Two Cases of Probable Neuro-Behçet's Disease with Longitudinally Extensive Transverse Myelitis.

We report 2 cases of probable neuro-Behçet's disease (NBD) with longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM). In both cases, the patients presented paraplegia, as well as sensory, bladder, and rectal disturbances. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of patient 1 showed continuous high signal intensity extending from the midbrain to the entire spinal cord in the central part of the cord on T2-weighted imaging (T2WI). Spinal MRI of patient 2 revealed high signal intensity extending from Th2 to Th10 in the central part of the cord on T2WI. Both patients received high-dose methylprednisolone. A continuous lesion from the midbrain to the entire spinal cord as in patient 1 has not been previously reported. Patient 2 dramatically improved by infliximab therapy. The present cases suggest that NBD should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with LETM.

Two Cases of Very-Late-Onset Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) in Patients over the Age of 80.

We report two cases of very-late-onset neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) in patients over the age of 80 with transverse myelopathy as the initial manifestation. In both cases, the patients presented with paraplegia and sensory, bladder, and rectal disturbances. Thoracic magnetic resonance imaging showed longitudinal high-intensity signals on a T2-weighted image. The patients received high-dose methylprednisolone. Their serum was positive for anti-AQP4 antibody (cell-based assay) during the clinical course. They were diagnosed with NMOSD and treated with immunoadsorption, plasmapheresis, and followed up with daily prednisolone. Very-late-onset NMOSD in patients over the age of 80 has only rarely been reported. The present cases suggest that NMOSD should be considered for elderly patients presenting with transverse myelitis. Early diagnosis and treatment are important.

Anti-MuSK Antibody-positive Myasthenia Gravis Successfully Treated with Outpatient Periodic Weekly Blood Purification Therapy.

A 37-year-old man with anti-muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) antibody-positive myasthenia gravis (MG) presented with subacute progressive dysphagia and muscle weakness of the neck and bilateral upper extremities. Conventional immune-suppressive treatments and high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin were ineffective. He then displayed repeated exacerbations and remissions over the course of two years, despite two to four sessions of plasma exchange (PE) every two months. The patient was successfully treated with outpatient periodic weekly blood purification therapy with alternative PE and double-filtration plasmapheresis using an internal shunt. This case report suggests the benefits of blood purification therapy with an internal shunt against anti-MuSK antibody-positive MG.

Successful Delayed Aortic Surgery for a Patient with Ischemic Stroke Secondary to Aortic Dissection.

The diagnosis of aortic dissection (AD) is sometimes difficult within the limited time window of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) for ischemic stroke (IS). A 60-year-old man developed sudden left hemiparesis due to IS. During tPA infusion, his blood pressure dropped and consciousness declined. After transfer to our hospital, carotid duplex ultrasonography led to a diagnosis of AD. Emergency surgery was postponed because of the risk of hemorrhagic transformation. The patient successfully underwent aortic surgery on day 5 and was discharged with a remarkable improvement in his symptoms. Delayed surgery may avoid hemorrhagic transformation in patients with AD-induced IS who have received tPA.

Parkinsonism in Association with Dihydropteridine Reductase Deficiency.

We report a 16-year-old man with disorders of tetrahydrobiopterin metabolism due to dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) deficiency. He revealed moderate mental retardation, parkinsonism, and spastic paralysis with levodopa and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) supplementation from the age of 2 months. Brain MRI showed high intensity areas in bilateral frontal and posterior deep white matter on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR). Coronal FLAIR image showed a high signal in bilateral pyramidal tracts. Single photon computed tomography (SPECT) imaging of the dopamine transporter was normal. This imaging indicates no dopaminergic cell loss. Our patient had no motor fluctuations or dyskinesias. Early diagnosis and replacement treatment might lead to a favorable outcome.

Reduction of intracerebral hemorrhage by rivaroxaban after tPA thrombolysis is associated with downregulation of PAR-1 and PAR-2.

