The efficacy of augmented reality exposure therapy in the treatment of spider phobia-a randomized controlled trial.

The evidence for the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in treating specific phobias has been growing. However, issues of accessibility persist, especially in developing countries. The current study examined a novel, but relatively simple therapist guided smartphone-based AR Exposure Treatment (ARET) of spider phobia. Participants who reported symptoms of Arachnophobia were randomized into one of three comparison groups: ARET (n = 20), traditional in vivo exposure therapy (IVET; n = 18) and a waitlist control group (n = 17). Behavioral approach, subjective symptom measures, and galvanic skin response were assessed pre- and post-treatment. The study was concluded with a one-month follow up assessment. Results indicated that both treatment groups showed statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements in behavioral approach at post-test that were maintained at 1 month follow- up, compared to the wait-listed group. Moreover, the treatment groups demonstrated significant improvements in subjective symptom report at 1-month follow up. Given its utility and potential accessibility, our findings suggest that future AR evaluation research could be conducted in therapy settings with minimal resources.

Social media use, mental health, and suicide-related outcomes in Russian women: A cross-sectional comparison between two age groups.

BACKGROUND: Women who belong to the age group "emerging adulthood" (18 to 29 years) are vulnerable to mental health issues and suicide-related outcomes. OBJECTIVES: This study investigated potential predictors of suicide-related outcomes in females emerging adulthood and compared them to older women. DESIGN AND METHODS: Data of 2537 women from Russia (group "18 to 29 years": n = 1123; group "> 29 years": n = 1414) on lifetime suicide-related outcomes, (problematic) social media use, daily stress, depression and anxiety symptoms, and positive mental health were assessed via online cross-sectional surveys. RESULTS: The younger group spent significantly more time on social media use than the older group. It had significantly higher levels of daily stress, problematic social media use, depression and anxiety symptoms, and suicide-related outcomes. The older group showed significantly higher levels of positive mental health. Only in the younger group, problematic social media use significantly mediated the relationship between daily stress and suicide-related outcomes in a moderated mediation analysis. Positive mental health significantly moderated the association between problematic social media use and suicide-related outcomes. Specifically, the higher the positive mental health level, the less close the link between both variables. CONCLUSION: The current results reveal that young women in Russia could be at enhanced risk for daily stress, problematic social media use, and low levels of mental health. The interaction between these variables could foster suicide-related outcomes. Public governmental communication in Russia should call attention to potential negative impact of intensive social media use.

The association between depression symptoms, psychological burden caused by Covid-19 and physical activity: An investigation in Germany, Italy, Russia, and Spain.

The outbreak of Covid-19 required the re-organization of everyday life. While some people accepted this challenge, other experienced the current situation as a heavy burden that impedes the adaptation to the new life conditions. The present study investigated factors that can impact the level of burden caused by Covid-19. Burden, depression symptoms and frequency of physical activity (e.g., jogging, cycling) were assessed via online surveys in overall 1,931 people from four countries (Germany: N = 625; Italy: N = 936; Russia: N = 230; Spain: N = 140). Similar result patterns were found in all country-specific samples. Burden by Covid-19 was significantly positively associated with depression symptoms, while it was significantly negatively linked to physical activity. Moreover, physical activity buffered the association between depression symptoms and burden. The present cross-national findings emphasize the protective effect of physical activity specifically in times of Covid-19. This issue should be addressed in governmental programs to longitudinally protect mental and physical health and to enhance the willingness to adhere to the anti-Covid-19 measures among the population.

A Cross-Cultural Study in Germany, Russia, and China: Are Resilient and Social Supported Students Protected Against Depression, Anxiety, and Stress?

This study cross-culturally investigated resilience and social support as possible protective factors for mental health. The values of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms, resilience and social support were collected from German (N = 4433), Russian (N = 3774), and Chinese students (N = 4982). The samples were split (two-thirds vs. one-third) to cross-validate the results. In all samples, resilience and social support were significantly negatively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. While in Germany those associations were stronger for social support, in Russia and in China stronger associations were found for resilience. Furthermore, in all samples, resilience was found to mediate the association between social support and the negative mental health variables significantly. In conclusion, resilience and social support are universal interrelated protective factors for mental health independently of historical, cultural, social, and geographical conditions of a country.

Personal value orientations as mediated predictors of mental health: A three-culture study of Chinese, Russian, and German university students / Orientaciones de valor personal como predictores mediadores de la salud mental: un estudio transcultural con estudiantes universitarios de China, Rusia y Alemania

Previous studies of traditional and modern value orientations in individuals found mediated predictive relationships of these values on particular mental disorders. The aim of this study with samples from three countries (Germany, Russia, and China) is to extend findings on mental health (MH) and value orientations to broader MH indicators and two types of mediators, i.e. social support and resilience in accordance to a theory of values and modernization/postmodernization. The multisite study was conducted in the three countries. A path-model with traditional values predicting MH mediated by social support, and modern values predicting MH mediated by resilience was tested in all three countries. As expected, value orientations were for the most part strongest in China, followed by Russia and Germany. Structural equation modeling supported the assumption of mediated prediction of MH by value orientations by and large. The traditional value benevolence predicts social support whereas the modern value self-direction predicts resilience. Value orientations are a sensitive tool to empirically describe cross-cultural differences. The findings indicate that personal value orientations are meaningful predictors of MH. The analysis of personal values shows promise in linking public health, cross-cultural and modernization issues (AU)

