Functional and oncologic outcomes of prostate capsule-sparing radical cystectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Radical cystectomy (RC) is the gold standard treatment for patients with organ-confined bladder cancer. However, despite the success of this treatment, many men who undergo orthotopic neobladder substitution develop significant erectile dysfunction and urinary symptoms, including daytime and nighttime urinary incontinence. Prostate-capsule-sparing radical cystectomy (PCS-RC) with orthotopic neobladder (ONB) has been described in the literature as a surgical technique to improve functional outcomes in appropriately selected patients. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of manuscripts on PCS-RC with ONB published after 2000. We included retrospective and prospective studies with more than 25 patients and compared PCS-RC with nerve-sparing or conventional RC. Studies in which the entire prostate was spared (including the transitional zone) were excluded. Comparative studies were analyzed to assess rates of daytime continence, nighttime continence, and satisfactory erectile function in patients undergoing PCS-RC compared with those undergoing conventional RC. Fourteen reports were included in the final review. Our data identify high rates of daytime (83%-97%) and nighttime continence (60%-80%) in patients undergoing PCS-RC with ONB. In comparative studies, meta-analysis results demonstrate no difference in daytime continence (RR:1.12; 95% CI: 0.72-1.73) in those undergoing PCS-RC compared to those undergoing conventional RC. Similarly, nighttime continence was similar between the 2 groups (RR:1.85; 95% CI: 0.57-6.00. Erectile function was improved in those undergoing PCS-RC (RR 5.35; 95% CI: 1.82-15.74) in the PCS-RC series. Bladder cancer margin positivity and recurrence rates were similar to those reported in the literature with conventional RC with an average weighted follow-up of 52.2 months. While several studies utilized different prostate cancer (CaP) screening techniques, the rates of CaP were low (incidence 0.02; 95% CI:0.01-0.04), and oncologic outcomes were similar to standard RC. PCS-RC is associated with improved nighttime continence and erectile function compared to conventional RC techniques. Further work is needed to standardize CaP screening before surgery, but the data suggest low rates of CaP with similar oncologic outcomes when compared to RC.

Implementation of instructional videos improves nursing comfort with commonly encountered urinary catheter care scenarios.

INTRODUCTION: Placement of coudé catheters, manual irrigation of urinary catheters, and management of continuous bladder irrigation (CBI) are routine interventions for which nurses often receive little or no formal education. In this study, our aim was to determine factors associated with higher comfort levels for these catheter-care techniques and to assess whether online instructional videos could be used to improve nursing comfort. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three 5-minute videos were created to demonstrate proper technique for coudé catheter placement, manual irrigation of a catheter, and management of CBI. An online module with pre- and post-video surveys was created and administered to all nursing staff at MedStar Georgetown University Hospital. RESULTS: A total of 821 nurses participated in this study and completed the online module with both pre-- and post-video surveys. Using a 10-point Likert scale, pre-video median comfort levels for coudé catheter placement, manual irrigation of a catheter, and management of CBI were 5, 6, and 5, respectively. Post-video median comfort levels increased significantly to 9, 8, and 8, respectively (p < 0.001). In the linear regression models, prior formal training was significantly associated with higher baseline comfort levels for all three techniques (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Prior formal training as well as baseline nursing comfort levels for common catheter related techniques tend to be low and the implementation of simple instructional videos via an online platform may be a useful strategy for improving nursing comfort. This study demonstrates a reproducible strategy for disseminating catheter education for nurses on a larger scale.