This study aimed to assess the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) after tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) treatment in rivaroxaban compared with warfarin-pretreated male Wistar rat brain after ischemia in relation to activation profiles of protease-activated receptor-1, -2, -3, and -4 (PAR-1, -2, -3, and -4). After pretreatment with warfarin (0.2 mg/kg/day), low-dose rivaroxaban (60 mg/kg/day), high-dose rivaroxaban (120 mg/kg/day), or vehicle for 14 days, transient middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced for 90 min, followed by reperfusion with tPA (10 mg/kg/10 ml). Infarct volume, hemorrhagic volume, immunoglobulin G leakage, and blood parameters were examined. Twenty-four hours after reperfusion, immunohistochemistry for PARs was performed in brain sections. ICH volume was increased in the warfarin-pretreated group compared with the rivaroxaban-treated group. PAR-1, -2, -3, and -4 were widely expressed in the normal brain, and their levels were increased in the ischemic brain, especially in the peri-ischemic lesion. Warfarin pretreatment enhanced the expression of PAR-1 and PAR-2 in the peri-ischemic lesion, whereas rivaroxaban pretreatment did not. The present study shows a lower risk of brain hemorrhage in rivaroxaban-pretreated compared with warfarin-pretreated rats following tPA administration to the ischemic brain. It is suggested that the relative downregulation of PAR-1 and PAR-2 by rivaroxaban compared with warfarin pretreatment might be partly involved in the mechanism of reduced hemorrhagic complications in patients receiving rivaroxaban in clinical trials. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Effects of Pretreatment with Warfarin or Rivaroxaban on Neurovascular Unit Dissociation after Tissue Plasminogen Activator Thrombolysis in Ischemic Rat Brain.

BACKGROUND: Warfarin and rivaroxaban are highly effective in reducing stroke risk in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). However, their effects on anticoagulation and neurovascular unit (NVU) change remain elusive. In this study, we assessed the risks and benefits of pre-treatment with warfarin or rivaroxaban after tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) thrombolysis in ischemic rat brain. METHODS: Pre-treatment with warfarin (.2 mg/kg/day), low dose rivaroxaban (60 mg/kg/day), high dose rivaroxaban (120 mg/kg/day) or vehicle was performed for 2 weeks, transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) was induced for 90 min, then followed by reperfusion with tPA. At 24 hours (h) after reperfusion, we observed the changes of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), tissue factor, caspase 3 and NVU dissociation. RESULTS: Prothrombin time (PT) was significantly prolonged in the warfarin and rivaroxaban pretreated groups. MMP-9 expression greatly increased in the warfarin group, and this was reduced in the rivaroxaban groups compared with the vehicle group. Tissue factor expression remarkably decreased in the warfarin and rivaroxaban groups. The number of caspase 3-positive cells had no difference among all the groups. Marked dissociations between astrocyte foot processes and the basal lamina or pericytes were observed in the warfarin pretreated group, but such dissociations were improved in the rivaroxaban groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our present study shows that pre-treatment with rivaroxaban was noninferior to warfarin in the anticoagulation, but a lower risk of NVU dysfunction and dissociation after tPA treatment in rivaroxaban. This finding could partly explain the mechanism of reducing hemorrhagic complications by rivaroxaban in clinical studies.

Phase II Trial of Intravenous Low-Dose Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor in Acute Ischemic Stroke.

BACKGROUND: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has shown neuroprotective and neurogenerative activities in experimental studies, and our previous phase I clinical study suggested the safety and potential efficacy of low-dose G-CSF in acute ischemic stroke patients. The present phase II trial is aimed to evaluate the effect of G-CSF administration on neurological function and infarct volume, compared with a placebo group. METHODS: Forty-nine acute ischemic stroke patients (29 males, 20 females; 71 ± 10 years) within 24 hours after onset were recruited. Eligible patients were randomized 2:2:1 to receive G-CSF 150 µg/body/day, G-CSF 300 µg/body/day, and placebo, respectively. We evaluated clinical outcome in terms of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, the modified Rankin Scale, and the Barthel Index at 90 days after onset, together with changes in infarct volume on magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: We found no serious adverse event, including change in leukocyte levels, which remained below 31,000/µL, at 150 and 300 µg G-CSF/body/day. Clinical outcome scores did not show any significant difference among the 3 groups. Chronological changes in infarct volume also showed no significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: G-CSF was well-tolerated at 150 and 300 µg/body/day in patients with acute ischemic stroke. However, administration of G-CSF at both 150 and 300 µg/body/day neither contributed to functional recovery nor reduced infarct volume at 3 months after onset, compared with the control group. The apparent lack of effectiveness may have been due to the small sample size. A trial of combination therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and G-CSF is planned.

