whole-Blood PCR-Reverse Blot Hybridization Assay Depending on Serum Procalcitonin Levels.

Sepsis is one of the medical emergencies, and its early detection, within the first hours of development, and proper management improve outcomes. Molecular diagnostic assays using whole blood collected from patients with suspected sepsis have been developed, but the decision making is difficult because of the possibility of false positives, due to contamination. Here, we evaluated the performance of the reverse blot hybridization assay (REBA) Sepsis-ID test for the detection of sepsis-causing microorganisms using whole-blood samples. In addition, the concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) were determined to evaluate whether these biomarkers can provide criteria for performing REBA Sepsis-ID in clinical settings. For this study, EDTA-anticoagulated whole blood was simultaneously collected for REBA Sepsis-ID and blood culture from 440 patients with suspected sepsis, from January to October 2015. In addition, CRP and PCT concentrations were measured in 227 patients. The overall positive rates of REBA Sepsis-ID and blood culture were 16.6% (73/440) and 13.9% (61/440), respectively. The pathogen-positive rates of REBA Sepsis-ID and blood culture were 9.8% (43/440) and 9.5% (42/440), respectively. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curves of PCT and CRP for predicting pathogen-positive results of REBA Sepsis-ID were 0.72 and 0.69, respectively. The PCT concentrations in the group of patients aged ≥50 years were significantly higher than those in the group aged <50 years. After adjusting for age, the PCT AUROC value was 0.77 for predicting pathogen-positive results of REBA Sepsis-ID. The optimal cutoff values of PCT concentrations for subsequent application of REBA Sepsis-ID were 0.12 ng/mL in all patients and 0.22 ng/mL in patients aged ≥50 years. Our observations showed that REBA Sepsis-ID using whole blood was advantageous for the early detection of sepsis-causing microorganisms, and the PCT concentration could be used to determine the necessity of using REBA Sepsis-ID in clinical settings. The application of REBA Sepsis-ID using whole blood, based on the PCT concentration, may contribute to a highly efficient detection of sepsis-causing microorganisms.

A multicenter retrospective analysis of the antifungal susceptibility patterns of Candida species and the predictive factors of mortality in South Korean patients with candidemia.

As detection rates of non-albicans Candida species are increasing, determining their pathogen profiles and antifungal susceptibilities is important for antifungal treatment selection. We identified the antifungal susceptibility patterns and predictive factors for mortality in candidemia.A multicenter retrospective analysis of patients with at least 1 blood culture positive for Candida species was conducted. Candida species were classified into 3 groups (group A, Candia albicans; group B, Candida tropicalis, and Candida parasilosis; group C, Candida glabrata and Candida krusei ) to analyze the susceptibility patterns, first-line antifungal administered, and mortality. Univariate and multivariate comparisons between outcomes were performed to identify mortality risk factors.In total, 317 patients were identified, and 136 (42.9%) had recorded mortality. Echinocandin susceptibility was higher for group A than group B (111/111 [100%] vs 77/94 [81.9%], P < .001). Moreover, group A demonstrated higher fluconazole susceptibility (144/149 [96.6%] vs 39/55 [70.9%], P < .001) and lower mortality (68 [45.3%] vs 34 [61.8%], P = .036) than those of group C. In the multivariate analysis, the sequential organ failure assessment score (odds ratio OR 1.351, 95% confidence interval 1.067-1.711, p = 0.013) and positive blood culture on day 7 of hospitalization (odds ratio 5.506, 95% confidence interval, 1.697-17.860, P = .004) were associated with a higher risk of mortality.Patients with higher sequential organ failure assessment scores and sustained positive blood cultures have an increased risk of mortality.

Significance of Decreasing Rate of HIV and HBV Co-infection in a Nationwide Korean HIV/AIDS Cohort.

From December 2006 to December 2016, 1093 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) individuals < 70 years enrolled in Korea human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) cohort were analyzed to investigate the prevalence of HIV/HBV co-infection rate and hepatitis B virus surface antibody (HBsAb) positive rate based on birth year. The HBV co-infection prevalence rate was the highest (8.8%) in patients born between 1960 and 1964 and the lowest (0%) among those born between 1995 and 1999. A decreasing linear trend of HBV co-infection rate was observed according to the 5-year interval changes. HBsAb-positive rate was only 58.1% in our study. The national HBV vaccination programs have effectively lowered the HBV co-infection rate in HIV population. However, it is identified that the HIV population has low HBsAb positive rate. Further evidences supporting efficacy of booster immunization for HBsAb negative HIV patients are required and efforts should be made to increase HBsAb positive rates among HIV patients to prevent horizontal transmission.

