Phase Formation during the Synthesis of the MAB Phase from Mo-Al-B Mixtures in the Thermal Explosion Mode.

This work focused on the production of the MoAlB MAB phase through self-propagating, high-temperature synthesis in the thermal explosion mode. The influence of the method of a Mo-Al-B-powder reaction mixture preparation on the combustion temperature, mechanism, and stages of the MAB phase formation in the combustion process was investigated. The combustion temperatures of the mixtures obtained in the rotary ball mill and high-speed planetary ball mill were 1234 and 992 °C, respectively. The formation of intermediate compounds Mo3Al8 and α-MoB in the combustion front, along with MoAlB, was established using the time-resolved X-ray diffraction method. In the case of the mixture prepared in a ball mill, the primary interaction in the combustion front occurred through the Al melt, and in the case of using a planetary mill, solid-phase reactions played an important role. The mechanical activation of the mixture in a planetary mill also accelerated the processes of phase formation. The method of a reaction mixture preparation has virtually no effect on the MoAlB MAB phase content in combustion products (92-94%), but it does affect their structure. The synthesis products have a lamellar structure composed of MAB grains with a thickness of ~0.4 µm and a length of ~2-10 µm.

Maladaptive cardiac and behavioral reactivity to repeated vicarious stress exposure in socially bonded male prairie vole siblings.

Behaviors, emotions, and cardiovascular functions are influenced by stress. But these detrimental effects are not exclusive to an individual that directly experiences stress. Stress is also experienced vicariously through observation of another individual undergoing stress. The current study used the strong social bonds in socially monogamous prairie voles to determine effects of repeated vicarious stress on cardiac and behavioral outcomes. Male prairie voles were exposed to either a 5-minute open field chamber alone [separate (control)] or while concurrently witnessing their sibling undergo a tail-suspension stressor [concurrent (experimental)], repeated across 4 sessions. Cardiac responses in animals in the open field were evaluated for heart rate and heart rate variability prior to, during, and after each test session, and behaviors were evaluated for motion, exploration, stress reactivity, and anxiety-relevant behaviors during each test session. The concurrent condition (versus separate) displayed increased heart rate and reduced heart rate variability during repeated test sessions, and impaired recovery of these parameters following the test sessions. The pattern of disturbances suggests that both increased sympathetic and reduced parasympathetic influence contributed to the cardiac responses. Animals in the concurrent condition (versus separate) displayed disrupted rearing, grooming, and motion; reduced duration of center section exploration; and increased freezing responses across repeated test sessions. Collectively, cardiac and behavioral stress reactivity are increased as a function of vicarious stress in prairie voles, which are evident across repeated experiences of stress. These results inform our understanding of the experience of vicarious stress in social species, including humans.

Amorphous/Nanocrystalline High-Entropy CoCrFeNiTix Thin Films with Low Thermal Coefficient of Resistivity Obtained via Magnetron Deposition.

High-entropy alloys are promising materials for novel thin-film resistors since they have high resistivity and a low-temperature coefficient of resistivity (TCR). In this work, a new high-entropy thin-film CoCrFeNiTix was deposited on a Si/SiO2 substrate by means of magnetron sputtering of the multi-component target produced by hot pressing of the powder mixture. The samples possessed a thickness of 130-230 nm and an amorphous atomic structure with nanocrystallite traces. This structure persisted after being annealed up to 400 °C, which was confirmed using X-ray and electron diffraction. The film had a single-phase structure with a smooth surface and a uniform distribution of all elements. The obtained film served for microresistor elaboration, which was produced using the lithography technique and tested in a temperature range from -60 °C up to 200 °C. Resistivity at room temperature was estimated as 2.37 µOhm·m. The results have demonstrated that TCR depends on temperature according to the simple linear law in a range from -60 °C up to 130 °C, changing its value from -78 ppm/°C at low temperatures to -6.6 ppm/°C at 130 °C. Such characteristics show the possibility of using these high-entropy alloy films for resistive elements in contemporary and future micro-electronic devices.

Coefficients of Thermal Expansion in La3Ga5SiO14 and Ca3TaGa3Si2O14 Crystals.