Thrombolysis with Low-Dose Tissue Plasminogen Activator 3-4.5 h After Acute Ischemic Stroke in Five Hospital Groups in Japan.

Clinical data from Japan on the safety and real-world outcomes of alteplase (tPA) thrombolysis in the extended therapeutic window are lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the safety and real-world outcomes of tPA administered within 3-4.5 h of stroke onset. The study comprised consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients (n = 177) admitted across five hospitals between September 2012 and August 2014. Patients received intravenous tPA within <3 or 3-4.5 h of stroke onset. Endovascular therapy was used for tPA-refractory patients. In the 3-4.5 h subgroup (31.6 % of patients), tPA was started 85 min later than the <3 h group (220 vs. 135 min, respectively). However, outcome measures were not significantly different between the <3 and 3-4.5 h subgroups for recanalization rate (67.8 vs. 57.1 %), symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (2.5 vs. 3.6 %), modified Rankin Scale score of 0-1 at 3 months (36.0 vs. 23.4 %), and mortality (6.9 vs. 8.3 %). We present data from 2005 to 2012 using a therapeutic window <3 h showing comparable results. tPA following endovascular therapy with recanalization might be superior to tPA only with recanalization (81.0 vs. 59.1 %). Compared with administration within 3 h of ischemic stroke onset, tPA administration within 3-4.5 h of ischemic stroke onset in real-world stroke emergency settings at multiple sites in Japan is as safe and has the same outcomes.

Cognitive and affective benefits of combination therapy with galantamine plus cognitive rehabilitation for Alzheimer's disease.

AIM: The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of a galantamine only therapy and a combination therapy with galantamine plus ambulatory cognitive rehabilitation for Alzheimer's disease patients. METHODS: For this retrospective cohort study, we enrolled 86 patients with Alzheimer's disease, dividing them into two groups - a galantamine only group (group G, n = 45) and a combination with galantamine plus ambulatory rehabilitation group (group G + R, n = 41). The present cognitive rehabilitation included a set of physical therapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy for 1-2 h once or twice a week. We compared the Mini-Mental State Examination and Frontal Assessment Battery for cognitive assessment, and Geriatric Depression Scale, Apathy Scale, and Abe's Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia score for affective assessment in two groups over 6 months. RESULTS: The baseline Mini-Mental State Examination score was 20.2 and 18.7 in groups G and G + R, respectively. Other baseline data (Frontal Assessment Battery, Geriatric Depression Scale, Apathy Scale, and Abe's Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia) were not different between the two groups. Although group G kept all the scores stable until 6 months of the treatment, the Apathy Scale score showed a significant improvement in group G + R as early as 3 months, followed by the Mini-Mental State Examination and Frontal Assessment Battery improvements at 6 months (*P = 0.04 and *P = 0.02, respectively). The Geriatric Depression Scale and Abe's Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia did not show any changes. CONCLUSION: The combination therapy of galantamine plus ambulatory cognitive rehabilitation showed a superior benefit both on cognitive and affective functions than galantamine only therapy in Alzheimer's disease patients.

Characteristic features of cognitive, affective and daily living functions of late-elderly dementia.

AIMS: The world is rapidly aging, and is facing an increase of late-elderly dementia patients. It is important to investigate the characteristic features of late-elderly dementia in a super-aged country. METHODS: We examined 1554 patients with cognitive decline in Department of Neurology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan, divided into three subgroups according to the age: young-elderly (age ≤64 years), middle-elderly (age 65-74 years) and late-elderly (age 75 years), and investigated the cognitive, affective and activities of daily living functions (ADL), especially in late-elderly patients compared with young-elderly and middle-elderly patients. RESULTS: Among 1554 patients, Alzheimer's disease dominated at 62%, and age-dependently increased up to 69% in the late-elderly group. The total scores of four cognitive tests were significantly worse with aging for specific subscales of orientation, recall, visual retention, word fluency and so on. In contrast, total scores of the affective tests showed only an increase in the apathy scale in the late-elderly group. Each subgroup showed depressive/depression in 63.2-55.2%, and apathy in 44.2-54.8%. Furthermore, instrumental ADL items significantly deteriorated in the late-elderly group, which statistically correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination score. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that the late-elderly group is characterized by significant cognitive declines, increasing apathy, and instrumental ADL decrease. The cognitive decline may be related to such affective and ADL declines.