Epidemiological characteristics of HIV infected Korean: Korea HIV/AIDS Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVES: To manage evidence-based diseases, it is important to identify the characteristics of patients in each country. METHODS: The Korea HIV/AIDS Cohort Study seeks to identify the epidemiological characteristics of 1,442 Korean individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (12% of Korean individuals with HIV infection in 2017) who visited 21 university hospitals nationwide. The descriptive statistics were presented using the Korea HIV/AIDS cohort data (2006-2016). RESULTS: Men accounted for 93.3% of the total number of respondents, and approximately 55.8% of respondents reported having an acute infection symptom. According to the transmission route, infection caused by sexual contact accounted for 94.4%, of which 60.4% were caused by sexual contact with the same sex or both males and females. Participants repeatedly answered the survey to decrease depression and anxiety scores. Of the total participants, 89.1% received antiretroviral therapy (ART). In the initial ART, 95.3% of patients were treated based on the recommendation. The median CD4 T-cell count at the time of diagnosis was 229.5 and improved to 331 after the initial ART. Of the patients, 16.6% and 9.4% had tuberculosis and syphilis, respectively, and 26.7% had pneumocystis pneumonia. In the medical history, sexually transmitted infectious diseases showed the highest prevalence, followed by endocrine diseases. The main reasons for termination were loss to follow-up (29.9%) and withdrawal of consent (18.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Early diagnosis and ART should be performed at an appropriate time to prevent the development of new infection.

Significance of Increased Rapid Treatment from HIV Diagnosis to the First Antiretroviral Therapy in the Recent 20 Years and Its Implications: the Korea HIV/AIDS Cohort Study.

From December 2006 to December 2016, 1,429 patients enrolled in the Korea human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) Cohort Study were investigated. Based on the year of diagnosis, the time interval between HIV diagnosis and initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) was analyzed by dividing it into 2 years. The more recent the diagnosis, the more likely rapid treatment was initiated (P < 0.001) and the proportion of patients starting ART on the same day of HIV diagnosis was increased in 2016 (6.5%) compared to that in 2006 (1.7%). No significant difference in the median values of CD4+ cell counts according to the diagnosis year was observed. In the past 20 years, the time from the HIV diagnosis to the initiation of ART was significantly reduced. Rapid treatment was being implemented at the HIV diagnosis, regardless of CD4+ cell count. Considering the perspective "treatment is prevention," access to more rapid treatment is necessary at the time of HIV diagnosis.

Nosocomial Outbreak Caused by NDM-5 and OXA-181 Carbapenemase Co-producing Escherichia coli.

Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) is an important and increasing threat to global health. From July to September 2017, 20 inpatients at a tertiary care hospital in Korea were either colonized or infected with carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli strains. All of E. coli isolates co-produced blaNDM-5 and blaOXA-181 carbapenemase genes and shared ≥88% clonal relatedness on the basis of a cladistic calculation of the distribution of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. Rapid detection of CPE is one of the most important factors to prevent CPE dissemination because it takes long time for CPE to become negative.

Higher Fatality for Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Complicated by Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious zoonosis caused by the SFTS virus. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening syndrome associated with excessive immune activation. Cytokine storms are often seen in both SFTS and HLH, resulting in rapid disease progression and poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to identify whether SFTS cases complicated by HLH are related to higher rates of mortality. Descriptive analysis of the frequency of clinical and laboratory data, complications, treatment outcomes, and HLH-2004 criteria was performed. Cases presenting with five or more clinical or laboratory findings corresponding to the HLH-2004 diagnostic criteria were defined as SFTS cases complicated by HLH. Eighteen cases of SFTS were identified during a 2-year study period, with a case-fatality proportion of 22.2% (4 among 18 cases, 95% confidence interval 9%-45.2%). SFTS cases complicated by HLH were identified in 33.3% (6 among 18 cases). A mortality rate of 75% (3 among 4 cases) was recorded among SFTS cases complicated by HLH. Although there were no statistically significant differences in outcomes, fatal cases exhibited more frequent correlation with HLH-2004 criteria than non-fatal cases [3/14 (21.4%) vs. 3/4 (75%), p=0.083]. In conclusion, the present study suggests the possibility that SFTS cases complicated by HLH are at higher risk of poor prognosis.

Changes in the utilization patterns of antifungal agents, medical cost and clinical outcomes of candidemia from the health-care benefit expansion to include newer antifungal agents.

