A narrative review of how infection preventionist (IP) staffing and outcome metrics are assessed by health care organizations and factors to consider.

BACKGROUND: Infection Preventionist to date are experiencing staffing shortages, the purpose of this narrative review is to understand how heath care organizations track staffing and outcome metrics in relation to Infection Preventionists. METHODS: Databases utilized included MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. RESULTS: The initial search included 668 studies. After excluding duplicates, the title and abstract review yielded 50 articles. After screening full texts, 37 studies met the inclusion criteria. Significant variability exists within infection prevention staffing metrics. Common metrics to account for IP staffing levels include the ratio of IPs per facility and IPs per inpatient bed. Frequently tracked outcomes in relation to infection preventionists include Catheter-associated urinary tract infections and central line bloodstream infection incidence rates and standardized infection ratios, as well as Clostridioides difficile incidence rates. Metrics and outcomes from included studies are available in our supporting tables. CONCLUSIONS: This review highlights the need for a new IP staffing model that focuses on a granular assessment of each program and care setting. Additional studies can then be conducted to examine how ideal staffing impacts outcome metrics.

Health care staff perceptions of gaps and education needs for patient-led preoperative hygiene using chlorhexidine gluconate skin cleansing products.

Through survey-led interviews, health care staff recognizes that patients have different bathing techniques and need more education on chlorhexidine gluconate cleansing. Preliminary findings gathered will be used to develop and test electronic competency-based tools to ensure patients are provided with the same comprehensive instructions before using chlorhexidine gluconate bathing products.

Wearable Sensors for COVID-19: A Call to Action to Harness Our Digital Infrastructure for Remote Patient Monitoring and Virtual Assessments.

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought into sharp focus the need to harness and leverage our digital infrastructure for remote patient monitoring. As current viral tests and vaccines are slow to emerge, we see a need for more robust disease detection and monitoring of individual and population health, which could be aided by wearable sensors. While the utility of this technology has been used to correlate physiological metrics to daily living and human performance, the translation of such technology toward predicting the incidence of COVID-19 remains a necessity. When used in conjunction with predictive platforms, users of wearable devices could be alerted when changes in their metrics match those associated with COVID-19. Anonymous data localized to regions such as neighborhoods or zip codes could provide public health officials and researchers a valuable tool to track and mitigate the spread of the virus, particularly during a second wave. Identifiable data, for example remote monitoring of cohorts (family, businesses, and facilities) associated with individuals diagnosed with COVID-19, can provide valuable data such as acceleration of transmission and symptom onset. This manuscript describes clinically relevant physiological metrics which can be measured from commercial devices today and highlights their role in tracking the health, stability, and recovery of COVID-19+ individuals and front-line workers. Our goal disseminating from this paper is to initiate a call to action among front-line workers and engineers toward developing digital health platforms for monitoring and managing this pandemic.

Patients' capability, opportunity, motivation, and perception of inpatient hand hygiene.

BACKGROUND: Studies that examine the perceptions and behaviors of patients regarding patient hand hygiene rarely examine the viewpoint of patients about their hand hygiene behavior relative to current resources provided in the hospital. METHODS: Voluntary interviews that employed a 16-item survey tool were used among patients (N = 107) in outpatient clinics at post-admission visits. The survey was created using the Behavior Change Wheel, Capability, Opportunity, Motivation Behavior model. Patients were asked whether they brought hand sanitizer to the hospital, used hospital resources to clean their hands, and their perspective on patient hand hygiene importance compared with hospital staff, as well as their satisfaction or lack of satisfaction with hand hygiene independence. RESULTS: Most of the participants (65, 60.7%) reported that prior to being admitted to the hospital, they were able to maintain cleaning their hands with little or no difficulty. During their admission, only 21 (19.6%) of the participants reported needing little or no assistance. More than one-half of the participants, 34 (31.8%) and 23 (21.5%), respectively, reported, mostly or completely agreeing that the hand hygiene of the health care staff was more important than their own. Close to one-half of the participants (50, 46.7%) reported not being satisfied at all with their ability to maintain their hand hygiene in the hospital, whereas only 10 (9.3%) were very satisfied with their ability to maintain hand hygiene. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study will enhance our understanding of how to incorporate inpatient hand hygiene into existing infection control programs in inpatient settings.

A pilot study to assess the impact of an educational patient hand hygiene intervention on acquisition of colonization with health care-associated pathogens.

Patient hand hygiene is a commonsense measure that has been associated with reductions in colonization or infection with bacterial and viral pathogens in quasi-experimental studies. We conducted a nonblinded pilot randomized trial to assess the impact of an educational patient hand hygiene intervention on acquisition of colonization by selected health care-associated pathogens in hospitalized patients. For patients with negative admission cultures, the intervention did not reduce the new acquisition of colonization by pathogens compared with that of standard care.

Factors affecting annual compensation and professional development support for infection preventionists: Implications for recruitment and retention.