Influence of transcatheter closure of atrial communication on migraine headache in patients with ischemic stroke.

Some types of migraine are associated with ischemic stroke. Although a right-to-left communication is linked with ischemic stroke, a causal relationship between migraine and right-to-left communication remains unclear. Furthermore, the efficacy of transcatheter closure of atrial communication on migraine is controversial. We aimed to evaluate the influence of transcatheter closure of atrial communication on migraine in patients with ischemic stroke. Thirty-eight consecutive patients with ischemic stroke who underwent transcatheter closure of atrial communication were enrolled. The prevalence, frequency, and severity of migraine were prospectively evaluated at baseline, 3 months, and >6 months after the procedure. Changes in migraine after the procedure were classified according to the frequency and severity of migraine: disappeared, improved, no-change, and worsening. Nineteen (50 %) of 38 patients suffered from migraine at baseline. No significant differences were observed in age, comorbidities, defect diameter, and atrial septal aneurysm between patients with migraine and patients without migraine. Among the 19 patients with migraine, migraine disappeared in 10 (53 %) patients and improved in 8 (42 %) patients at 3 months after transcatheter closure of atrial communication. At mean follow-up of 38 ± 28 months after the procedure, migraine disappeared in 12 (63 %) patients and improved in five (26 %) patients. No patients experienced worsening of migraine during the follow-up period. New-onset migraine was not observed in patients without migraine. Migraine is complicated in a half of patients with ischemic stroke related to atrial communication. Such migraine may disappear or improve after transcatheter closure of atrial communication.

Clinical Benefits of Memantine Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease in the Okayama Memantine Study II (OMS II).

The clinical benefits of memantine, depending on the baseline cognitive and affective conditions in real world dementia clinics, have not been completely examined. We performed the "Okayama Memantine Study II (OMS II)" to retrospectively evaluate the clinical effects of memantine monotherapy (n = 38) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients using seven batteries to assess dementia at the baseline, at 3, 6, and 12 months. Additionally, we divided 163 AD patients treated with memantine into two subgroups depending on the baseline cognitive score of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE): the MMSE <15 group (n = 36) and the baseline MMSE ≥15 group (n = 127). We also analyzed 71 AD patients based on the baseline behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) severity using Abe's BPSD score (ABS). Memantine monotherapy maintained cognitive functions until 6 months of treatment, but showed a decrease at 12 months ( *p <  0.05 versus baseline). However, memantine monotherapy greatly improved BPSD symptoms until 12 months ( *p <  0.05,  **p <  0.01) and maintained other affective functions as well as the activity of daily living. Memantine treatment showed similar effects, regardless of the baseline cognitive functions, but showed better effects on ABS for higher baseline cognitive functions. Memantine treatment greatly improved ABS depending on baseline BPSD severity. Our present OMS II showed that memantine monotherapy improved BPSD until 12 months. The higher baseline cognitive subgroup (MMSE ≥15) and the worse baseline BPSD subgroup were expected to show better effects with memantine.

Clinical Benefits of Rivastigmine in the Real World Dementia Clinics of the Okayama Rivastigmine Study (ORS).

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most important diseases in an aging society, but the clinical effects of rivastigmine have not been fully examined in real world domestic clinics. METHODS: We performed the "Okayama Rivastigmine Study (ORS)" to retrospectively analyze the clinical effects of rivastigmine (n = 75) or donepezil (n = 71) on AD patients with seven dementia assessment batteries at the baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. In addition, we divided the rivastigmine group into two subgroups at the baseline: the mild behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) group (Abe's BPSD score (ABS) <6) and the severe BPSD group (6≤ABS). In these two subgroups, baseline scores and changes were also retrospectively analyzed until 12 months. RESULTS: Rivastigmine significantly improved the Mini-Mental State Examination score at 3 months (*p <  0.05 versus baseline) and at 6 months (*p <  0.05), the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) at 6 months (*p <  0.05), and ABS at 3 months (**p <  0.01) while donepezil only stabilized the three cognitive scores. On the other hand, the Geriatric Depression Scale and the Apathy Scale were stable until 12 months in both groups. Baseline BPSD severity-dependent analysis showed a small improvement of FAB at 6 months in the mild BPSD subgroup (*p <  0.05) and a great improvement of ABS at 3 months in the severe BPSD subgroup (**p <  0.01) in the rivastigmine group. CONCLUSIONS: Our present study showed that rivastigmine improved both cognitive and affective functions at 3 and 6 months, and suggested an advantage at 3 and 6 months compared to donepezil in real world dementia clinics.

