Comprehensive Review of Breast Cancer Consequences for the Patients and Their Coping Strategies: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Women with breast cancer usually face multiple short-term and long-term problems in dealing with their acute and chronic symptoms during and after cancer treatment. However, serious gaps remain in addressing these issues in clinical and public health practice. METHODS: According to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we conducted a systematic literature search from 2000-2021 in electronic databases, including Medline, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar databases using predefined keywords. RESULTS: The review identified several significant and interconnected problems in breast cancer patient's treatment and supportive care. The results revealed that these issues are very common among breast cancer patients, and specific attention and serious measures are needed to address these problems. Despite implementing different protocols and programs for covering and addressing these problems, serious gaps still exist in supporting breast cancer patients during clinical and follow-up care. CONCLUSION: Developing innovative and holistic approaches and programs based on the multifactorial assessment of symptoms are suggested for addressing and covering the multidimensional requirements of this population. Consequently, thorough evaluation, education, treatment, and referrals should be provided for the most common sequelae of these patients by including appropriate medication, exercise, counselling, occupational therapy, and complementary therapies. The present study provides a more comprehensive source of information about breast cancer patient's medical and supportive needs in comparison with individual studies on symptom experiences.

The effect of operator-induced variability on the physical properties of ProRoot MTA.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to compare the influence of operators on the microhardness and compressive strength of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty dental specialists were asked to prepare a series of MTA samples. The tested material was ProRoot MTA (DentsplyMaillefer, Switzerland). Each participant prepared one sample to a consistency they considered acceptable for use in practice (improvised group) and another one according to the manufacturer's recommended water-to-powder (WP) ratio (pre-weighed group). The samples were incubated at 37°C and 95% humidity for 4 days. Parameters evaluated in this study were microhardness and compressive strength. RESULTS: Operators mixed MTA samples with varying WP ratios. However, there was no significant difference between the microhardness and compressive strength values of MTA samples between the improvised, the pre-weighed and the control groups. MTA was mixed in a thicker consistency than the manufacturers recommended ratio (0.33) by 62.5% of the operators. CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, even though the WP ratios that were utilized in the clinical setting vary, microhardness and compressive strength values of MTA was not significantly affected.

The incidence of pneumatised inferior turbinate and relation to close anatomic structures.

BACKGROUND: Pneumatisation of the inferior turbinate (PIT) is a rare abnormality of the paranasal sinus. It is very difficult to differentiate from the hypertrophia of the inferior turbinate clinically. Thus, it is important to be considered, especially in cases with no response to medical treatments. We aimed to investigate the presence and the frequency of PIT by computed tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 2905 cases (1381 female, 1524 male) with an age range between 16 and 84 were included. RESULTS: The pneumatisation of the inferior turbinate was observed in 1.72% of the cases with a percentage of 1.88% in women and 1.57% in men. In PIT (+) cases the bilaterality was found in 54% of them. According to the subtypes, 70% was lamellar, 28% was bullous and 2% was extensive. No statistically significant difference was found for age distribution. The most commonly associated variations were the pneumatisation of the middle and upper turbinate and the septal deviation. CONCLUSIONS: The pneumatisation of the inferior turbinate is a rare variation with a similar frequency among men and women. It is diagnosed by CT and when symptomatic, the optimal treatment is surgery.

The effect of the functional asymmetry of the brain on face morphometry in the university students of mathematics and painting department.

BACKGROUND: The face is a complicated structure configurations of which are originated and components integrated during the developmental stages. Almost the whole of face is formed by neural crest cells migrating from the edge of the cranial neural folds to the pharyngeal arcus. Brain is an asymmetric organ both functionally and anatomically. While the left hemisphere is dominant in processing the verbal, mathematical and logical information, the right hemisphere is dominant in processing the perceptual, visible, spatial and artistic information. The functional differences in the left and right brain hemispheres might also cause differences in facial regions developing from the same centres as telencephalon during embryonic period. Therefore; we aimed to perform linear anthropometric measurements and determine whether functional asymmetry of brain creates any change in facial linear measurements, on the faces of students of painting and mathematics departments whose skills are different from each other. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was performed on 212 students. A total numer of 22 measurements from 17 anthropometric points for each student were done. Measurements were carried out between November 2011 and February 2012. RESULTS: Our findings revealed that there were statistically significant differences between two student groups in the face width, intercanthal distance, mandibular width, nose width, upper lip height and philtrum length. The comparison of genders revealed that there were statistically significant differences between all measured parameters. In addition, all students from both departments had euryprosopic face type when face type points were compared. CONCLUSIONS: Those differences might be related to the functional asymmetry of brain. Therefore it could be suggested that the functional asymmetry of brain could cause an asymmetry in the face as well as in the linear anthropometric measurements.

