N-Aryl Indoles as a Novel Class of Potent NaV1.7 Inhibitors.

A novel class of potent NaV1.7 inhibitors has been discovered. The replacement of diaryl ether in compound I was investigated to enhance mouse NaV1.7 inhibitory activity, which resulted in the discovery of N-aryl indoles. The introduction of the 3-methyl group is crucial for high NaV1.7 in vitro potency. The adjustment of lipophilicity led to the discovery of 2e. Compound 2e (DS43260857) demonstrated high in vitro potencies against both human and mouse NaV1.7 with high selectivity over NaV1.1, NaV1.5, and hERG. In vivo evaluations revealed 2e demonstrating potent efficacy in PSL mice with excellent pharmacokinetics.

Hemoglobin in the blood acts as a chemosensory signal via the mouse vomeronasal system.

The vomeronasal system plays an essential role in sensing various environmental chemical cues. Here we show that mice exposed to blood and, consequently, hemoglobin results in the activation of vomeronasal sensory neurons expressing a specific vomeronasal G protein-coupled receptor, Vmn2r88, which is mediated by the interaction site, Gly17, on hemoglobin. The hemoglobin signal reaches the medial amygdala (MeA) in both male and female mice. However, it activates the dorsal part of ventromedial hypothalamus (VMHd) only in lactating female mice. As a result, in lactating mothers, hemoglobin enhances digging and rearing behavior. Manipulation of steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1)-expressing neurons in the VMHd is sufficient to induce the hemoglobin-mediated behaviors. Our results suggest that the oxygen-carrier hemoglobin plays a role as a chemosensory signal, eliciting behavioral responses in mice in a state-dependent fashion.

Discovery of a Novel Class of State-Dependent NaV1.7 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain.

The discovery of a novel class of state-dependent voltage-gated sodium channel (NaV)1.7 inhibitors is described. By the modification of amide or urethane bond in NaV1.7 blocker III, structure-activity relationship studies that led to the identification of novel NaV1.7 inhibitor 2i (DS01171986) were performed. Compound 2i exhibited state-dependent inhibition of NaV1.7 without NaV1.1, NaV1.5 or human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG) liabilities at concentrations up to 100 µM. Further biological profiling successfully revealed that 2i possessed potent analgesic properties in a murine model of neuropathic pain (ED50: 3.4 mg/kg) with an excellent central nervous system (CNS) safety margin (> 600 fold).

Discovery of DS-1971a, a Potent, Selective NaV1.7 Inhibitor.

A highly potent, selective NaV1.7 inhibitor, DS-1971a, has been discovered. Exploration of the left-hand phenyl ring of sulfonamide derivatives (I and II) led to the discovery of novel series of cycloalkane derivatives with high NaV1.7 inhibitory potency in vitro. As the right-hand heteroaromatic ring affected the mechanism-based inhibition liability of CYP3A4, replacement of this moiety resulted in the generation of 4-pyrimidyl derivatives. Additionally, GSH adducts formation, which can cause idiosyncratic drug toxicity, was successfully avoided by this modification. An additional optimization led to the discovery of DS-1971a. In preclinical studies, DS-1971a demonstrated highly potent selective in vitro profile with robust efficacy in vivo. DS-1971a exhibited a favorable toxicological profile, which enabled multiple-dose studies of up to 600 mg bid or 400 mg tid (1200 mg/day) administered for 14 days to healthy human males. DS-1971a is expected to exert potent efficacy in patients with peripheral neuropathic pain, with a favorable safety profile.

Discovery of (phenoxy-2-hydroxypropyl)piperidines as a novel class of voltage-gated sodium channel 1.7 inhibitors.

A novel class of NaV1.7 inhibitors has been identified by high-throughput screening followed by structure activity relationship studies. Among this series of compounds, piperidine 9o showed potent human and mouse NaV1.7 inhibitory activities with fair subtype selectivity over NaV1.5. Compound 9o successfully demonstrated analgesic efficacy in mice comparable to that of the currently used drug, mexiletine, but with an expanded central nervous system safety margin.

Murine nonvolatile pheromones: isolation of exocrine-gland secreting Peptide 1.

Our search for a substance recognized by the vomeronasal neurons revealed that the extra-orbital lacrimal gland (ELG) isolated from adult male mice produced the male-specific peptide pheromone exocrine gland-secreting peptide 1 (ESP1). The following protocol reveals how ESP1 may be extracted from the ELG, purified using anion-exchange and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and analyzed by mass spectrometry. This protocol has been specifically designed for the purification of ESP1, but may be modified to isolate a variety of peptides from the exocrine glands. Peptides purified in this manner may help further define the molecular mechanisms underlying pheromone communication in the vomeronasal system.