OBJECTIVES: In 2014, South Korea expanded its national health insurance coverage to include newer antifungal agents, such as echinocandins. This study aimed to investigate the effects of policy change on the prescription patterns of antifungals, medical costs and clinical outcomes of candidemia. METHODS: This retrospective cohort enrolled hospitalized patients with candidemia at three tertiary care hospitals in South Korea from January 2012 to December 2015. The utilization of antifungal agents, medical costs, length of hospital stay (LOS), and mortality before and after the health-care benefit expansion were compared, and the factors associated with all-cause 28-day mortality during the study period were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 769 candidemia cases were identified. The incidence of candidemia did not significantly vary during the study period (P = 0.253). The proportion of echinocandins, as the initial antifungal agent, and medical costs associated with candidemia significantly increased since the change in insurance coverage (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in LOS and mortality associated with candidemia before and after the health-care benefit expansion (P = 0.696 and 0.931, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that initial treatment with caspofungin was associated with decreased mortality (adjusted odds ratio: 0.784; 95% confidence interval: 0.681-0.902; reference: fluconazole). CONCLUSIONS: Although the utilization of newer antifungal agents and medical cost for candidemia has significantly increased since the health-care benefit expansion, there has been no change in the outcome of candidemia. However, the further increased use of newer antifungals may improve the outcome of candidemia in this country.

Direct effectiveness of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease and non-bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in elderly population in the era of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: While herd effects and serotype replacement by childhood pneumococcal protein conjugated vaccines (PCVs) continues to accumulate worldwide, direct effectiveness of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) against pneumococcal diseases in the elderly has been challenged. We estimated the direct effectiveness of PPV23 in the elderly population. METHODS: For a hospital-based case-control study, cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and non-bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia (NBPP) (adults ≥ 65 years) were identified in 14 hospitals participated in the pneumococcal surveillance program from March 2013 to October 2015, following implementation of PPV23 national immunization program (NIP) for the elderly in the Republic of Korea. Controls matched by age, sex, and hospital were selected at ratios of 1:2 (IPD) or 1:1 (NBPP). Clinical data and vaccination records were collected. Vaccine effectiveness was calculated as (1-adjusted odds ratio) × 100. RESULTS: We enrolled 148 IPD and 557 NBPP cases, and 295 IPD and 557 NBPP controls for analyses. Overall effectiveness of PPV23 against IPD was 28.5% [95% confidence interval (CI) -5.8%-51.6%] and against NBPP was 10.2% (-15.1-30.6) in all patients ≥ 65 years. However, in subgroup analysis of patients aged 65-74 years, PPV23 was protective against IPD [effectiveness 57.4% (19.4-77.5)] and against NBPP [effectiveness 35.0% (2.3-56.7)]. Furthermore, serotype-specific effectiveness of PPV23 against IPD was 90.6% (27.6-98.8) for PPV23-unique serotypes and 81.3% (38.6-94.3) for PPV23 serotypes excluding serotype 3. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that PPV23 with broad serotype coverage might be beneficial in preventing IPD and NBPP due to non-PCV13 serotypes in the young-elderly, with potentially increasing effectiveness in the setting of childhood PCV NIP.

Pregnancy Rates and Outcomes of HIV-Infected Women in Korea.

BACKGROUND: Antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum preventive measures with antiretroviral drugs, appropriate delivery methods, and discouraging breastfeeding significantly decrease the risk of mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Herein, we investigated the pregnancy outcomes in HIV-infected Korean women. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of childbearing-age HIV-infected women between January 2005 and June 2017 at four tertiary care hospitals in Korea. RESULTS: Among a total of 95 HIV infected women of child-bearing age with 587.61 years of follow-up duration, 15 HIV-infected women experienced 21 pregnancies and delivered 16 infants. The pregnancy rate was 3.57 per 100 patient-years. Among the 21 pregnancies, five ended with an induced abortion, and 16 with childbirth including two preterm deliveries at 24 and 35 weeks of gestation, respectively. The two preterm infants had low birth weight and one of them died 10 days after delivery due to respiratory failure. Among the 14 full-term infants, one infant was small for gestational age. There were no HIV-infected infants. CONCLUSION: The pregnancy rate of HIV-infected women in Korea is lower than that of the general population. Although several adverse pregnancy outcomes were observed, mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection was successfully prevented with effective preventive measures.