MRI-based detailed evaluation of the anatomy of the human coccyx among Turkish adults.

AIM: The human coccyx varies considerably in shape and size. The objective of this study was to investigate the morphology and morphometry of the coccyx on pelvic magnetic resonance imaging in asymptomatic individuals among Turkish adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted retrospectively on the pelvic magnetic resonance images of 456 adult patients without a history of trauma in the coccyx region. The coccygeal vertebrae count, number of bone segments, and intercoccygeal and sacrococcygeal joint fusions were determined from the sagittal plane images. In addition, the length and angles (the sacrococcygeal angle, intercoccygeal joint angle, and sacrococcygeal joint angle) were measured. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Data were analyzed using the T-test or Mann-Whitney U-test, the ANOVA, or Kruskal-Wallis tests, and the chi-square test was used for the categorical variables. RESULTS: The coccyx is formed by four, five, or three vertebrae in a decreasing ratio. The coccyx is composed of one to five bone segments; one bone segment was found in 2.8% of the cases. Intercoccygeal joint fusions been observed predominantly in the last intercoccygeal joint, with or without sacrococcygeal joint fusion. The coccyx was found to be longer in adult males than in adult females. The sacrococcygeal angle might be anteverted or retroverted. CONCLUSION: The findings are contrary to the conventional knowledge in that the vertebrae shaping the coccyx were completely fused and consisting of a single bone in very few cases. Better understanding of the anatomical variation of the coccyx may be useful for clinicians evaluating patients presenting with conditions in the coccygeal region.

Relation between weight loss and age after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.

OBJECTIVE: As a bariatric surgery; Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy (LSG) has gained popularity in recent years. In our study, we aimed to investigate the impact of age on postoperative weight loss at one year after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In our clinic between May 2011 and July 2013, 55 patients who underwent LSG with the diagnosis of obesity were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups below and over an age of 40. Preoperative and postoperative first year Body Mass Index (BMI), percent of Body Mass Index Lost (% BMIL) and Excess Body Mass Index Lost (% EBMIL) were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 55 patients with a mean age of 37.2 ± 8.6 years were included in the study. 37 were women. Patients divided into the age below 40 years old (group 1, n = 29) and over 40 years old (group 2, n = 26). The average age of the groups was 29.9 ± 4.63 and 45.3 ± 7.02, respectively. Characteristics of patients among groups were similar. The preoperative average BMI of groups were 49.34 ± 5.87 kg/m² and 49.73 ± 5.38 kg/m², postoperative first year mean BMI of groups were 30.05 ± 5.78 kg/m² and 36.15 ± 6.64 kg/m², respectively. Percentage loss in BMI was 19.29 ± 3.14% and 13.58 ± 2.96%, respectively; and % EBMIL was 82.95 ± 21.88% and 56.75 ± 15.90%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that age might be as a major determining factor for weight loss and patients over forty years old undergoing LSG for bariatric surgery should be informed about that they will have a lower weight lost.

A 55 years old man with pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis.

Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (PAM) is a very rare diffuse chronic lung disease characterized by deposition of small spherules of calcium phosphate within the alveolar cavity. The disease is usually seen from birth up to 40 years of age and is usually diagnosed incidentally during radiography of the chest for other reasons. Most of patients are asymptomatic or having very mild symptoms and the majority of patients either have normal or restrictive pulmonary function test. Clinically, the course of the disease is different; it remains static in few patients or it may progress to pulmonary fibrosis, respiratory failure and cor pulmonale in others. In this case report, we present a 55-year-old man who presented with moderate shortness of breath which has progressed from mild symptoms with in the previous years. His chest high-resolution CT scan showed diffusely scattered, ill-defined little shadowy micronodules which involve the left lung; lingula and left lower lobe in particular. A lung biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of PAM. He was followed up for 1 year with treatment by steroid and alendronate, and no progression was noticed in fact improvement in pulmonary function test noticed. This is the first case report of PAM in Kurdistan.

