First report of Kalanchoe Latent Virus naturally infecting common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in South Korea.

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris; family: Fabaceae) is an economically and nutritionally important food crop worldwide (Ganesan et al. 2017). In 2021, several plants collected from different provinces in South Korea had symptoms of viral infections (e.g., mild yellow-greenish speckling, stunting, crinkling, and deformed leaves). To identify the causal pathogens, total RNA was isolated from pooled leaf tissues from all samples (n = 29) for paired-end high-throughput sequencing (HTS). The cDNA library was constructed after eliminating ribosomal RNA using the TruSeq RNA Sample Prep Kit and then sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform (Macrogen, Korea). The 297,868,156 paired-end clean reads (150 nt) were de novo assembled using Trinity with default parameters. BLASTx was used for the contig analysis, which revealed the pooled samples were infected with several plant viruses (e.g., turnip mosaic virus, zucchini yellow mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, lily mottle virus). Notably, the assembled contigs included a single viral contig (8,472 nt) comprising the nearly complete KLV genome (HTS mean coverage: 39.46%). Kalanchoe latent virus (KLV; genus: Carlavirus; family: Betaflexiviridae) has been detected in Kalanchoë blossfeldiana (Hearon 1982), Chenopodium quinoa (Dinesen et al. 2009), and Graptopetalum paraguayense (Sorrentino et al. 2017). The sequence was most similar (96.28% nucleotide identity; 99% query coverage) to KLV isolate DSMZ PV-0290 (GenBank: OP525283) from Denmark. The contig sequence was validated via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using total RNA extracted from the 29 individually stored samples and nine primer sets specific for the KLV contig. All nine contig-specific overlapping fragments were amplified from only a P. vulgaris plant with mild yellowing mosaic symptoms collected on July 6, 2021, in Jeongseon County, South Korea. Additionally, 5' and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)-specific primers were designed for the KLV contig sequence to determine the terminal ends of the genome of the South Korean KLV isolate using the 5'/3' RACE System (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). All of the amplified and overlapping fragments were cloned into the RBC T&A Cloning Vector (RBC Bioscience, Taipei, Taiwan) and sequenced using the Sanger method. The obtained full-length genomic sequence of the KLV isolate (KLV-SK22) was 8,517 nt long and was deposited in GenBank OQ718816. According to the BLASTn analysis, KLV-SK22 was highly similar (96.30% sequence identity; 100% query coverage) to the DSMZ PV-0290 isolate. Phylogenetic trees constructed on the basis of coat protein and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase amino acid sequences revealed that KLV-SK22 is closely related to the DSMZ PV-0290 and PV-0290B isolates from Denmark, respectively. At the genome and gene levels, the individual sequence identities between the carlaviruses and other KLV isolates were 96.29% to 100% (Adams et al. 2004). Additionally, an RT-PCR analysis using detection primers specific for KLV-SK22 did not detect KLV in 15 samples (P. vulgaris = 3, Glycine max = 8, Pueraria montana = 2, Trifolium repens = 1, and Vigna angularis = 1) randomly collected from different regions in South Korea. Based on these results, KLV infection may not be widespread at this time in South Korea. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of KLV in P. vulgaris in South Korea or elsewhere. Our findings will aid future research on the epidemiology and long-term management of KLV-related diseases.

Complete genome sequence of cnidium virus 2, a novel cytorhabdovirus isolated from Cnidium officinale in South Korea.

High-throughput sequencing identified a cytorhabdovirus, tentatively named "cnidium virus 2" (CnV2), in Cnidium officinale, and Sanger sequencing confirmed the genome sequence. CnV2 is 13,527 nucleotides in length and contains seven open reading frames in the order 3'-N-P-3-4-M-G-L-5', separated by intergenic regions. The full-length nucleotide sequence of CnV2 shares 19.4-53.8% identity with other known cytorhabdovirus genome sequences. The N, P, P3, M, G, and L proteins share 15.8-66.7%, 11-64.3%, 11.1-80.5%, 10.8-75.3%, 12.3-72.1%, and 20-72.7% amino acid sequence identity, respectively, with the cognate deduced protein sequences from known cytorhabdoviruses. CnV2 is related to other members of the genus Cytorhabdovirus, with sambucus virus 1 being the closest relative. Thus, CnV2 should be classified as a new member in the genus Cytorhabdovirus of the family Rhabdoviridae.

Complete genome sequence of a novel member of the genus Polerovirus from Cnidium officinale in South Korea.