The ordered Ca3TaGa3Si2O14 and disordered La3Ga5SiO14 crystals of the lantangallium silicate family were grown via the Czochralski method. The independent coefficients of thermal expansion of crystals αc and αa were determined using X-ray powder diffraction based on the analysis of X-ray diffraction spectra measured in the temperature range of 25~1000 °C. It is shown that, in the temperature range of 25~800 °C, the thermal expansion coefficients are linear. At temperatures above 800 °C, there is a nonlinear character of the thermal expansion coefficients, associated with a decrease in the Ga content in the crystal lattice.

Hemostasis assessment in Fontan patients using the new thrombodynamics test.

BACKGROUND: Thromboembolic events are a well-known risk for Fontan patients and often lead to morbidity and mortality in cyanotic patients and patients with a single ventricle. Coagulopathy and thrombophilia, in addition to disturbed Fontan blood flow and endothelial injury, are major contributors to thromboembolic complications. However, there is currently no consensus regarding the optimal medication to prevent or treat these events. Identification of coagulation disorders is therefore crucial for selecting appropriate management strategies and evaluating long-term outcomes in these patients. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a 35-year-old male who underwent the Fontan procedure with a total cavopulmonary modification during childhood due to tricuspid atresia. He was admitted with complaints of headaches and visual disturbances, but no clear cardiovascular cause was identified. Standard coagulation test parameters were normal, but the thrombodynamics test indicated severe hypercoagulation and spontaneous clot formation. Anticoagulation therapy was initiated, and a subsequent thrombodynamics assay showed normalization of the coagulation parameters. The patient remained asymptomatic during the six-month follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: The thrombodynamics test is a valuable tool for the diagnosis of coagulation disorders, as it can assess coagulation parameters and clot growth in vitro. This method can also aid in the optimization of antithrombotic therapy. The presented clinical case highlights the potential use of the thrombodynamics test in Fontan patients to diagnose coagulation disorders and improve long-term outcomes.

Chitosan/PEG-mediated spinal cord fusion after complete dorsal transection in rabbits - functional results at 30 days.

Background: The aim was to study functional recovery in experimental animals (rabbits) with transected spinal cords treated with a combination of photo-cross-linked chitosan in a homogeneous mixture with polyethylene glycol (PEG-chitosan). Methods: 20 rabbits (n = 10 experimental and n = 10 controls) were submitted to complete spinal cord transection at T9. The experimental group received an intraoperative injection of PEG-chitosan. Neurological recovery was assessed using the modified Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scale. Results: In the experimental group, partial recovery of movements, sensory function, and sphincter control were all observed by postoperative day 30. Paraplegia and anesthesia persisted in the control group; 4 controls died versus none in the test group. Conclusion: PEG-chitosan is a candidate for neurological restoration after spinal paralysis.

PEG-chitosan (Neuro-PEG) induced restoration of motor function after complete transection of the dorsal spinal cord in swine. A pilot study.

Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains an unmet medical need. Recently, fusogens, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), have been proven effective in restoring sensorimotor function after complete transection of the spinal cord at different levels and in different species. Here, we report on the use of a PEG-chitosan combo in a different animal model (swine). Methods: Five Hungarian Mangalica pigs were subjected to complete transection of the thoracic cord (T7-9). Three animals were treated with locally injected PEG-chitosan (Neuro-PEG) gel; two acted as controls. PEG-600 was also injected intra- and post-operatively intravenously. Animals were submitted to rehabilitation, including electrical myostimulation. Results were assessed after 60 days using the Individual Limb Motor Score, the Porcine Thoracic Spinal Cord Injured Behavioral Scale, and the modified motor Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scale; sensory and sphincter functions were also assessed. Animals underwent in vivo spinal cord tracing with DiI. Immunofluorescence histology included NF-200, DAPI, and a fluorochrome-conjugated secondary antibody. Results: Starting on postoperative day (POD) 2, neuro-PEG-treated animals evinced the first signs of recovery, and on POD 60, they could all support their weight and were mobile. Controls never recovered any useful function. Fluorescence microscopy in the experimental group revealed axons passing through the site of injury, while degenerative post-traumatic changes were noted in controls. Conclusion: Neuro-PEG affords sensorimotor recovery after complete spinal cord transection. This opens the door to human experimentation, including trials of spinal cord transplantation.