Determinants of neoadjuvant chemotherapy use in muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Purpose: Cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) followed by radical cystectomy (RC) is standard of care for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). However, NAC is used in less than 20% of patients with MIBC. Our goal is to investigate factors that contribute to underutilization NAC to facilitate more routine incorporation into clinical practice. Materials and Methods: We identified 5,915 patients diagnosed with cT2-T3N0M0 MIBC who underwent RC between 2004 and 2014 from the National Cancer Database. Univariate and multivariable models were created to identify variables associated with NAC utilization. Results: Only 18.8% of patients received NAC during the study period. On univariate analyses, NAC utilization was more likely at academic hospitals, US South and Midwest (p<0.05). Higher Charlson score was associated with decrease use of NAC (p<0.05). On multivariate analysis, treatment in academic hospitals (odds ratio [OR], 1.367; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.186-1.576), in the Midwest (OR, 1.538; 95% CI, 1.268-1.977) and South (OR, 1.424; 95% CI, 1.139-1.781) were independently associated with NAC utilization. Older age (75 to 84 years old; OR, 0.532; 95% CI, 0.427-0.664) and higher Charlson score (OR, 0.607; 95% CI, 0.439-0.839) were associated with decreased NAC utilization. Sixty-eight percent of patients did not receive NAC because it was not planned and only 2.5% of patients had contraindications for NAC treatment. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that NAC is underutilized. Decreased utilization of NAC was associated with older patients and higher Charlson score. This underutilization may be related to practice patterns as very few patients have true contraindications.

Delayed blood transfusion is associated with mortality following radical cystectomy.

Objectives: To examine the temporal association between blood transfusion and 90-day mortality in patients with bladder cancer treated with radical cystectomy.Methods: This represents a retrospective cohort study of patients treated with radical cystectomy within the Premier Hospital network between 2003 and 2015. Patients outcomes were stratified those who received early blood transfusion (day of surgery) vs delayed blood transfusion (postoperative day ≥1) during the index admission. Primary end point was 90-day mortality following surgery.Results: The median age of 12,056 patients identified was 70 years. A total of 7,201 (59.7%) patients received blood transfusion. Within 90 days following surgery, 57 (2.2%), 162 (5.9%) and 123 (6.7%) patients in the early, delayed and both early and delayed transfused patients died respectively. Following multivariate logistic regression to account for patient (age and Charlson Comorbidity Index [CCI]) and hospital (surgeon volume, surgical approach and academic status) factors, delayed blood transfusion was independently associated with 90-day mortality (Odds ratio [OR], 2.64; 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.98-3.53; p < 0.001). A sensitivity analysis defining early blood transfusion as <2 days postoperatively, increased 90-day mortality persisted in patients receiving delayed transfusion (OR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.63-3.00; p < 0.001). Older patients (≥77 years) with the highest CCI (≥2) had a 7% absolute increase in the predicted probability of 90-day mortality if they were transfused late compared to patients transfused early.Conclusion: Patient undergoing cystectomy may benefit from expedited transfusion to prevent subsequent clinical deterioration which may lead to patient mortality. Future work is needed to elucidate the optimal timing of blood transfusion.

Trends in Adherence to Thromboprophylaxis Guideline in Patients Undergoing Radical Cystectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the use of in-hospital pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis (PTP) in patients undergoing radical cystectomy between 2004 and 2014 and to assess the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) across the study period. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We identified 8322 patients without contraindications to PTP undergoing radical cystectomy in the US using the Premier Healthcare Database. Nonparametric Wilcoxon type test for trend was employed to examine the trend of PTP utilization across the study period. Ensuing, we employed multivariable logistic regression and generalized linear regression models to examine the odds of receiving PTP and the risk of being diagnosed with VTE, respectively. RESULTS: Based on VTE risk-stratification, the majority of patients (87.8%) qualified as "high-risk." Across the study period the use of PTP increased (Odds ratio 1.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00-1.03, P = .044), but remained underutilized as the maximum percentage of patients receiving in-hospital PTP did not exceed 58.6%. The risk of VTE did not vary across the study period (risk ratio 0.97, 95%CI 0.92-1.02, P = .178). CONCLUSION: Utilization of PTP increased throughout the study period, while the risk of VTE did not change. Future studies are necessary to improve implementation of guideline-driven care, as PTP remained underutilized throughout the study period.