The complete genome sequence of a novel virus found infecting Cnidium officinale, which we have named "cnidium polerovirus 1" (CnPV1), is 6,090 nucleotides in length, similar to those of other poleroviruses. Seven open reading frames (ORF0-5 and ORF3a) were predicted in this genome. CnPV1 shares 32.4%-38.9% full-length nucleotide sequence identity with other known polerovirus genome sequences. The putative P0, P1-2, P3-5, P3, and P4 proteins share 11.3%-19.5%, 37.1%-49.8%, 26.7%-39.5%, 40.8%-49.7%, and 40.8%-49.7% amino acid sequence identity, respectively, with homologous inferred protein sequences from known poleroviruses. Phylogenetic analysis of P1-2 and P3 sequences places CnPV1 with other members of the genus Polerovirus, indicating that it should be classified in a new distinct species.

Jatrophihabitans telluris sp. nov., isolated from sediment soil of lava forest wetlands and the emended description of the genus Jatrophihabitans.

A novel actinobacterial strain, designated N237T, was isolated from sediment soil of wetlands at Meonmulkkak, Dongbaek-Dongsan, the lava forest, Gotjawal, Jeju, Republic of Korea. Cells of strain N237T were Gram-stain-positive, non-motile rods and formed pale yellow colonies on ten-fold diluted Reasoner's 2A agar. Strain N237T contained iso-C16 : 0 and C17 : 1ω8c as the major fatty acids, MK-9(H4) as the predominant isoprenoid quinone and meso-DAP as the diamino acid in the peptidoglycan. It contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol polymannosides, an unidentified phospholipid, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified aminolipid, two unidentified glycophospholipids, three unidentified glycolipids and two unidentified lipids as polar lipids. The DNA G+C content was 68.1 mol%. Strain N237T formed a separate lineage in the genus Jatrophihabitans, as demonstrated by phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA sequencing. It was most closely related to Jatrophihabitans soli KIS75-12T (95.6 % sequence similarity). The combined phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic characteristics supported the conclusion that strain N237T represents a novel species in the genus Jatrophihabitans, for which the name Jatrophihabitans telluris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is N237T (=KCTC 39922T=NRRL B-65477T).

Mucilaginibacter craterilacus sp. nov., isolated from sediment soil of a crater lake.

A novel bacterial strain, designated N60AT, was isolated from sediment soil of crater lake, Baekrokdam, Hallasan, Jeju, Republic of Korea. Cells of N60AT were Gram-reaction-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive, non-motile rods and formed transparent white colonies on ten-fold diluted R2A agar. N60AT contained summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c), iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH as the major fatty acids and MK-7 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone. It contained phosphatidylethanolamine as the predominant polar lipid. The DNA G+C content was 44.4 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that N60AT formed a separate lineage in the genus Mucilaginibacter and that it was most closely related to Mucilaginibacter frigoritolerans FT22T (96.5 % sequence similarity). Phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic characteristics supported the conclusion that N60AT represents a novel species of the genus Mucilaginibacter, for which the name Mucilaginibacter craterilacus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is N60AT (=KCTC 52404T=NRRL B-65396T).

Sphingomonas gotjawalisoli sp. nov., isolated from soil of a lava forest.

A bacterial strain, designated SN6-9T, was isolated from soil of the Gotjawal, lava forest, located in Jeju, Republic of Korea. Strain SN6-9T was Gram-stain-negative, motile, oxidase- and catalase-negative, yellow-pigmented and rod-shaped. It contained summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c) as the major fatty acids, Q-10 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone, sym-homospermidine as the major polyamine and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, sphingoglycolipid and two unidentified phospholipids as the polar lipids. The DNA G+C content was 64.1 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the strain formed a separate lineage in the genus Sphingomonas. Based on the results from this polyphasic taxonomic study, it is concluded that strain SN6-9T represents a novel species in the genus Sphingomonas. The name Sphingomonas gotjawalisoli sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is SN6-9T (=KCTC 52405T=NRRL B-65395T).

Nocardioides baekrokdamisoli sp. nov., isolated from soil of a crater lake.

