Subject(s)
Hepatitis E virus/pathogenicity , Hepatitis E/epidemiology , Kidney Transplantation , Opportunistic Infections/epidemiology , Hepatitis Antibodies/blood , Hepatitis E/diagnosis , Hepatitis E/immunology , Hepatitis E/virology , Hepatitis E virus/genetics , Hepatitis E virus/immunology , Host-Pathogen Interactions , Humans , Immunocompromised Host , Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects , Kidney Transplantation/adverse effects , Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , Opportunistic Infections/immunology , Opportunistic Infections/virology , Prevalence , Prospective Studies , RNA, Viral/genetics , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Treatment Outcome , United States/epidemiology , Viral LoadSubject(s)
Acidosis/chemically induced , Canagliflozin/adverse effects , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Kidney Tubules, Proximal/pathology , Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2/blood , Acidosis/blood , Aged , Biomarkers/blood , Canagliflozin/therapeutic use , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood , Humans , Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Kidney Tubules, Proximal/metabolism , MaleABSTRACT
Advances in immunosuppression have propelled kidney transplantation from a scientific curiosity to the optimal treatment for patients with end stage kidney disease. Declining rates of acute rejection have led to improvements in short term kidney transplant survival, culminating in incrementally better long term patient and allograft outcomes. Contextualized around established immune-suppressing drug targets, this review summarizes the history of the clinical science and highlights the pivotal trials that have led to present-day treatment standards at the level of both individual agents and multidrug regimens for kidney recipients. Finally, recently approved and emerging therapies are discussed, with an emphasis on challenges faced by clinicians managing this increasingly complex patient population.