Prostate Cancer in Men With Treated Advanced Heart Failure: Should we Keep Screening?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcomes of men diagnosed with prostate cancer (CaP) following implanted treatments for advanced heart failure. Given the increasingly favorable 10-year life expectancy, MedStar Washington Hospital Center screens heart transplant (HT) candidates for CaP and other malignancies prior to intervention. METHODS: Men aged 18-90 with available pretransplant Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) who underwent left ventricular assist device (LVAD) and/or HT at MedStar Washington Hospital Center from 2007 to 2018 were identified. Serum PSA, CaP diagnosis, and treatment were captured and analyzed. Survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS: Data were available for 34 patients. Median age was 53 [IQR = 51-58]. Median follow-up was 77 months (95% CI = 40-87 months). Six men had postimplant elevated PSA (5.3; SD = 8.5) and 4 were diagnosed with CaP. Median age of CaP diagnosis was 59 [IQR = 58.5-62). As of 2018, 31 of the 34 patients were living, and none died from CaP. Five-year survival was 96% in those without CaP and 100% in those with CaP (Figure 2). CONCLUSION: Our cohort represents the largest known cohort with heart failure treated by LVAD and/or HT and CaP. Our median age of 59 at CaP diagnosis is considerably younger than the national median of 66.1 Of the 4 individuals diagnosed with CaP, 3 had high-grade disease. Given the favorable long-term survival of these patients post-LVAD and/or HT, age-appropriate treatment for CaP should be continued postimplantation.

Examining the relationship between complications and perioperative mortality following radical cystectomy: a population-based analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the incidence of perioperative complications after radical cystectomy (RC) and assess their impact on 90-day postoperative mortality during the index stay and upon readmission. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 57 553 patients with bladder cancer (unweighted cohort: 9137 patients) treated with RC, at 360 hospitals in the USA between 2005 and 2013 within the Premier Healthcare Database, were used for analysis. The 90-day perioperative mortality was the primary outcome. Multivariable regression was used to predict the probability of mortality; models were adjusted for patient, hospital, and surgical characteristics. RESULTS: An increase in the number of complications resulted in an increasing predicted probability of mortality, with a precipitous increase if patients had four or more complications compared to one complication during hospitalisation following RC (index stay; 1.0-9.7%, P < 0.001) and during readmission (2.0-13.1%, P < 0.001). A readmission complication nearly doubled the predicted probability of postoperative mortality as compared to an initial complication (3.9% vs 7.4%, P < 0.001). During the initial hospitalisation cardiac- (odds ratio [OR] 3.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9-5.1), pulmonary- (OR 4.8, 95% CI 2.8-8.4), and renal-related (OR 3.6, 95% CI 2-6.7) complications had the most significant impact on the odds of mortality across categories examined. CONCLUSIONS: The number and nature of complications have a distinct impact on mortality after RC. As complications increase there is an associated increase in perioperative mortality.

The impact of age at the time of radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer on the development of second primary malignancies.

PURPOSE: There is a known increased risk of second primary malignancy (SPM) in patients with prostate cancer (CaP) treated with radiotherapy (RT). It is unclear how age at diagnosis influences the risk of SPMs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using the 1973 to 2013 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, we studied the impact of age on SPMs (defined as a bladder or rectal tumor) after localized CaP treatment with radical prostatectomy (RP) or RT. SPM risk was compared using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW)-adjusted cumulative incidence function and competing-risk proportional hazard models. Overall survival (OS) in patients with SPM was compared using Kaplan Meier and Cox regression analyses. RESULTS: A total of 579,608 patients met inclusion criteria, and 51.8% of the cohort was treated with RT. The 10- and 20-year cumulative incidences of competing risk (IPTW adjusted) of SPMs were 1.9% (95%CI = 1.8-1.9%) and 3.6% (95%CI = 3.4-3.7%) after RP vs. 2.7% (95%CI = 2.6-2.8%) and 5.4%(95%CI = 5.3-5.6%) after RT. IPTW-adjusted competing risk hazard ratio (HR) of SPM after RT compared to RP was increased in the entire cohort (HR 1.46; 95%CI = 1.39-1.53, P < 0.001) and was highest in the youngest patients: Age <55 HR = 1.83 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.49-2.24, P<0.001), Age 55 to 64 HR = 1.66 (95%CI = 1.54-1.79, P < 0.001), Age 65-74 HR = 1.41 (95%CI = 1.33-1.48, P < 0.001), Age ≥75 HR = 1.14 (95%CI = 0.97-1.35, P = 0.112). At 10 years, SPM-specific mortality occurred in 28.9% of patients treated with RT, though OS with SPM was worse in the youngest patients: Age <55 HR = 1.88 (95%CI = 1.25-2.81, P = 0.002), Age 55-64 HR = 1.60 (95%CI = 1.42-1.81, P < 0.001), Age 65-74 HR = 1.40 (95%CI = 1.30-1.52, P < 0.001), Age ≥ 75 HR = 1.27 (95%CI = 1.06-1.53, P = 0.009). All of the age categories had similar median follow-up times. CONCLUSION: At 10 years there is a 1.8% increased incidence of SPM after RT compared to RP, of which <30% of RT-treated patients with an SPM die as a result of a SPM. However, the risk of SPMs was greatest among younger men treated with RT for localized CaP, and this relationship could not be explained solely by follow-up time, latency time, or life expectancy. An improved understanding of those at the highest risk of SPMs may help tailor treatment and surveillance strategies.