Estudios previos sobre orientaciones de valores tradicionales y modernos encontraron relaciones predictivas mediadas con trastornos mentales particulares. El objetivo de este estudio con muestras procedentes de tres países (Alemania, Rusia y China) es ampliar los resultados indicadores más amplios de salud mental (SM) y dos tipos de mediadores (apoyo social y resiliencia), de acuerdo a la teoría de los valores y la modernización/postmodernización. Se probó en los tres países un path-model con valores tradicionales prediciendo la SM mediada por el apoyo social y valores modernos prediciendo la SM mediada por la resiliencia. Como era de esperar, las orientaciones de valores eran en su mayor parte más fuertes en China, seguido por Rusia y Alemania. Modelos de ecuaciones estructurales apoyaron la hipótesis de la predicción de la SM mediada por las orientaciones de valores en general. La benevolencia de valores tradicionales predice el apoyo social, mientras que el valor autodirección moderna predice la resiliencia. Las orientaciones de valores constituyen una herramienta sensible para describir empíricamente las diferencias interculturales. Los resultados indican que las orientaciones de valores personales son predictores significativos de la SM. El análisis de los valores personales se muestra prometedor en la salud pública transcultural y cuestiones de modernización (AU)

Personal value orientations as mediated predictors of mental health: A three-culture study of Chinese, Russian, and German university students.

Previous studies of traditional and modern value orientations in individuals found mediated predictive relationships of these values on particular mental disorders. The aim of this study with samples from three countries (Germany, Russia, and China) is to extend findings on mental health (MH) and value orientations to broader MH indicators and two types of mediators, i.e. social support and resilience in accordance to a theory of values and modernization/postmodernization. The multisite study was conducted in the three countries. A path-model with traditional values predicting MH mediated by social support, and modern values predicting MH mediated by resilience was tested in all three countries. As expected, value orientations were for the most part strongest in China, followed by Russia and Germany. Structural equation modeling supported the assumption of mediated prediction of MH by value orientations by and large. The traditional value benevolence predicts social support whereas the modern value self-direction predicts resilience. Value orientations are a sensitive tool to empirically describe cross-cultural differences. The findings indicate that personal value orientations are meaningful predictors of MH. The analysis of personal values shows promise in linking public health, cross-cultural and modernization issues.

Estudios previos sobre orientaciones de valores tradicionales y modernos encontraron relaciones predictivas mediadas con trastornos mentales particulares. El objetivo de este estudio con muestras procedentes de tres países (Alemania, Rusia y China) es ampliar los resultados indicadores más amplios de salud mental (SM) y dos tipos de mediadores (apoyo social y resiliencia), de acuerdo a la teoría de los valores y la modernización/postmodernización. Se probó en los tres países un path-model con valores tradicionales prediciendo la SM mediada por el apoyo social y valores modernos prediciendo la SM mediada por la resiliencia. Como era de esperar, las orientaciones de valores eran en su mayor parte más fuertes en China, seguido por Rusia y Alemania. Modelos de ecuaciones estructurales apoyaron la hipótesis de la predicción de la SM mediada por las orientaciones de valores en general. La benevolencia de valores tradicionales predice el apoyo social, mientras que el valor autodirección moderna predice la resiliencia. Las orientaciones de valores constituyen una herramienta sensible para describir empíricamente las diferencias interculturales. Los resultados indican que las orientaciones de valores personales son predictores significativos de la SM. El análisis de los valores personales se muestra prometedor en la salud pública transcultural y cuestiones de modernización.

Absence seizures during pregnancy in WAG/Rij rats.

Spontaneously occurring spike-wave discharges (SWDs) and serum concentrations of ovarian steroid hormones were investigated before, during and after pregnancy in WAG/Rij rats, a rat strain with genetically determined absence seizures. Eight groups of rats were included in the assays of progesterone and estradiol: rats at diestrus, at various days of pregnancy and at lactating days. The number of SWDs in cortical EEG of WAG/Rij rats was decreased from the 3rd up to the 18th day of pregnancy and subsequently increased to control level. Thereafter, a new decrease was found 2-3 days after parturition. Serum concentration of progesterone was threefold increased at the 3rd day of pregnancy, remained elevated until the 18th day of pregnancy and returned to control values before delivery. Over measured days, estradiol was significantly elevated only at the 18th day of pregnancy. Results demonstrate that physiological conditions induced by the state of pregnancy lead to suppression of occurrence of SWDs. Changes in plasma progesterone concentration correspond to the changes in number of SWDs: an increased level of progesterone during pregnancy is accompanied by a decreased number of SWDs, while a decrease in circulating progesterone before parturition is paralleled by an increase of SWDs. Of interest, the relationship between SWDs and concentration of progesterone found during pregnancy is diametrically opposite to results obtained in acute administration studies of progesterone in nonpregnant animals.