The emotional impact of disrupted environmental contexts: Enrichment loss and coping profiles influence stress response recovery in Long-Evans rats.

With increasing rates of anxiety and mood disorders across the world, there is an unprecedented need for preclinical animal models to generate translational results for humans experiencing disruptive emotional symptoms. Considering that life events resulting in a perception of loss are correlated with depressive symptoms, the enrichment-loss rodent model offers promise as a translational model for stress-initiated psychiatric disorders. Additionally, predisposed temperament characteristics such as coping styles have been found to influence an individual's stress response. Accordingly, male rats were profiled as either consistent or flexible copers and assigned to one of three environments: standard laboratory housing, enriched environment, or enriched environment exposure followed by downsizing to standard laboratory cages (i.e., enrichment-loss group). Throughout the study, several behaviors were assessed to determine stress, social, and reward-processing responses. To assess recovery of the stress response, fecal samples were collected following the swim stress in 3-h increments to determine the recovery trajectory of corticosterone (CORT) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) metabolite levels. Upon death, neural markers of neuroplasticity including doublecortin, glial fibrillary acidic factor, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor were assessed via immunohistochemistry. Results indicated the flexible coping animals in the continuous enriched group had higher DHEA/CORT ratios (consistent with adaptive responses in past research); furthermore, the enrichment-loss animals exhibited a blunted CORT response throughout the assessments and enriched flexible copers had faster CORT recovery rates than consistent copers. Standard housed animals exhibited less exploratory behavior in the open field task and continuous enriched, flexible rats consumed more food rewards than the other groups. No differences in neuroplasticity neural markers were observed. In sum, the results of the present study support past research indicating the disruptive consequences of enrichment-loss, providing evidence that the model represents a valuable approach for the investigation of neurobiological mechanisms contributing to interindividual variability in responses to changing experiential landscapes.

Successful One-and-a-Half Ventricle Repair of Right Ventricle Dysfunction Due to Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treatment in a Patient with Restrictive Cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND The cardiotoxic effects of chemotherapy in cancer treatment can damage cardiomyocytes. A common link in the pathogenesis is the proliferation of fibroblasts and the increase of collagen synthesis, leading to development of common endomyocardial fibrosis. The walls of ventricles become rigid and their inability to relax prevents them from carrying the required amount of blood. The myocardial contractility gradually decreases and leads to ventricular dysfunction and signs of heart failure. CASE REPORT A 29-year-old woman with reduced exercise tolerance, dyspnea, and heart rhythm disorders was admitted to our hospital. Lymphoblastic leukemia had been diagnosed at the age of 8 years, and she underwent 8 courses of polychemotherapy. She had normal heart anatomy. At the current admission, the diagnostic protocol included echocardiography, computed tomography, cardiac catheterization, and angiocardiography. She was diagnosed with restrictive cardiomyopathy with isolated endomyocardial fibrosis of the right ventricle, and moderate tricuspid valve insufficiency NYHA class III. The patient underwent a right-sided bidirectional cavopulmonary connection with tricuspid valve repair. The early postoperative period was uneventful, and SVCp decreased to 14 mmHg. At discharge, the patient's clinical condition had improved and tricuspid regurgitation was minimal. CONCLUSIONS The one-and-a-half ventricular correction, commonly used in patients with Ebstein's anomaly and RV dysfunction or in patients with congenital heart defects associated with RV hypoplasia, is proposed as the method of choice for cardiomyopathy type RV dysfunction.

Comprehensive Study on the Mechanism of Sulfating Roasting of Zinc Plant Residue with Iron Sulfates.