Central region morphometry in a child brain; age and gender differences.

BACKGROUND: Data on central region morphometry of a child brain is important not only in terms of providing us with information about central region anatomy of the brain but also in terms of the help of this information for the plans to be applied in neurosurgery. OBJECTIVE: In the present study, central region morphometry of a child brain in mid-sagittal MR images was analyzed in age and gender groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Different points determined previously, commissura posterior0 (PC) and the distances between cerebral cortex point (VCS) vertical to commissura anterior- commissura posterior line, sulcus centralis (CS), sulcus marginalis (MS), and the angle (α) between CS-PC-MS were determined and measured together with difference of gender in three different age groups (aged 6-9, 10-13, and 14-17). RESULTS: Central region measures of the brains of boys aged 6-17 are higher than girls except for MS-PC distance. While VCS-PC, CS-PC, and MS-PC measures display a significant difference in the girls aged 14-17 when compared to the other age groups of 6-9 and 10-13 (P < 0.05), angle α is not significantly different in age and gender groups (P > 0.05). However, while VCS-PC, CS-PC and MS-PC distances show a significant increase in girls beginning from the age of 14, this increase is limited in boys. CONCLUSION: Morphometric differences observed in different age groups in boys and girls shall contribute our evaluation of the alterations in brain development in both of genders and shall be useful in preparation of surgical operation plans to be applied to the central region.

Fenestration of the vertebral artery: case presentation.

Fenestrations of vertebral arteries are considered to be rare abnormalities observed in angiographic and autopsy studies. They result from vascular abnormalities that occur during the embryological development of vertebral artery. Fenestrations of the vertebral artery are vascular structures having 2 different lumens and endothelium layers, sharing either the same or separate adventitia layers. As a result of the carotid Doppler ultrasonography performed on a 65-year-old woman applying to the Neurology Clinic of Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, Research and Practice Hospital with the complaints of vertigo and numbness in the head, a plaque leading to 60% stenosis in the right internal carotid artery, close to the place of initiation was seen. The patient, whose vertebral artery lumen structures and calibrations have found to be normal in the Doppler ultrasonography of vertebral artery, was scheduled for double-sided selective carotid and vertebral artery angiography. With the performed digital subtraction angiography imaging method, an atheroma plaque, extending to internal carotid artery proximal starting from sinus caroticus through the right internal carotid artery and leading to 50% stenosis, having the appearance of an ulcer, was observed. In the vertebral artery angiography of the case, while the right vertebral artery was found to be normal, fenestration in the upper cervical segment was observed in the left vertebral artery. This situation has been presented in this paper with radiological and embryological evaluation.

The DNA damage checkpoint precedes activation of ARF in response to escalating oncogenic stress during tumorigenesis.

Oncogenic stimuli trigger the DNA damage response (DDR) and induction of the alternative reading frame (ARF) tumor suppressor, both of which can activate the p53 pathway and provide intrinsic barriers to tumor progression. However, the respective timeframes and signal thresholds for ARF induction and DDR activation during tumorigenesis remain elusive. Here, these issues were addressed by analyses of mouse models of urinary bladder, colon, pancreatic and skin premalignant and malignant lesions. Consistently, ARF expression occurred at a later stage of tumor progression than activation of the DDR or p16(INK4A), a tumor-suppressor gene overlapping with ARF. Analogous results were obtained in several human clinical settings, including early and progressive lesions of the urinary bladder, head and neck, skin and pancreas. Mechanistic analyses of epithelial and fibroblast cell models exposed to various oncogenes showed that the delayed upregulation of ARF reflected a requirement for a higher, transcriptionally based threshold of oncogenic stress, elicited by at least two oncogenic 'hits', compared with lower activation threshold for DDR. We propose that relative to DDR activation, ARF provides a complementary and delayed barrier to tumor development, responding to more robust stimuli of escalating oncogenic overload.