Structure of the mouse sex peptide pheromone ESP1 reveals a molecular basis for specific binding to the class C G-protein-coupled vomeronasal receptor.

Exocrine gland-secreting peptide 1 (ESP1) is a sex pheromone that is released in male mouse tear fluids and enhances female sexual receptive behavior. ESP1 is selectively recognized by a specific class C G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), V2Rp5, among the hundreds of receptors expressed in vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs). The specific sensing mechanism of the mammalian peptide pheromone by the class C GPCR remains to be elucidated. Here we identified the minimal functional region needed to retain VSN-stimulating activity in ESP1 and determined its three-dimensional structure, which adopts a helical fold stabilized by an intramolecular disulfide bridge with extensive charged patches. We then identified the amino acids involved in the activation of VSNs by a structure-based mutational analysis, revealing that the highly charged surface is crucial for the ESP1 activity. We also demonstrated that ESP1 specifically bound to an extracellular region of V2Rp5 by an in vitro pulldown assay. Based on homology modeling of V2Rp5 using the structure of the metabotropic glutamate receptor, we constructed a docking model of the ESP1-V2Rp5 complex in which the binding interface exhibited good electrostatic complementarity. These experimental results, supported by the molecular docking simulations, reveal that charge-charge interactions determine the specificity of ESP1 binding to V2Rp5 in the large extracellular region characteristic of class C GPCRs. The present study provides insights into the structural basis for the narrowly tuned sensing of mammalian peptide pheromones by class C GPCRs.

Sex- and strain-specific expression and vomeronasal activity of mouse ESP family peptides.

Male mice secrete exocrine-gland-secreting peptide 1 (ESP1) from the extraorbital lacrimal gland into tear fluid [1]. Other mice detect ESP1 through sensory neurons in the vomeronasal organ (VNO), a secondary olfactory system that senses pheromonal information, including sex, strain, and species. ESP1 is now known to be a member of a multigene family that encodes peptides of various lengths. We herein performed genomic and expression analyses of the ESP family. The ESP family consists of 38 members in mice and 10 members in rat but is absent from the human genome, suggesting rapid molecular evolution. In addition to the male-specific ESP1, we discovered one, which we designated ESP36, that, in adult BALB/c mice, is expressed only in the female extraorbital lacrimal gland. The sexually dimorphic expression is ensured by the release of testosterone after puberty. However, we observed dramatic differences in the expression levels of ESPs between strains. Finally, all ESPs elicited an electrical response in the vomeronasal epithelium but not in the main olfactory epithelium. Multielectrode recording of VNO activity demonstrated that ESP1 induces action potentials in vomeronasal neurons, leading to an increase in the spike firing rate, and that ESP1 is recognized by narrowly tuned vomeronasal sensory neurons. Sexual dimorphism and strain differences of ESPs and their reception in the VNO suggest that the ESP family can convey information about sex and individual identity via the vomeronasal system. The chemosensation of this nonvolatile peptide family by direct contact appears to be one of strategies for sociosexual communication in rodent species.

Sex-specific peptides from exocrine glands stimulate mouse vomeronasal sensory neurons.

In mammals, social and reproductive behaviours are modulated by pheromones, which are chemical signals that convey information about sex and strain. The vomeronasal organ, located at the base of the nasal septum, is responsible for mediating pheromone information in mice. Two classes of putative pheromone receptor gene families, V1R and V2R, are expressed by vomeronasal sensory neurons in mutually segregated epithelial zones of the vomeronasal organ. Although numerous studies have suggested that pheromones originate from urine, direct recordings of behaving mice have shown that neuronal firing in the vomeronasal system is modulated by physical contact with the facial area. Here we identify a male-specific 7-kDa peptide secreted from the extraorbital lacrimal gland. This peptide, which we named exocrine gland-secreting peptide 1 (ESP1), is encoded by a gene from a previously unrecognized large family clustered in proximity to the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region. ESP1 is secreted from the eyes and is transferred to the female vomeronasal organ, where it stimulates V2R-expressing vomeronasal sensory neurons and elicits an electrical response. Our results indicate that mice respond to sex-specific peptides released from exocrine glands through the vomeronasal system during direct contact.