Zinc plant residue (ZPR) is a secondary material generated during hydrometallurgical zinc production that contains considerable contents of valuable elements such as Zn, Cu, Fe, Pb, Cd, Ag, In, Ga, Tl. Zinc, copper and accompanying elements in ZPR are in different minerals, mainly in the ferrites. A promising approach for recycling ZPR is the sulfating roasting using iron sulfates followed by water leaching. In this study, the composition of ZPR and the obtained products were thoroughly investigated by various methods including X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), chemical phase analysis and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The effect of temperature, amount of iron sulfates and roasting time on the conversion of valuable metals into a water-soluble form was thermodynamically and experimentally studied both using pure ferrites and ZPR. Based on the results of time-resolved XRD analysis and synchronous thermal analysis (STA), a mechanism of the sulfation roasting was elucidated. The rate-controlling step of zinc and copper sulfation process during the ZPR roasting was estimated. The sulfating roasting at 600 °C during 180 min with the optimal Fe2(SO4)3∙9H2O addition followed by water leaching enables to recover 99% Zn and 80.3% Cu, while Fe, Pb, Ag, In, Ga retained almost fully in the residue.

The Concentration of C(sp3) Atoms and Properties of an Activated Carbon with over 3000 m2/g BET Surface Area.

The alkaline activation of a carbonized graphene oxide/dextrin mixture yielded a carbon-based nanoscale material (AC-TR) with a unique highly porous structure. The BET-estimated specific surface area of the material is 3167 m2/g, which is higher than the specific surface area of a graphene layer. The material has a density of 0.34 g/cm3 and electrical resistivity of 0.25 Ω·cm and its properties were studied using the elemental analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction (ED), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray induced Auger electron spectroscopy (XAES), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in the plasmon excitation range. From these data, we derive an integral understanding of the structure of this material. The concentration of sp3 carbon atoms was found to be relatively low with an absolute value that depends on the measurement method. It was shown that there is no graphite-like (002) peak in the electron and X-ray diffraction pattern. The characteristic size of a sp2-domain in the basal plane estimated from the Raman spectra was 7 nm. It was also found that plasmon peaks in the EELS spectrum of AC-TR are downshifted compared to those of graphite.

Phylogenetics of Bacillus anthracis isolates from Russia and bordering countries.

Anthrax is a concern for public health and veterinary medicine in Russia. The available phylogenetic data on isolates from Russia and neighboring CIS countries are clearly not enough to gain a better understanding of their position in the global phylogenetic population structure of this pathogen. In this study, we analyzed the genomes of 66 Bacillus anthracis strains, which were isolated between 1935 and 2019 from different sources in Russia, as well as in Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia and Moldova. Whole genome SNP analysis of genomes of 66 strains obtained in this study along with 222 B. anthracis genomes available in the GenBank database revealed 7242 SNPs used to construct a phylogenetic reconstruction with the method of Maximum Likelihood. Studied strains belong to 6 different genetic groups: A.Br.008(A.Br.008/009), A.Br.081(Ames), A.Br.014(A.Br.Aust94), A.Br.082(A.Br.001/002), A.Br.034(A.Br.005/006, Ancient A) and B.Br.002 (B.Br.001/002). Within the group A.Br.014(A.Br.Aust94) a subcluster A.Br.029 of strains isolated in Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia (Republic of Dagestan) and Turkey, named Caucasus-East Anatolia (CEA), was identified. In the subgroup A.Br.105(Tsiankovskii) the cluster A.Br.117 of strains from Russia, Ukraine and Slovakia are assigned, in the subgroup A.Br118 (STI) - cluster A.Br.123 with strains from Russia and Georgia and cluster A.Br.125 with strains from Republic of Dagestan. New subclusters B.Br.017("EUROPE") were identified in the B.Br.002(B.Br.001/002) cluster, represented by strains from the European part of Russia, as well as from South Korea and Finland. For 8 clusters and subclusters, the SNP markers were identified. The study confirmed a significant genetic diversity of the strains isolated in Russia and border countries and clarified their position in the phylogenetic structure of the global B. anthracis population. New genetic clusters A.Br.029 (CEA), A.Br.117, A.Br.123, A.Br.125, and B.Br.017 («EUROPE¼) were defined. 96 marker SNPs specific for these clusters were identified.

Differential paraventricular nucleus activation and behavioral responses to social isolation in prairie voles following environmental enrichment with and without physical exercise.