A novel actinobacterial strain, B2-12T, was isolated from soil of a crater lake, Baekrokdam, Hallasan, Jeju, Republic of Korea. Cells of strain B2-12T were Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming and coccoid to short-rod-shaped. Phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, showed that strain B2-12T belonged to the genus Nocardioides and shared highest sequence similarity with 'Nocardioidespaucivorans' KIS31-44 (98.4 %). The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-8(H4). The major fatty acids of strain B2-12T were C16 : 1 (ω7c and/or ω6c), summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1ω9c and/or C16 : 0 10-methyl), C17 : 0 10-methyl, iso-C16 : 0, C16 : 0 and C17 : 1ω6c. The diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was ll-diaminopimelic acid. It contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol as the polar lipids. The DNA G+C content was 67.0 mol%. Based on phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons and DNA-DNA hybridization data, strain B2-12T represents a novel species in the genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioidesbaekrokdamisolisp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is B2-12T (=KCTC 39748T=NRRL B-65313T=DSM 100725T).

Paenibacillus baekrokdamisoli sp. nov., isolated from soil of crater lake.

A novel bacterial strain, Back-11T, was isolated from sediment soil of a crater lake, Baekrokdam, Hallasan, Jeju, Republic of Korea. Cells of strain Back-11T were Gram-stain-positive, motile, endospore-forming, rod-shaped and oxidase- and catalase-positive. It contained anteiso-C15 : 0 as the major fatty acid, menaquinone-7 (MK-7) as the predominant isoprenoid quinone, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and four unidentified aminophospholipids as the main polar lipids, and meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The DNA G+C content was 45.3 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, showed that strain Back-11T was most closely related to Paenibacillus taihuensis THMBG22T (95.5 % similarity) and fell into a clade in the genus Paenibacillus. On the basis of phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, strain Back-11T represents a novel species in the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus baekrokdamisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Back-11T ( = KCTC 33723T = CECT 8890T).

Complete genome sequence of the Aneurinibacillus soli CB4(T) from soil of mountain.

Aneurinibacillus soli CB4(T) is a Gram-positive, motile rods and strictly aerobic bacterium. Here we present the 4.1-Mb genome sequence of the type strain of A. soli CB4(T), which consists a chromosome for the total 4,116,770bp with a G+C content of 45.9mol%. Genes related to diverse secondary metabolites were detected in this genome. The genomic data is expected to understand the possibility of industrial and commercial use by strain CB4(T).

Complete genome sequence of the Variibacter gotjawalensis GJW-30(T) from soil of lava forest, Gotjawal.

Variibacter gotjawalensis GJW-30(T) is a gram-negative, strictly aerobic bacterium to form pleomorphic. Here we present the 4.5-Mb genome sequence of the type strain of V. gotjawalensis GJW-30(T), which consists a chromosome for the total 4,586,237bp with a G+C content of 62.2mol%. This is the first report of the full genome sequence of a species of the novel genus Variibacter isolated from Gotjawal, a unique area in Jeju, Republic of Korea.

Sphingomonas vulcanisoli sp. nov., isolated from soil of a lava forest.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, yellow-pigmented and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated SN6-13T, was isolated from soil of the Gotjawal, lava forest, located in Jeju, Republic of Korea. Cells of strain SN6-13T were oxidase- and catalase-positive. The isolate contained Q-10 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone, summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids, sym-homospermidine as the major polyamine and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, sphingoglycolipid, ninhydrinphosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified aminophospholipids as the polar lipids. The DNA G+C content was 64.6 mol%. In phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, strain SN6-13T was most closely related to Sphingomonas laterariae LNB2T (95.4 % sequence similarity) and formed a separate lineage in the genus Sphingomonas. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic characteristics, it is concluded that strain SN6-13T represents a novel species of the genus Sphingomonas, for which the name Sphingomonas vulcanisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SN6-13T ( = KCTC 42454T = CECT 8804T).

Cohnella collisoli sp. nov., isolated from lava forest soil.

A novel bacterial strain, NKM-5(T), was isolated from soil of a lava forest in Nokkome Oreum, Jeju, Republic of Korea. Cells of strain NKM-5(T) were Gram-stain-positive, motile, endospore-forming, rod-shaped and oxidase- and catalase-positive. Strain NKM-5(T) contained anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids; menaquinone-7 (MK-7) as the predominant isoprenoid quinone; diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified phospholipid and three unidentified aminophospholipids as the polar lipids; and meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The DNA G+C content was 48.3 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, showed that strain NKM-5(T) was most closely related to Cohnella lupini RLAHU4B(T) (96.9% sequence similarity) and fell into a clade in the genus Cohnella. On the basis of phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, strain NKM-5(T) represents a novel species of the genus Cohnella, for which the name Cohnella collisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NKM-5(T) ( = KCTC 33634(T) = CECT 8805(T)).