A contemporary population-based analysis of the incidence, cost, and outcomes of postoperative delirium following major urologic cancer surgeries.

PURPOSE: Postoperative delirium (PD) is associated with poor outcomes and increased health care costs. The incidence, outcomes, and cost of delirium for major urologic cancer surgeries have not been previously characterized in a population-based analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a population-based, retrospective cohort study of patients with PD at 490 US hospitals between 2003 and 2013 to evaluate the incidence, outcomes, and cost of delirium after radical prostatectomy, radical nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy, and radical cystectomy (RC). Delirium was defined using ICD-9 codes in combination with postoperative antipsychotics, sitters, and restraints. Regression models were constructed to assess mortality, discharge disposition, length of stay (LOS), and direct hospital admission costs. Survey-weighted adjustment for hospital clustering achieved estimates generalizable to the US population. RESULTS: We identified 165,387 patients representing a weighted total of 1,097,355 patients. The overall incidence of PD was 2.7%, with the greatest incidence occurring after RC, with 6,268 cases (11%). Delirious patients had greater adjusted odds of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR] = 3.65, P<0.001), 90-day mortality (OR = 1.47, P = 0.013), discharge with home health services (OR = 2.25, P<0.001), discharge to skilled nursing facilities (OR = 4.64, P<0.001), and a 0.9-day increase in median LOS (P<0.001). Patients with delirium also experienced a $2,697 increase in direct admission costs (P<0.001), with the greatest costs incurred in RC patients ($30,859 vs. $26,607; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with PD after urologic cancer surgeries experienced worse outcomes, prolonged LOS, and increased admission costs. The greatest incidence and costs were seen after RC. Further research is warranted to identify high-risk patients and devise preventative strategies.

Associations of specific postoperative complications with costs after radical cystectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the financial impact of complications after radical cystectomy (RC) and their associations with respective 90-day costs, as RC is a morbid surgery plagued by complications and the expenditure attributed to specific complications after RC is not well characterised. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We used the Premier Hospital Database (Premier Inc., Charlotte, NC, USA) to identify 9 137 RC patients (weighted population of 57 553) from 360 hospitals between 2003 and 2013. Complications were categorised according to Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Clinical Classifications. Patients with and without complications were compared, and multivariable analysis was performed. RESULTS: An index complication increased costs by $9 262 (95% confidence interval [CI] 8 300-10 223) and a readmission complication increased costs by $20 697 (95% CI 18 735-22 660). The four most costly index complications (descending order) were venous thromboembolism (VTE), infection, wound and soft tissue complications, and pulmonary complications (P < 0.001, vs no complication). A complication increased length of stay by 4 days (95% CI 3.6-4.3). One in five patients were readmitted in 90 days and the four costliest readmission complications (descending order) were pulmonary, bleeding, VTE, and gastrointestinal complications (P < 0.001, vs no complication). Readmitted patients had multiple complications upon readmission (median of 3, interquartile range 2-4). On multivariable analysis, more comorbidities, longer surgery (>6 h), transfusions of >3 units, and teaching hospitals were associated with higher costs (P < 0.05), whilst high-volume surgeons and shorter surgeries (<4 h) were associated with lower costs (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Complications after RC increase index and readmission costs for hospitals, and can be categorised based on magnitude. Future initiatives in RC may also consider costs of complications when establishing quality improvement priorities for patients, providers, or policymakers.

Exploring Patterns of Mitomycin C Use in Community Practice Urology.