Septal perforators stemming from a very long left main coronary artery.

We report a case of a very long left main coronary artery (58 mm) with septal perforators before bifurcation. The coronary arteries were seen clear of plaques. To the best of our knowledge, this case is very rare because of the existence of the first and second septal perforator arteries originating from a very long left main coronary artery.

Left renal vein abnormalities detected during routine abdominal computed tomography imaging: clinico-radiological significance.

BACKGROUND: Preoperative knowledge of the presence of major venous anomalies facilitates the safe performance of aortic surgery. The purpose of the study was to estimate the incidence, as detected by abdominal computed tomography (CT), of major left renal vein anomalies related to the abdominal aorta in an adult population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seven hundred and fifty abdominal CT examinations were reviewed retrospectively for the presence of left renal vein anomalies. Eleven CT scans were excluded from the study because of technical or patient- -related factors. The course of the left renal vein was assessed on the CT slices to detect any anomalies. RESULTS: Left renal vein anomaly was detected in 23 (3.1%) of 739 cases. Seventeen (2.3%) of them were a retro-aortic, and six (0.8%) of them were a circumaortic left renal vein. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to detect left renal vein anomalies before retroperitoneal surgery or interventional procedures. These anomalies can be identified in routine abdominal CT examinations with a careful inspection.

Effects of methylene blue, pentoxyphylline and enoxaparin on postoperative adhesion formation and markers of angiogenesis in a rat uterine horn model.

OBJECTIVE: Postoperative adhesions still remain as a common and serious problem leading to morbidity, mortality and economic loss. Adhesions are the major cause of postoperative intestinal obstruction, infertility, and chronic pelvic pain. In this study, we aimed to compare adhesion prevention effects of pentoxyphylline, enoxaparin and methylene blue and to investigate the effects of these agents on angiogenesis, which is suggested as an important step in wound healing, in rat a uterine horn model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty female Wistar albino rats were randomized into four subgroups and underwent laparotomy. Adhesions developed following cauterization at the anti-mesenteric surfaces of both uterine horns. After 14 days, adhesions were investigated by using macroscopic, histopathological and immunohistochemical [vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor (TGF-beta), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)] methods. RESULTS: We found that enoxaparin significantly reduced adhesion formation. Pentoxyphylline had no significant effect on adhesion formation, whereas methylene blue had a significant decreasing effect on histopathologically determined adhesion markers and it may affect angiogenesis through PDGF. CONCLUSION: Among three agents, which were intraperitoneally given by a single dose manner in order to prevent postoperative adhesions, methylene blue and enoxaparin exhibited a positive effect, while no such effect was shown with pentoxyphylline.

Determination of cerebellar volume in children and adolescents with magnetic resonance images.

Recent studies show that the cerebellum contributes to higher cognitive functions as well as its role on motor system. It is thought that higher cognitive functions continue to develop during childhood and adolescence; therefore, cerebellum develops significantly during these periods. For that reason, this study was carried out in order to determine cerebellar volumes of 90 healthy individuals (40 males, 50 females) aged between 6 and 17 years according to their gender. The individuals were divided into three age groups of 6-9, 10- -13, and 14-17 years, and their cerebellar volumes were found by means of stereological methods using their magnetic resonance images. The cerebellar volumes found were compared among the groups without discriminating genders, among groups according to gender, and again according to gender within each age group. The general average cerebellar volume of the age group 10-13 years was significantly higher than the other two age groups(p 〈 0.05). When the groups were compared according to gender, there was no important difference between the groups in women (p 〉 0.05); as for men, cerebellar volume only in the age group 10-13 years was significantly higher than that in age group 6-9 (p 〈 0.05). When cerebellar volume for ages 6-17 years was compared according to gender (without dividing into age group) there was no significant difference between men and women (p 〉 0.05). It was seen that the cerebellum develops from childhood to adolescence, and reaches peak levels between the ages 10-13 years for both genders.