Small heterodimer partner interacts with NLRP3 and negatively regulates activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.

Excessive activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome results in damaging inflammation, yet the regulators of this process remain poorly defined. Herein, we show that the orphan nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP) is a negative regulator of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. NLRP3 inflammasome activation leads to an interaction between SHP and NLRP3, proteins that are both recruited to mitochondria. Overexpression of SHP competitively inhibits binding of NLRP3 to apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC). SHP deficiency results in increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1ß and IL-18, and excessive pathologic responses typically observed in mouse models of kidney tubular necrosis and peritoneal gout. Notably, the loss of SHP results in accumulation of damaged mitochondria and a sustained interaction between NLRP3 and ASC in the endoplasmic reticulum. These data are suggestive of a role for SHP in controlling NLRP3 inflammasome activation through a mechanism involving interaction with NLRP3 and maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis.

Mucilaginibacter gotjawali sp. nov., isolated from soil of a lava forest.

A novel bacterial strain, designated SA3-7(T), was isolated from soil of a lava forest located in Jeju, Republic of Korea. Cells of strain SA3-7(T) were Gram-stain-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive, non-motile rods and produced creamy white colonies on ten-fold-diluted R2A agar. The isolate contained menaquinone-7 (MK-7) as the predominant isoprenoid quinone and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c), iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The DNA G+C content was 43.1 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that strain SA3-7(T) was related most closely to Mucilaginibacter frigoritolerans FT22(T) (96.7 % sequence similarity) and that it formed a separate lineage in the genus Mucilaginibacter. Combined phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic characteristics supported the conclusion that strain SA3-7(T) represents a novel species of the genus Mucilaginibacter, for which the name Mucilaginibacter gotjawali sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is SA3-7(T) ( = KCTC 32515(T) = CECT 8628(T) = DSM 29289(T)).

Sulfitobacter geojensis sp. nov., Sulfitobacter noctilucae sp. nov., and Sulfitobacter noctilucicola sp. nov., isolated from coastal seawater.

Four Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterial strains, MM-124, MM-126, NB-68 and NB-77, were isolated from the coastal seawater or a region with a bloom of sea sparkle around Geoje island in Korea. The sequence similarity values of the 16S rRNA gene between the isolates and Sulfitobacter mediterraneus DSM 12244(T) ranged from 97.7 to 98.2%, and phylogenetic relationships suggested that they belong to a phylogenetic branch that includes the genera Sulfitobacter and Roseobacter. The isoprenoid quinone of all three novel strains was ubiquinone-10 and the major fatty acid was cis-vaccenic acid, as in other species of the genus Sulfitobacter. However, there were several differences in the morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics among the four strains and the reference species of the genus Sulfitobacter. Moreover, the average nucleotide identity values between the three sequenced isolates and the reference strains were below 76.33, indicating that genomic variation exists between the isolates and reference strains. Chemotaxonomic characteristics together with phylogenetic affiliations and genomic distances illustrate that strains MM-124, NB-68 and NB-77 represent novel species of the genus Sulfitobacter, for which the names Sulfitobacter geojensis sp. nov. (type strain MM-124(T) =KCTC 32124(T) =JCM 18835(T)), Sulfitobacter noctilucae sp. nov. (type strain NB-68(T) =KCTC 32122(T) =JCM 18833(T)) and Sulfitobacter noctilucicola sp. nov. (type strain NB-77(T) =KCTC 32123(T) =JCM 18834(T)) are proposed.

Aneurinibacillus soli sp. nov., isolated from mountain soil.

A novel bacterial strain designated CB4(T) was isolated from soil from the Hallasan, Jeju, Korea. Strain CB4(T) was found to be strictly aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped, motile and formed creamy greyish colonies on nutrient agar. The major fatty acids were identified as iso-C(15:0) and iso-C(16:0), and the predominant isoprenoid quinone as MK-7. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained glycine and alanine as the diagnostic amino acids and phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified aminophospholipid as the polar lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain CB4(T) was 46.5 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, showed that strain CB4(T) forms a deep branch within the genus Aneurinibacillus, sharing the highest level of sequence homology with Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus DSM 5562(T) (96.5%). On the basis of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic characteristics, strain CB4(T) is considered to represent a novel species within the genus Aneurinibacillus, for which the name Aneurinibacillus soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CB4(T) ( =KCTC 33505(T) =CECT 8566(T)). An emended description of the genus Aneurinibacillus is also proposed.