Social stressors produce neurobiological and emotional consequences in social species. Environmental interventions, such as environmental enrichment and exercise, may modulate physiological and behavioral stress responses. The present study investigated the benefits of environmental enrichment and exercise against social stress in the socially monogamous prairie vole. Female prairie voles remained paired with a sibling (control) or were isolated from a sibling for 4 weeks. The isolated groups were assigned to isolated sedentary, isolated with environmental enrichment, or isolated with both enrichment and exercise conditions. Behaviors related to depression, anxiety, and sociality were investigated using the forced swim test (FST), elevated plus maze (EPM), and a social crowding stressor (SCS), respectively. cFos expression was evaluated in stress-related circuitry following the SCS. Both enrichment and enrichment with exercise protected against depression-relevant behaviors in the FST and social behavioral disruptions in the SCS, but only enrichment with exercise protected against anxiety-related behaviors in the EPM and altered cFos expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in isolated prairie voles. Enrichment may improve emotion-related and social behaviors, however physical exercise may be an important component of environmental strategies for protecting against anxiety-related behaviors and reducing neural activation as a function of social stress.

Yersinia pestis strains isolated in natural plague foci of Caucasus and Transcaucasia in the context of the global evolution of species.

BACKGROUND: Plague is a highly dangerous vector-borne infectious disease that has left a significant mark on history of humankind. There are 13 natural plague foci in the Caucasus, located on the territory of the Russian Federation, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia. We performed whole-genome sequencing of Y. pestis strains, isolated in the natural foci of the Caucasus and Transcaucasia. Using the data of whole-genome SNP analysis and Bayesian phylogeny methods, we carried out an evolutionary-phylogeographic analysis of modern population of the plague pathogen in order to determine the phylogenetic relationships of Y. pestis strains from the Caucasus with the strains from other countries. RESULTS: We used 345 Y. pestis genomes to construct a global evolutionary phylogenetic reconstruction of species based on whole-genome SNP analysis. The genomes of 16 isolates were sequenced in this study, the remaining 329 genomes were obtained from the GenBank database. Analysis of the core genome revealed 3315 SNPs that allow differentiation of strains. The evolutionary phylogeographic analysis showed that the studied Y. pestis strains belong to the genetic lineages 0.PE2, 2.MED0, and 2.MED1. It was shown that the Y. pestis strains isolated on the territory of the East Caucasian high-mountain, the Transcaucasian high-mountain and the Priaraksinsky low-mountain plague foci belong to the most ancient of all existing genetic lineages - 0.PE2. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the whole-genome SNP analysis of 345 Y. pestis strains, we describe the modern population structure of the plague pathogen and specify the place of the strains isolated in the natural foci of the Caucasus and Transcaucasia in the structure of the global population of Y. pestis. As a result of the retrospective evolutionary-phylogeographic analysis of the current population of the pathogen, we determined the probable time frame of the divergence of the genetic lineages of Y. pestis, as well as suggested the possible paths of the historical spread of the plague pathogen.

Molecular genotyping of 15 B. anthracis strains isolated in Eastern Siberia and Far East.

Bacillus anthracis is a pathogenic bacterium, which causes anthrax disease. The ability of this bacterium to form spores, which can be preserved in soil for decades and cause outbreaks later on, makes this pathogen a serious problem for veterinary and health services of many countries. Siberia is one of the most anthrax-influenced regions of Russia. In this research we report on the results of genotyping based on whole genome SNP analysis of 15 strains, isolated on the territory of Eastern Siberia and the Far East in 1956-2018. In this research, we sequenced 15 genomes of B. anthracis strains isolated from infected humans and animals, and from soil samples from the territory of Eastern Siberia and the Far East in the period from 1956 to 2018. We used genomic sequences obtained in this study and 219 B. anthracis genomes available in the international GenBank database to perform a comparative analysis. As a result we detected 6400 chromosomal SNPs which allowed to differentiate the studied strains. We built phylogenetic reconstruction of the global B. anthracis population based on the detected SNPs using the Maximum Likelihood Method and described genetic diversity of the strains isolated on the territory of Eastern Siberia and the Far East. Strains, isolated on this territory from 1956 to 2018 belong to 5 different genetic groups: "Ames", "STI", "Tsiankovskii", "Siberia" and "Asia". The greatest diversity of the strains is registered for two regions of the southern part of Eastern Siberia - Tyva and Buryatia. This research expands current understanding of genetic diversity of B. anthracis strains circulating on the territory of Russia.