INTRODUCTION: Although evidence supports the use of mitomycin C after transurethral bladder tumor resection in reducing recurrent disease, its adoption has been limited. Examinations of claims data may help in exploring patterns of care and barriers to use. Thus, we analyzed a contemporary population based cohort to determine recent trends in mitomycin C use in community practice urology. METHODS: Using the Premier Hospital database we identified patients who underwent transurethral bladder tumor resection between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2015. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association of receiving mitomycin C with patient, hospital and surgical characteristics. We also assessed the effect of age and comorbidities on use. RESULTS: Mitomycin C use increased from 3.3% in 2003 to 5.5% in 2013 and then decreased to 4.5% in 2015. After adjusting for baseline characteristics mitomycin C was more likely to be used in patients who were older (65 years or more vs less than 65: OR 1.31, 1.01-1.67, p <0.05). Patients with a higher Charlson comorbidity index had lower odds of mitomycin C use (1 or more vs 0: OR 0.86, 0.75-0.98, p <0.05 and more than 2 vs 0: OR 0.84, 0.72-0.98, p <0.05). Top 75% annual surgeon volume (yes vs no: OR 1.68, 1.34-2.1, p <0.001) was associated with mitomycin C use. CONCLUSIONS: Mitomycin C remains underused, although its use has increased. Patients with increased comorbidities are less likely to receive mitomycin C while high volume surgeons are more likely to administer mitomycin C. Understanding patterns of care in mitomycin C use may inform quality improvement initiatives and guide future efforts to promote appropriate use.

Approach to the Patient with High-Risk Prostate Cancer.

Men classified as having high-risk prostate cancer warrant treatment because durable outcomes can be achieved. Judicious use of imaging and considerations of risk factors are essential when caring for men with high-risk disease. Radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, and androgen deprivation therapy all play pivotal roles in the management of men with high-risk disease, and potentially in men with metastatic disease. The optimal combinations of therapeutic regimens are an evolving area of study and future work looking into therapies for men with high-risk disease will remain critical.

Prophylactic Antibiotics and Postoperative Complications of Radical Cystectomy: A Population Based Analysis in the United States.

PURPOSE: Infectious, wound and soft tissue events contribute to the morbidity of radical cystectomy but the association between these events and antibiotic prophylaxis is not clear. We sought to describe the contemporary use of antibiotic prophylaxis in radical cystectomy and adherence to published guidelines, and identify regimens with the lowest rates of infectious events. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified the intraoperative antibiotic prophylaxis regimen in a population based, retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent radical cystectomy across the United States between 2003 and 2013. Multivariable regression was done to evaluate 90-day infectious events and length of stay. RESULTS: In a weighted cohort of 52,349 patients there were 579 unique antibiotic prophylaxis regimens. Cefazolin was the most commonly used antibiotic (16% of cases). The overall infectious event rate was 25%. Only 15% of patients received antibiotic prophylaxis based on guidelines. Of guideline based antibiotic prophylaxis ampicillin/sulbactam had the lowest odds of infectious events (OR 0.34, p <0.001). In 2.7% of patients a penicillin based regimen with a ß-lactamase inhibitor was associated with a prominent reduction in the odds of infectious events (OR 0.45, p = 0.001) and decreased length of stay (-1.3 days, p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic prophylaxis practices are highly heterogeneous in radical cystectomy. There is a lack of adherence to published guidelines. We observed decreased infectious event rates and shorter length of stay with regimens that included broad coverage of common skin, genitourinary and gastrointestinal flora. The ideal antibiotic regimen requires further study to optimize perioperative outcomes.

Effectiveness of Adjuvant Chemotherapy After Radical Nephroureterectomy for Locally Advanced and/or Positive Regional Lymph Node Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma.

