ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of cadmium toxicity on rat embryogenesis when exposed to other heavy metal citrates. Despite the variety of scientific publications discussing the influence of cadmium on mammalian postnatal development, the effect of this metal on embryogenesis has not yet been sufficiently studied. In this experimental study, cadmium chloride was administered to experimental pregnant female Wistar rats at a daily dose of 1.0 mg/kg. Rats were allocated at random into groups receiving either cadmium chloride alone or additional zinc citrate, cerium citrate, or nanocomposite (based on iodine, sulfur, and selenium citrate). The control group received distilled water at an equivalent volume. In each group, operational intervention occurred at the 13th and 20th day of gestation to assess numbers of live fetuses, corpora lutea, pre-implantation losses, post-implantation losses, and total implantation losses. When cadmium chloride alone was administered, a pronounced embryotoxic effect was observed, manifested as a significant decrease in the number of live fetuses. Experimental groups which received cadmium chloride with zinc citrate, cerium citrate, or nanocomposite had an increased number of live fetuses and corpora lutea, as well as a decreased number of implantation losses, compared to the group which only received cadmium chloride. Each combination of cerium, zinc, and selenium nanocomposite citrates demonstrated a compensatory effect on all measures of embryogenesis impacted by cadmium embryotoxicity. Thus, administration of the citrates of cerium, zinc, and selenium nanocomposite reduces cadmium embryotoxicity and its accumulation in the body.
Subject(s)
Cadmium Chloride , Citrates , Embryonic Development , Metals, Heavy , Animals , Female , Pregnancy , Rats , Cadmium Chloride/toxicity , Citrates/pharmacology , Embryo Implantation/drug effects , Mammals , Rats, Wistar , Chronic Disease , Embryonic Development/drug effects , Metals, Heavy/pharmacology , Metals, Heavy/toxicity , Cerium/pharmacology , Nanocomposites , Zinc Compounds/pharmacology , Selenium Compounds/pharmacology , Iodine Compounds/pharmacology , Sulfur Compounds/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Many experimental studies have investigated various treatment options for patients with multiple myeloma; however, bortezomib, lenalidomide, dexamethasone (RVD regimen) is still considered a gold-standard therapy. This regimen can lead to a wide range of side effects, one of which is enterotoxicity. Significantly efficacious enteroprotective interventions have not yet been developed or implemented into clinical practice. This literature review assesses the development of chemotherapy-driven dysbiosis through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and explores the hypothesis that the gut microbiome could provide significant enteroprotection. A systematic review was performed by utilizing articles published between 2015-2022 from the following databases: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline), PubMed, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library databases. In conclusion, we found further studies of gut microbiome variety and function are necessary and could be used in development of treatment and prevention strategy of chemotherapy enterotoxicity.