Absence of the arteria profunda femoris / Ausencia de la arteria femoral profunda

At arteria femoralis, arteria profunda femoris is the main branch feeding the thigh. After iliofemoral embryological evolution many variations can be seen in this vessel. The absence of a. profunda femoris is one of the rare seen variation among these variations. Knowing the anatomy and variations of a. profunda femoris well, is important in low extremity ischemia, vessel surgery and angiography applications. In this study, 1036 films belonging to low extremity found in the Radiology department of School of Medicine of Cumhuriyet University were examined as retrospective. Among these films at four of them of male cases, absence of a. profunda femoris was detected. In cases at ages of 32, 37, 47 and 53 respectively, in the first and second case at the right low extremity there was no a. profunda femoris and at the left low extremity it was seen that a. circumflexus femoris medialis and a. circumflexus femoris lateralis emerged from a. profunda femoris. In the third case it was detected that at left low extremity a. profunda femoris did not exist, and at right low extremity a. circumflexus femoris lateralis emerged from a. profunda femoris, and a. circumflexus femoris medialis emerged from a. femoralis. In the fourth case at left low extremity there was no a. profunda femoris and at right low extremity it was seen that at a. profunda femoris and a. femoralis were in unsteady course. The absence of a. profunda femoris had 0,4 percent. The results were discussed by comparing with literature data.

La arteria femoral profunda, se origina de la arteria femoral, siendo la rama principal que alimenta al muslo. Después de la evolución embriológica de las aa. iliofemorales, muchas variaciones pueden verse en este vaso. La ausencia de una a. femoral profunda es una rara variación observada dentro de estas variaciones. Conocer la anatomía y las variaciones de la a. femoral profunda, es importante para la isquemia de los miembros inferiores, cirugía vascular y aplicaciones en angiografía. En este estudio, fueron examinadas retrospectivamente 1036 placas imagenológicas del miembro inferior, pertenecientes al departamento de Radiología de la Facultad de Medicina de la Cumhuriyet University. Entre estas placas, en cuatro casos pertenecientes a hombres, se detectó la ausencia de la a. femoral profunda. Los casos comprendieron a individuos cuyas edades eran 32, 37, 47 y 53 años, respectivamente. En el primer y segundo caso en el miembro inferior derecho no había una a. femoral profunda y en el miembro inferior izquierdo, se vio que la aa. circunflejas femorales medial y lateral se originaban de la a. femoral profunda. En el tercer caso se observó ausencia de la a. femoral profunda en el miembro inferior izquierdo, y en el miembro inferior derecho, la a. circunfleja femorale lateral se originaba desde la a. femoral profunda, y la a. circunfleja femoral medial se originaba desde la a. femoral. En el cuarto caso en el miembro inferior izquierdo, no existía la a. femoral profunda y en el miembro inferior derecho se observó que tanto la a. femoral como la a. femoral profunda tenían un curso variable. La ausencia de la a. femoral profunda fue del 0,4 por ciento. Los resultados fueron analizados y comparados con la literatura.

Frontal lobe morphometry with MRI in a normal age group of 6-17 year-olds.

BACKGROUND: Morphometric data of the frontal lobe are important for surgical planning of lesions in the frontal lobe and its surroundings. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques provide suitable data for this purpose. OBJECTIVES: In our study, the morphometric data of mid-sagittal MRI of the frontal lobe in certain age and gender groups of children have been presented. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a normal age group of 6-17-year-old participants, the length of the line passing through predetermined different points, including the frontal pole (FP), commissura anterior (AC), commissura posterior (PC), the outermost point of corpus callosum genu (AGCC), the innermost point of corpus callosum genu (IGCC), tuberculum sella (TS), AGCC and IGCC points parallel to AC-PC line and the point such line crosses at the frontal lobe surface (FCS) were measured in three age groups (6-9, 10-13 and 14-17 years) for each gender. RESULTS: The frontal lobe morphometric data were higher in males than females. Frontal lobe measurements peak at the age group of 10-13 in the male and at the age group of 6-13 in the female. In boys, the length of FP-AC increases 4.1% in the 10-13 age group compared with the 6-9-year-old group, while this increase is 2.3% in girls. CONCLUSION: Differences in age and gender groups were determined. While the length of AGCC-IGCC increases 10.4% in adults, in children aged 6-17, the length of AC-PC is 11.5% greater than adults. These data will contribute to the preliminary assessment for developing a surgical plan in fine interventions in the frontal lobe and its surroundings in children.