Clinical Benefits for Older Alzheimer's Disease Patients: Okayama Late Dementia Study (OLDS).

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: There are few reports on the effects of anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) drugs on older AD patients, and possible differences based on gender in a real world setting. METHODS: "Okayama Late Dementia Study (OLDS)" is a retrospective clinical cohort study focusing on older AD patients (n = 373; age≥75 years) treated with monotherapy donepezil (n = 55), galantamine (n = 222), rivastigmine (n = 63), or memantine (n = 33). The patients were evaluated as an entire group and separated by gender, using seven batteries for dementia assessment at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months of drug therapy. RESULTS: All four drugs preserved cognitive and affective functions until 12 months, except for Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) with memantine ( *p <  0.05 versus baseline). Donepezil monotherapy significantly improved Hasegawa Dementia Rating Scale-Revised (HDS-R) at 3 months ( *p <  0.05), and memantine (3 and 6 months, *p <  0.05) and rivastigmine (3 months, **p <  0.01) improved Abe's Behavior and Psychological Symptom of Dementia Score (ABS), respectively. Activities of daily living (ADL) became significantly worse with galantamine at 12 months ( *p <  0.05). Male Mini-Mental State Examination scores became worse at 12 months with donepezil ( *p <  0.05), as did female Geriatric Depression Scale scores at 6 months ( *p <  0.05). Male HDS-R and ABS scores were preserved in the galantamine group until 12 months. Female ABS scores with memantine improved at 6 months ( *p <  0.05), while male ADL scores became worse with rivastigmine at 12 months ( *p <  0.05). CONCLUSION: OLDS revealed that anti-AD drugs were effective even for older AD patients, and the clinical benefits of each drug showed a small difference with regard to gender.

Differentiating progressive supranuclear palsy from Parkinson's disease by MRI-based dynamic cerebrospinal fluid flow.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to clarify the difference between PSP and PD from the viewpoint of dynamic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow focusing on the midbrain aqueduct. METHODS: Thirty-three PD patients (mean age 69.2±7.9) and 35 PSP patients (mean age 70.5±6.6) were included in this study. CSF flow was calculated by 15 images in an equidistant magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence that was taken throughout a cardiac cycle. RESULTS: Absolute values of the velocity (time points of 2-6 and 12-15, *p<0.05), and the width of the CSF velocity (Vheight) (PSP, 5.1±2.3cm/s; PD, 6.0±1.6cm/s, p<0.05) effectively discriminated PSP from PD patients. On the other hand, conventional MRI measurements discriminated well the midbrain aqueduct area (Area) (PSP, 7.7±2.6mm(2); PD, 5.4±1.8mm(2), p<0.01). Two cutoff value lines (Vheight: 4.75, Area: 5.77) of the ROC curve analysis established two areas for discriminating PSP from PD. CONCLUSION: In the present dynamic CSF flow study, it was newly found that mean velocity of each time point and Vheight showed a more significant decline in PSP than in PD patients, providing a sensitive biomarker for differentiating them. The combination of Vheight and Area could further discriminate PSP from PD patients.