Gordonibacter faecihominis sp. nov., isolated from human faeces.

A novel actinobacterial strain, designated CAT-2(T), was isolated from human faeces as a bacterium capable of dehydroxylating (+)-catechin derivatives. Strain CAT-2(T) was found to be strictly anaerobic, Gram-positive, non-motile and non-spore-forming coccobacilli. The major fatty acids were identified as C16:0 DMA (dimethy acetal), C16:0, C14:0, anteiso-C15:0 and iso-C14:0. The three predominant menaquinones were identified as MK-6 (menaquinene-6), MMK-6 (monomethylmenaquinone-6) and DMMK-6 (dimethylmenaquinone-6). The polar lipids were found to be diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and four unidentified glycolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain CAT-2(T) was 68.4 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities showed that strain CAT-2(T) belongs to the genus Gordonibacter, sharing the highest level of sequence homology with Gordonibacter pamelaeae DSM 19378(T) (97.3 %). Combined phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic characteristics support the conclusion that the strain CAT-2(T) represents a novel species, for which the name Gordonibacter faecihominis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CAT-2(T) (= KCTC 15204(T) = JCM 16058(T)).

Variibacter gotjawalensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from soil of a lava forest.

A novel bacterial strain designated GJW-30(T) was isolated from soil of the lava forest, Gotjawal, located in Aewol, Jeju, Korea. Strain GJW-30(T) was found to be strictly aerobic, Gram-negative and to form pleomorphic, non-motile rods and white colonies on R2A agar. The major fatty acids were identified as C18:1ω7c, C16:0 and C17:0, the predominant isoprenoid quinone as Q-10, the polar lipids as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, an unidentified aminolipid and an unidentified lipid. The cell-wall sugar pattern of strain GJW-30(T) was found to be composed of glucose, ribose and rhamnose and meso-DAP as the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The DNA G+C content of strain GJW-30(T) is 62.2 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, showed that strain GJW-30(T) forms a deep branch within the order Rhizobiales, sharing the highest level of sequence homology with Bradyrhizobium oligotrophicum LMG 10732(T) (93.6 %). On the basis of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic characteristics, strain GJW-30(T) is considered to represent a novel genus and species, for which the name Variibacter gotjawalensis gen. nov., sp. nov. (the type strain is GJW-30(T) = KCTC 32391(T) = CECT 8514(T) = LMG 28093(T)) is proposed.

Microbiology and epidemiology of Halomonas species.

Halomonas has been organized as a genus since 1980, and comprises halophilic and/or halotolerant Gram-negative aerobic bacteria, typically found in saline environments. The genus is enlarging: at present, 76 species are taxonomically recognized, with more to be added. Increasing industrial uses have been found, largely in bioremediation and the production of desirable compounds. Originally seen as environmental contaminants, pathogenicity was initially not recognized; however, disease in algae, animals and humans has now been described. As the biotechnological use of these species increases, and the ability to isolate and recognize them improves, one might expect further pathogenic encounters with humans to be described.

Nocardioides daeguensis sp. nov., a nitrate-reducing bacterium isolated from activated sludge of an industrial wastewater treatment plant.

A Gram-reaction-positive, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium (strain 2C1-5(T)) was isolated from activated sludge of an industrial wastewater treatment plant in Daegu, South Korea. Its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, the closest phylogenetic relatives were the type strains of Nocardioides nitrophenolicus (98.6 % similarity), N. kongjuensis (98.5 %), N. caeni (98.4 %), N. simplex (98.3 %), N. aromaticivorans (98.1 %) and N. ginsengisoli (97.5 %); the phylogenetic distance from other species with validly published names within the genus Nocardioides was greater than 3 %. Strain 2C1-5(T) was characterized chemotaxonomically as having ll-2,6-diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan, MK-8(H4) as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C16 : 0, C16 : 0 and C17 : 1ω6c as the major fatty acids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 74.9 mol%. These chemotaxonomic properties and phenotypic characteristics supported the affiliation of strain 2C1-5(T) to the genus Nocardioides. The results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain 2C1-5(T) from existing species with validly published names. Therefore, strain 2C1-5(T) represents a novel species of the genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioides daeguensis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain 2C1-5(T) ( = JCM 17460(T) = KCTC 19799(T)).