Multidetector CT findings of an extraordinary fenestration of the internal jugular vein.

Fenestration of the internal jugular vein is a rare malformation. Herein, the authors describe an extreme fenestration of the left internal jugular vein. This anomaly was found incidentally in a 47-year-old male patient undergoing multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) imaging and MDCT angiography evaluation for vertebral artery injury due to cervical trauma. MDCT angiography showed the presence of an extremely large fenestration in the left internal jugular vein.

Evaluation of the length and angulation of the styloid process in the patient with pre-diagnosis of Eagle syndrome.

Clinical symptoms caused by the elongated styloid process (SP) or calcified stylohyoid ligament were first described by W. Eagle and they are now known as Eagle syndrome (ES). Normal length of SP was stated by Eagle as 2.5 cm. The objective of this study was to determine and discuss the length of SP and medial angulation degree with computed tomography (CT), which is an affective modality in the identification of ES, and a comparison with related studies. Three-dimensional (3D) images obtained from the axial CT scans of 22 cases (11 males and 11 females) aged between 24 and 80 years, who referred to Cumhuriyet University Hospital, Department of Radiology for multi slice CT with the pre-diagnosis of ES, were used. Lengths of the SP and medial angulations were measured on the obtained images. Inter- and intra-group comparisons were carried out using Wilcoxan and Mann-Whitney U tests. The mean length of the SP was found as 4.1 ± 1.1 cm. When inter- and intra-group lengths of the right and left SP were compared, the difference was not significant (p 〉 0.05). The mean medial angulation of the SP was found as 67.5 ± 5.1°. There was a significant difference found between the right side medial angulation and left side medial angulation in all persons (p 〈 0.05). Lengths of the right and left SP of the patients with pre-diagnosis of ES were close to each other. However, the right-side angulation was observed to be smaller than the left medial angulation in all the patients. Similarly, right side medial angulation of the females was smaller than the left side medial angulation, but this difference was absent in the males. Eagle syndrome should be kept in mind in patients with a sore throat radiating to the ears with swallowing and an observed non-compliance between the complaints such as feeling a foreign body in the throat and facial pain, and physical examination of those who do not have a response to long-term medical therapy should be performed.

Cytokine expression and signaling in drug-induced cellular senescence.

Cellular senescence guards against cancer and modulates aging; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we show that genotoxic drugs capable of inducing premature senescence in normal and cancer cells, such as 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), distamycin A (DMA), aphidicolin and hydroxyurea, persistently activate Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling and expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), such as MX1, OAS, ISG15, STAT1, PML, IRF1 and IRF7, in several human cancer cell lines. JAK1/STAT-activating ligands, interleukin 10 (IL10), IL20, IL24, interferon gamma (IFNgamma), IFNbeta and IL6, were also expressed by senescent cells, supporting autocrine/paracrine activation of JAK1/STAT. Furthermore, cytokine genes, including proinflammatory IL1, tumor necrosis factor and transforming growth factor families, were highly expressed. The strongest inducer of JAK/STAT signaling, cytokine production and senescence was BrdU combined with DMA. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of JAK1 abolished expression of ISGs, but not DNA damage signaling or senescence. Thus, although DNA damage signaling, p53 and RB activation, and the cytokine/chemokine secretory phenotype are apparently shared by all types of senescence, our data reveal so far unprecedented activation of the IFNbeta-STAT1-ISGs axis, and indicate a less prominent causative role of IL6-JAK/STAT signaling in genotoxic drug-induced senescence compared with reports on oncogene-induced or replicative senescence. These results highlight shared and unique features of drug-induced cellular senescence, and implicate induction of cancer secretory phenotype in chemotherapy.

A rare variation of the right middle suprarenal artery.

According to general knowledge, the suprarenal gland is supplied by three sources: the phrenic artery, the abdominal aorta and the renal artery. Since the gland lacks a hilus, and particularly because of its clinical importance, anatomical arterial sources and branching is still not uniform and it needs to be determined by detail. In this study, the right middle suprarenal artery arising from the right renal artery was observed on the right side of a 45-year-old male cadaver.