Single crystals of ferroelectric lithium niobate-tantalate LiNb1-xTaxO3 solid solutions for high-temperature sensor and actuator applications.

Ferroelectric LiNb1-xTaxO3 solid solutions with various Nb/Ta ratio were grown from the melt by the Czochralski method. The exact composition of the grown crystals was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic mass spectrometry. The dependence of the crystal composition on the composition of the initial melt was obtained and explained by a wide separation between the phase boundaries of the liquid and solid phases on the LiNbO3-LiTaO3 phase diagram. Using high-resolution X-ray diffraction, the parameters a and c of a crystal unit cell were determined (LiNb0.88Ta0.12O3: a = 5.1574 Šand c = 13.8498 Å). Further, the Curie temperature TC of the crystals was measured using the differential scanning calorimetry technique. TC was found to depend on the composition of the crystals that allowed conditions for the monodomainization of the grown crystals to be defined (LiNb0.88Ta0.12O3: TC = 1102°C; LiNb0.33Ta0.67O3: TC = 794°C). Finally, the velocity of surface acoustic waves was determined by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques (YZ-cut of a LiNb0.88Ta0.12O3 crystal: V = 3440 m s-1).

Diazapyrenes: interaction with nucleic acids and biological activity.

The review summarizes data on the practical aspects of the interaction of nucleic acids with diazapyrene derivatives. The information on biological activity is given and the probable mechanisms underlying the action of diazapyrenes are analyzed. It contains 119 references.

Phylogenetic analysis of Bacillus anthracis strains from Western Siberia reveals a new genetic cluster in the global population of the species.

BACKGROUND: Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus anthracis. The most anthrax-endemic regions of Russia are Siberia and North Caucasus. Previously, genotyping of Russian B.anthracis isolates was carried out using canSNP and MLVA data; these methods yield lower resolution results compared to whole genome SNP analysis (wgSNP). In this research, we have used wgSNP method for genotyping of 10 B.anthracis isolates, obtained during 1961-2016 in Russia on territory of Western Siberia. RESULTS: We have analyzed 185 B.anthracis genomes available in GenBank database and genomes of 10 isolates obtained in this study to determine the place of Russian isolates in the global phylogeny of B.anthracis. For the studied genomes we have detected 7203 SNPs, which were used for building a phylogenetic reconstruction with Maximum Likelihood Method. Results of the phylogenetic analysis indicate that Russian strains belong to three different genetic groups. Three strains belong to genetic group "Ames", two strains - to "STI" group. Five strains belong to the main genetic line B, and four of them form a subcluster, described for the first time, which we have named "Siberia". CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the data on genetic diversity of B.anthracis strains on the territory of Western Siberia is presented for the first time. As a result of complex phylogenetic analysis, the place of these isolates was determined in the global phylogenetic structure of the B.anthracis population. We describe a new cluster in the main genetic line B for the first time.

Genotyping and phylogenetic location of one clinical isolate of Bacillus anthracis isolated from a human in Russia.

BACKGROUND: Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus anthracis. In Russia, there are more than 35 thousand anthrax stationary unfavourable sites. At the same time, there is very little published information about the isolates of B. anthracis from the territory of Russia. In this study, we report the use of whole genome sequencing (WGS) and bioinformatics analysis to characterize B. anthracis 81/1 strain isolated in Russia in 1969 from a person during an outbreak of the disease in the Stavropol region. RESULTS: We used 232 B. anthracis genomes, which are currently available in the GenBank database, to determine the place of the Russian isolate in the global phylogeny of B. anthracis. The studied strain was characterized by PCR-based genetic methods, such as Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA), canonical single nucleotide polymorphisms (canSNP), as well as the method of full-genomic analysis of nucleotide polymorphisms (wgSNP). The results indicate that the Russian B. anthracis 81/1 strain belongs to Trans-Eurasion (TEA) group, the most representative in the world. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the full genomic sequence of virulent B. anthracis strain from Russia was characterized for the first time. As a result of complex phylogenetic analysis, the place of this isolate was determined in the global phylogenetic structure of the B. anthracis population, expanding our knowledge of anthrax phylogeography in Russia.