Purpose There is limited evidence to support the use of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) after radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). Against this backdrop, we hypothesized that such treatment is associated with overall survival (OS) benefit in patients with locally advanced and/or positive regional lymph node disease. Patients and Methods Within the National Cancer Database (2004 to 2012), we identified 3,253 individuals who received AC or observation after RNU for pT3/T4 and/or pN+ UTUC. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) -adjusted Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to compare OS of patients in the two treatment groups. In addition, we performed exploratory analyses of treatment effect according to age, gender, Charlson comorbidity index, pathologic stage (pT3/T4N0, pT3/T4Nx and pTanyN+), and surgical margin status. Results Overall, 762 (23.42%) and 2,491 (76.58%) patients with pT3/T4 and/or pN+ UTUC received AC and observation, respectively, after RNU. IPTW-adjusted Kaplan-Meier curves showed that median OS was significantly longer for AC versus observation (47.41 [interquartile range,19.88 to 112.39] v 35.78 [interquartile range, 14.09 to 99.22] months; P < .001). The 5-year IPTW-adjusted rates of OS for AC versus observation were 43.90% and 35.85%, respectively. In IPTW-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, AC was associated with a significant OS benefit (hazard ratio, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.68 to 0.88]; P < .001). This benefit was consistent across all subgroups examined (all P < .05), and no significant heterogeneity of treatment effect was observed (all Pinteraction > .05). Conclusion We report an OS benefit in patients who received AC versus observation after RNU for pT3/T4 and/or pN+ UTUC. Although our results are limited by the usual biases related to the observational study design, we believe that the present findings should be considered when advising post-RNU management of advanced UTUC, pending level I evidence.

Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Histologic Variants of Urothelial Cancer Treated with Trimodality Bladder-sparing Therapy.

BACKGROUND: Trimodality bladder-sparing therapy (TMT) is an acceptable treatment for selected patients with muscle-invasive urothelial cancer. Outcomes of TMT in histologic variants remains largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: To compare outcomes of pure urothelial carcinoma (PUC) to variant urothelial carcinoma (VUC) after TMT. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective study of patients treated with TMT at a single cancer center from 1993 until 2013. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Kaplan-Meier survival probabilities, and univariate and multivariable Cox regression analysis. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Of 303 patients treated with TMT, 66 (22%) had VUC. Fifty (76%) had VUC with squamous and/or glandular differentiation and 16 (24%) had other forms. Complete response rate after induction TMT was 83% in PUC and 82% in VUC (p=0.9). The 5-yr and 10-yr disease-specific survival (DSS) was 75% and 67% in PUC versus 64% and 64% in VUC. The 5-yr and 10-yr overall survival (OS) was 61% and 42% in PUC versus 52% and 42% in VUC. On multivariable analysis VUC was not associated with DSS (hazard ratio: 1.3, 95% confidence interval: 0.8-2.2, p=0.3) or OS (hazard ratio: 1.2, 95% confidence interval: 0.8-1.7, p=0.4). Salvage cystectomy rates were similar (log-rank p=0.3). Limitations include retrospective design and restriction to variants of urothelial cancer. CONCLUSIONS: VUC responded to TMT, and there was no significant difference in complete response, OS, DSS, or salvage cystectomy rates compared with PUC. The presence of VUC should not exclude patients from TMT. PATIENT SUMMARY: The response of histologic variants of bladder cancer to bladder-sparing chemoradiation is largely unknown. We compared the outcomes of histologic variants of urothelial cancer to pure urothelial cancer in a large series of patients from a single institution. We found that variant histology does not significantly influence outcomes.

Robotic Intracorporeal Continent Cutaneous Urinary Diversion: Primary Description.

The purpose is to present the first report and describe our novel technique for intracorporeal continent cutaneous diversion after robotic cystectomy. After completion of robot-assisted cystectomy using a standard six-port transperitoneal technique, three additional ports are placed, and the robot is redocked laterally over the patient's right side in the modified lateral position. Our technique replicates step-by-step the principles of the open approach. Ileocolonic anastomosis, ureteroenteral anastomoses, and construction of a hand-sewn right colonic pouch are all performed intracorporeally. Tapering of efferent ileal limb and reinforcement of the ileocecal valve are performed via the extraction site, while the stoma is matured through a prospective port site. Successful robotic intracorporeal creation of a modified Indiana pouch was achieved. Operative time for diversion was 3 hours, with negligible blood loss, and without any intraoperative complications. No major (Clavien III-V) 90-day complications were observed. At a follow-up of 1 year, the patient continues to catheterize without difficulty. We demonstrate the first description of robotic intracorporeal continent cutaneous urinary diversion after robot-assisted cystectomy. We present a systematic minimally invasive approach, replicating the principles of open surgery, which is technically feasible and safe with a good functional result.