ABSTRACT
Background: The genetic profiling of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has contributed to the discovery of actionable targetable mutations, which have significantly improved outcomes in disease with poor prognosis. Molecular epidemiological data of driver mutations in Indian populations have not been extensively elaborated compared to western and eastern Asian NSCLC populations. This study assessed the prevalence and clinical outcomes of EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) mutations among the Indian NSCLC cohort in South India. Patients and Methods: Retrospective analysis of 2,003 NSCLC patients who had undergone EGFR mutational analysis from 2013 to 2020 was performed. Clinical analysis was performed for 141 patients from 2013 to 2017 using Kaplan-Meier and Chi-square methods. Descriptive and survival statistics were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 23.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. Results: EGFR-sensitizing mutations were detected in 41.6% (834/2003) in the study cohort with compound mutations detected in 7.55% (63/834) of EGFR-positive cases. A significant relationship with regard to female gender and EGFR mutation status (P <.001) was observed. Exon 18 G719X (8.7%) mutations and exon 20 T790M point mutation (3.1%) were the most frequently isolated uncommon EGFR mutations. In the clinical cohort, EGFR mutations were detected at a significantly higher prevalence in females (P =0.002) and never-smokers (P < 0.001). EGFR mutation demonstrated a significant relationship with regard to brain metastasis (P = 0.011). EGFR mutated individuals had significantly longer median overall survival compared to EGFR wild type (26 months vs. 12 months, P = 0.044). Conclusion: We reports the highest number of EGFR mutation analysis performed from India and mutational analysis indicated a loco-regional variation in India with regard to EGFR mutation frequency and its subtypes.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung , Lung Neoplasms , Female , Humans , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/epidemiology , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology , ErbB Receptors/genetics , India/epidemiology , Lung Neoplasms/epidemiology , Lung Neoplasms/genetics , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Molecular Epidemiology , Mutation , Protein Kinase Inhibitors , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Starch is a polysaccharide that plays an important role in our diet and aids in determining the blood glucose levels and is the main source of energy to humans and plants. Starch is broken down by hydrolases which are present in our digestive system. We have used α-amylase for investigating the rate of hydrolysis of rice and potato starch granules. It is found that the hydrolysis depends on the morphology and composition of the starch granules by means of the action of α-amylase. The micro-scale structure of starch granules was observed under an optical microscope and their average sizes were in the range, 1-100 µm. The surface topological structures of starches with micro holes due to the effect of α- amylase were also visualized under scanning electron microscope (SEM). The chemical and structural composition of rice and potato starches before and after hydrolysis is characterized using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, respectively. The potato starch is more resistant to α-amylase than rice starch. The XRD spectra of native and hydrolyzed starch granules remain same which suggests that the degradation occurs mostly in amorphous regions but not in crystalline. Compactly bound water in starch was attributed to the sharp band at 1,458 cm-1 in FTIR spectra. Bands at 920-980 cm-1 associated to α-(1-4) glycosidic linkage (C-O-C) and skeletal mode vibrations in both potato and rice starches.
