Sun Protection in German Outdoor Workers: Differences by Sex and Job-Related Characteristics.

BACKGROUND: Ultraviolet (UV) exposure during outdoor work increases the risk of developing skin cancer. Therefore, the uptake of recommended sun protection behaviors is important to prevent UV-related skin damage in the population of outdoor workers. To develop targeted prevention campaigns, information on the use of sun protection behaviors in different industries is needed. METHODS: A total of 486 outdoor workers were surveyed on the use of several sun protection measures as part of the 7th wave of the National Cancer Aid Monitoring. Furthermore, details on job-related characteristics, sociodemographics, and skin type were assessed. Descriptive analyses stratified by sex were conducted. RESULTS: In general, use of sun protection was insufficient (e.g. 38.4% used sunscreen on the face). Sun protection behavior differed between female and male outdoor workers with females being more likely to use sunscreen and males being more likely to wear sun protective clothes and headgear. For male outdoor workers, we revealed several associations with job-related characteristics. For instance, those who were employed full time were more likely to wear sun protective clothes (e.g. shoulder-covering shirt: 87.1% versus 50.0%, P < 0.001). DISCUSSION: We identified deficits in sun protection behavior in outdoor workers and differences by sex- and job-related characteristics. These differences offer starting points for targeted prevention measures. In addition, the findings may inspire qualitative research.

"Well, to Be Honest, I Don't Have an Idea of What It Might Be"-A Qualitative Study on Knowledge and Awareness Regarding Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer.

Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common cancer type in Western industrialized countries. However, research into the knowledge and awareness in the general population regarding NMSC is still scarce. This qualitative study aims to fill this research gap. Face-to-face, semi-structured interviews with 20 individuals aged 55-85 years were conducted between February and October 2020. Transcribed interviews were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The term "white skin cancer"-the German colloquial term of NMSC-was well-known, but the incidence was underestimated. None of the participants could give a precise definition of NMSC, and various alterations in the skin were, partially wrongly, stated as potential signs for NMSC. As risk factors for NMSC, solar radiation, and fair skin type were mentioned most often. The perceived individual risk of developing NMSC and risk compared to individuals of the same age and gender were low in our sample. Own knowledge about NMSC was mostly perceived to be insufficient, and the majority of the sample would like to receive more information on NMSC. Our results emphasize a need to inform about the signs and risks of NMSC not only in the studied older age group but also in younger people.

Loneliness in University Students during Two Transitions: A Mixed Methods Approach Including Biographical Mapping.

Several studies have shown that loneliness is prevalent in university students. However, up to now, it is less clear how transitions during this life stage are associated with loneliness. Therefore, we aimed to explore the association of loneliness with the transition from high school to university and the transition into the COVID-19 pandemic. Twenty students were interviewed in qualitative interviews based on a semi-structured guide that also included biographical mapping. In addition, the participants reported social and emotional loneliness based on the six-item De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale for three points in time: (1) at the time of the interview, (2) at the beginning of their studies at the university and (3) at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. The qualitative data were analyzed using a structuring content analysis following Mayring. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. We found that emotional loneliness increased both during high school graduation and at the start of study at the university, as well as at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Social loneliness was higher during university studies than during the last years at high school and increased at the beginning of the pandemic. The results indicate that both transitions played an important role for perceived social and emotional loneliness. Further quantitative studies in larger samples will be relevant in the future to better target the responses to loneliness during transitions. Universities can actively counteract loneliness, especially during the transition from high school to university, by organizing events and meeting places where new students can network.