Dynamic Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow on MRI in Cortical Cerebellar Atrophy and Multiple System Atrophy-cerebellar Type.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine a new MRI technology, dynamic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow, to examine sporadic cerebellar ataxia patients with cortical cerebellar atrophy (CCA) and multiple system atrophy-cerebellar type (MSA-C). METHODS: Nine CCA patients (3 men and 6 women; mean age: 64.2±6.9 years) and 31 MSA-C patients (13 men and 18 women; mean age: 62.7±6.8 years) were examined by a dynamic CSF flow analysis. All CSF flow data were evaluated by phase contrast-MRI using a 1.5T MRI scanner. The CSF flow was calculated by 15 images in the equidistant MRI sequence which was taken through a cardiac cycle. RESULTS: Compared with the CCA patients, the absolute values of the mean velocity of the MSA-C patients were significantly reduced at time points 5 (CCA, 0.24±0.14 cm/s; MSA-C, 0.13±0.11 cm/s; (*) p<0.05) and 13 (CCA, -0.60±0.37 cm/s; MSA-C, -0.31±0.17 cm/s; (**) p<0.01). Significant correlations in Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were also found in MSA-C patients between the disease duration and the difference between the maximum and minimum velocities (Vheight) (r=-0.429, (*) p<0.05), the minimum velocity of the CSF (Vmin) (r=0.486, (**) p<0.01) or the length of the minor axis of the pons (r=-0.529, (**) p<0.01). The linear regressions between the disease duration and Vheight or Vmin revealed a significant strong correlation only in the MSA-C patients. CONCLUSION: The present CSF flow study showed for the first time that Vheight and Vmin revealed good correlations with the disease duration in the MSA-C patients. Furthermore, the velocity of the prepontine CSF flow tended to decrease in the MSA-C patients compared with the CCA patients, suggesting that this particular CSF flow analysis may be a new surrogate marker for differentiating both types of cerebellar ataxia.

High Incidence of Dementia Conversion than Stroke Recurrence in Poststroke Patients of Late Elder Society.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the incidence of current poststroke dementia (PSD), the annual conversion ratio into PSD, and the risk factors for conversion. METHODS: In a 4.8-year follow-up period, 112 poststroke patients (ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage) were retrospectively investigated in cognitive examinations. They were categorized into 3 subgroups: converters into PSD, nonconverters who maintained their normal cognitive functions, and reverters who recovered to the normal mentality range. The clinical and demographic characteristics of these 3 subgroups were analyzed. RESULTS: Among all 112 poststroke patients (61.6% male, 73.6 ± 10.4 years old), 16.1% had PSD. During the follow-up period, a part of the normal baseline mentality group (83.9% of 112 original patients) newly developed PSD (subdivided into converters) with an annual conversion rate of 7.6%. The reversion rate from the baseline PSD group was 11.3%. There were significant differences in age (P < .05), baseline mini-mental state examination scores (P < .05), body mass index (P < .05), and periventricular and deep white matter hyperintensity grades (P < .05 and P = .01, respectively) between converters and nonconverters. The annual rate of stroke recurrence was only 2.2% in all stroke subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: In comparison with stroke recurrence (2.2%), 7.6% of the annual PSD conversion rate was very high. Therefore, prevention of direct conversion into PSD without stroke recurrence may be another important aspect of poststroke clinics, especially in late elder society.

Computerized touch-panel screening tests for detecting mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.

OBJECTIVE: The increasing population of elderly people in Japan has accelerated the demand for a simple screening test to detect cognitive and affective declines in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and the early stage of dementia. Methods We compared the cognitive and affective functions, activities of daily living (ADLs) and the results of four computerized touch-panel screening tests in 41 MCI subjects, 124 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 75 age- and gender-matched normal controls. RESULTS: All computerized touch-panel games were successfully used to discriminate the AD patients from the normal controls (** p<0.01). Although there were no differences in the findings of the conventional cognitive assessments, the results of the flipping cards game were significantly different (** p<0.01) between the normal controls (19.3 ± 9.5 sec) and MCI subjects (30.9 ± 18.4 sec). Three conventional affective assessments, the ADL score, Abe's behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (ABS) (** p<0.01) and the apathy scale (AS) (* p<0.05), could be used to discriminate the MCI subjects (ABS, 0.9 ± 1.5; AS, 12.8 ± 5.9) from the normal controls (ABS, 0.1 ± 0.4; AS, 8.9 ± 5.3). CONCLUSION: In the present study, all four touch-panel screening tests could be employed to discriminate AD patients from normal controls, whereas only the flipping cards game was effective for distinguishing MCI subjects from normal controls. Therefore, this novel touch-panel screening test may be a more sensitive tool for detecting MCI subjects among elderly patients.