BACKGROUND: Factors affecting annual compensation and professional development support have been studied for various healthcare professions. However, there is little understanding of these factors for infection preventionists (IPs). METHODS: Using secondary data from the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology 2015 MegaSurvey, we designed a descriptive, correlational study to describe IP annual compensation and professional development support. We tested for associations between demographic variables and annual compensation and investigated for predictors of higher annual compensation. RESULTS: Median salary for IPs was $75,000. IPs who indicated that their compensation was based on industry benchmarks reported a median salary of $85,000 (P < .001). IPs with advanced degrees reported a median salary of $90,000. IPs with bachelor's degrees or lower reported a median salary of $50,000 (P < .001). IPs with CIC® reported a median salary of $85,000. IPs without CIC® reported a median salary of $65,000 (P < .001). CONCLUSION: This study can be used to develop recruitment and retention guidelines that lead to a well-educated, well-compensated, and competent IP workforce.

Use of a verbal electronic audio reminder with a patient hand hygiene bundle to increase independent patient hand hygiene practices of older adults in an acute care setting.

BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that the addition of a novel verbal electronic audio reminder to an educational patient hand hygiene bundle would increase performance of self-managed patient hand hygiene. METHODS: We conducted a 2-group comparative effectiveness study randomly assigning participants to patient hand hygiene bundle 1 (n = 41), which included a video, a handout, and a personalized verbal electronic audio reminder (EAR) that prompted hand cleansing at 3 meal times, or patient hand hygiene bundle 2 (n = 34), which included the identical video and handout, but not the EAR. The primary outcome was alcohol-based hand sanitizer use based on weighing bottles of hand sanitizer. RESULTS: Participants that received the EAR averaged significantly more use of hand sanitizer product over the 3 days of the study (mean ± SD, 29.97 ± 17.13 g) than participants with no EAR (mean ± SD, 10.88 ± 9.27 g; t73 = 5.822; P ≤ .001). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of a novel verbal EAR to a patient hand hygiene bundle resulted in a significant increase in patient hand hygiene performance. Our results suggest that simple audio technology can be used to improve patient self-management of hand hygiene. Future research is needed to determine if the technology can be used to promote other healthy behaviors, reduce infections, and improve patient-centered care without increasing the workload of health care workers.

Comparison of ethanol hand sanitizer versus moist towelette packets for mealtime patient hand hygiene.

To facilitate patient hand hygiene, there is a need for easy-to-use products. In a survey of 100 patients, a single-use ethanol hand sanitizer packet took less time to access than a single-use moist towelette packet (3 vs 23 seconds) and was preferred by 74% of patients for mealtime hand hygiene. Performance of patient hand hygiene increased when a reminder was provided at the time of meal tray delivery.

Feasibility: An important but neglected issue in patient hand hygiene.

BACKGROUND: Patient hand hygiene may be a useful strategy to prevent acquisition of pathogens and to reduce the risk for transmission by colonized patients. Several studies demonstrate that patients and long-term-care facility (LTCF) residents may have difficulty using hand hygiene products that are provided; however, none of them measure feasibility for patients to use different hand hygiene products. METHODS: A convenience sample of 42 hospitalized patients and 46 LTCF residents was assessed for their ability to use 3 hand sanitizer products (8-oz pushdown pump bottle, 2-oz pocket-sized bottle with a reclosable lid, and alcohol-impregnated hand wipes). The time (seconds) required for accessing each product was compared among acute-care patients and LTCF residents. Participants provided feedback on which product they preferred and found easiest to use. RESULTS: Of 88 participants, 86 (97.7%) preferred the pushdown pump, 2 (2.3%) preferred the bottle with the reclosable lid, and none preferred the hand wipes. For both hospitalized patients and LTCF residents, the average time required to access the pushdown pump was significantly less than the time required to access the other products (pushdown pump, 0.45 seconds; bottle with reclosable lid, 3.86 seconds; and wipes, 5.66 seconds; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Feasibility and ease of use should be considered in the selection of hand hygiene products for patients and LTCF residents.

A randomized trial to determine the impact of a 5 moments for patient hand hygiene educational intervention on patient hand hygiene.

We conducted a randomized trial of a simple educational intervention encouraging patients to perform hand hygiene at 5 specific moments, including on entry of health care personnel into their room as a reminder of the importance of hand hygiene. The intervention resulted in a significant increase in patient hand hygiene.

A Randomized Trial to Determine the Impact of an Educational Patient Hand-Hygiene Intervention on Contamination of Hospitalized Patient's Hands with Healthcare-Associated Pathogens.

We conducted a non-blinded randomized trial to determine the impact of a patient hand-hygiene intervention on contamination of hospitalized patients' hands with healthcare-associated pathogens. Among patients with negative hand cultures on admission, recovery of pathogens from hands was significantly reduced in those receiving the intervention versus those receiving standard care. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:595-597.

Four Moments for Patient Hand Hygiene: A Patient-Centered, Provider-Facilitated Model to Improve Patient Hand Hygiene.

We found that a majority of hospitalized patients were aware of the importance of hand hygiene, but observations indicated that performance of hand hygiene was uncommon. An intervention in which healthcare personnel facilitated hand hygiene at specific moments significantly increased performance of hand hygiene by patients.