Adult invasive pneumococcal disease in the Republic of Korea: Risk medical conditions and mortality stratified by age group.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to characterize the risk factors for mortality in adult patients with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) stratified by age groups, after implementation of the national immunization program of 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) for those aged ≥65 years in the Republic of Korea (ROK). METHODS: Clinical data and pneumococcal isolates from adult patients with IPD (≥18 years of age) were collected prospectively from 20 hospitals through the nationwide surveillance program from March 2013 to October 2015. RESULTS: A total of 319 patients with IPD were enrolled. Median age was 69 years. Overall in-hospital mortality was 34.2%: 17.1% in those aged 18-49 years, 23.7% in those aged 50-64 years, 33.0% in those aged 65-74 years, and 51.0% in those aged ≥75 years (p<0.001). In particular, early death within 7days of hospitalization accounted for 60.6% (66/109). While old age (≥65 years), higher Pitt bacteremia score (≥4), and bacteremic pneumonia were independently associated with IPD mortality in all age groups, an additional mortality risk factor of immunocompromised status was identified for patients aged 50-64 years. PPSV23 serotypes accounted for 64.4% (122/189) of the pneumococcal isolates serotyped. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that vaccine-type IPD continues to place a substantial burden on older adults in the ROK, necessitating an effective vaccination strategy for those at higher risk.

Causes of HIV Drug Non-Adherence in Korea: Korea HIV/AIDS Cohort Study, 2006-2015.

We aimed to determine the initial adherence of HIV cohort patients to ART (antiretroviral therapy), and reasons for non-adherence. Patients who received ART at the time of enrollment in the Korea HIV/AIDS Cohort were included in this study. Treatment adherence was determined at the baseline interview by self-reported questionnaire. Eight-hundred thirty two HIV-infected patients received ART. Of these, 253 (30.4%) patients skipped ART more than once a month. The most common reason of skipping medication was "simply forgot" (60.4%).

Randomized controlled trial of piperacillin-tazobactam, cefepime and ertapenem for the treatment of urinary tract infection caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli.

BACKGROUND: Due to limited therapeutic options, the spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) have become a major public health concern. We conducted a prospective, randomized, open-label comparison of the therapeutic efficacy of piperacillin-tazobactam (PTZ), cefepime, and ertapenem in febrile nosocomial urinary tract infection with ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC). METHODS: This study was conducted at three university hospitals between January 2013 and August 2015. Hospitalized adult patients presenting with fever were screened for healthcare-associated urinary tract infection (HA-UTI). When ESBL-EC was solely detected and susceptible to a randomized antibiotic in vitro, the case was included in the final analysis. Participants were treated for 10-14 days with PTZ, cefepime, or ertapenem. RESULTS: A total of 66 participants were evenly assigned to the PTZ and ertapenem treatment groups. After the recruitment of six participants, assignment to the cefepime treatment group was stopped because of an unexpectedly high treatment failure rate. The baseline characteristics of these participants did not differ from participants in other treatment groups. The clinical and microbiological response to PTZ treatment was estimated to be 94% and was similar to the response to ertapenem treatment. The efficacy of cefepime was 33.3%. In the cefepime group, age, Charlson comorbidity index, genotype, and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) did not significantly affect the success of treatment. Similarly, genotype seemed to be irrelevant with respect to clinical outcome in the PTZ group. Expired cases tended to involve septic shock with a high Charlson comorbidity index and high MIC. CONCLUSION: Results from this study suggest that PTZ is effective in the treatment of urinary tract infection caused by ESBL-EC when the in vitro test indicates susceptibility. In addition, cefepime should not be used as an alternative treatment for urinary tract infection caused by ESBL-EC. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered with the Clinical Research Information Service of Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (KCT0001895).

Comparison of multiplex real-time PCR and PCR-reverse blot hybridization assay for the direct and rapid detection of bacteria and antibiotic resistance determinants in positive culture bottles.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of a commercially available multiplex real-time PCR assay and a PCR-reverse blot hybridization assay (PCR-REBA) for the rapid detection of bacteria and identification of antibiotic resistance genes directly from blood culture bottles and to compare the results of these molecular assays with conventional culture methods. The molecular diagnostic methods were used to evaluate 593 blood culture bottles from patients with bloodstream infections. The detection positivity of multiplex real-time PCR assay for Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and Candida spp. was equivalent to PCR-REBA as 99.6 %, 99.1 % and 100 %, respectively. Using conventional bacterial cultures as the gold standard, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of these two molecular methods were 99.5 % [95 % confidence interval (CI), 0.980-1.000; P<0.001), 100 % (95 % CI, 0.983-1.000; P<0.001), 100 % and 99 %, respectively. However, positivity of the Real-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus multiplex real-time PCR assay targeting the mecA gene to detect methicillin resistance was lower than that of the PCR-REBA method, detecting an overall positivity of 98.4 % (n=182; 95 % CI, 0.964-1.000; P<0.009) and 99.5 % (n=184; 95 % CI, 0.985-1.000; P<0.0001), respectively. The entire two methods take about 3 h, while results from culture can take up to 48-72 h. Therefore, the use of these two molecular methods was rapid and reliable for the characterization of causative pathogens in bloodstream infections.