ABSTRACT
[ABSTRACT]. Generally, hypertension control programs are cost-effective, including in low- and middle-income countries, but country governments and civil society are not likely to support hypertension control programs unless value is demonstrated in terms of public health benefits, budget impact, and value-for-investment for the individual country context. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) established a standard, simplified Global HEARTS approach to hypertension control, including preferred antihypertensive medicines and blood pressure measurement devices. The objective of this study is to report on health economic studies of HEARTS hypertension control package cost (especially medication costs), cost-effectiveness, and budget impact and describe mathematical models designed to translate hypertension control program data into the optimal approach to hypertension care service delivery and financing, especially in lowand middle-income countries. Early results suggest that HEARTS hypertension control interventions are either cost-saving or cost-effective, that the HEARTS package is affordable at between US$ 18-44 per person treated per year, and that antihypertensive medicines could be priced low enough to reach a global standard of an average <US$ 5 per patient per year in the public sector. This health economic evidence will make a compelling case for government ownership and financial support for national scale hypertension control programs.
[RESUMEN]. En general, los programas de control de la hipertensión son costo-eficaces, incluso en los países de ingresos bajos y medios. Aun así, es poco probable que los gobiernos nacionales y la sociedad civil apoyen los programas de control de la hipertensión a menos que se demuestre su valor en términos de beneficios para la salud pública, impacto presupuestario y valor de la inversión para el contexto individual del país. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) implementaron la iniciativa HEARTS, un enfoque mundial estandarizado y simplificado para el control de la hipertensión, que incluye los medicamentos antihipertensivos y los dispositivos de medición de la presión arterial de preferencia. El objetivo de este estudio es informar sobre los estudios en el ámbito de la economía de la salud relativos al costo de las medidas de control de la hipertensión previstas en HEARTS (especialmente, de los medicamentos), la costo-efectividad y el impacto presupuestario, así como describir los modelos matemáticos diseñados para traducir los datos de este programa en un enfoque óptimo para la prestación y el financiamiento de los servicios de atención de la hipertensión, especialmente en países de ingresos medianos y bajos. Los primeros resultados indican que las intervenciones de HEARTS para el control de la hipertensión son de bajo costo o costo-eficaces, que el conjunto de medidas HEARTS es asequible, a un precio que oscila entre US$ 18 y US$ 44 al año por paciente tratado, y que los medicamentos antihipertensivos podrían tener un precio lo suficientemente bajo como para alcanzar un estándar medio mundial de <US$ 5 por paciente al año en el sector público. Estos datos del ámbito de la economía de la salud serán argumentos convincentes para que los gobiernos se involucren en los programas de control de la hipertensión a escala nacional y les brinden apoyo financiero.
[RESUMO]. Geralmente, os programas de controle de hipertensão são custo-efetivos, inclusive em países de baixa e média renda, mas os governos dos países e a sociedade civil provavelmente não apoiarão tais programas a menos que demonstrem valor em termos de benefícios à saúde pública, impacto orçamentário e retorno sobre o investimento no contexto individual do país. A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e a Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) criaram a Global HEARTS, uma abordagem padrão e simplificada ao controle da hipertensão arterial, que inclui medicamentos anti-hipertensivos preferidos e dispositivos para aferição da pressão arterial preferidos. O objetivo deste estudo é relatar os estudos de economia em saúde que analisaram o custo (especialmente custos de medicamentos), custo-benefício e impacto orçamentário do pacote HEARTS para controle da hipertensão e descrever modelos matemáticos elaborados para traduzir os dados do programa de controle de hipertensão em uma abordagem ideal para a prestação e financiamento de serviços de atenção às pessoas com hipertensão, especialmente em países de baixa e média renda. Os primeiros resultados sugerem que as intervenções HEARTS para controle da hipertensão são de baixo custo ou custo-efetivas, que o pacote HEARTS é acessível (custando de US$ 18 a 44 por pessoa tratada por ano) e que o preço dos medicamentos anti-hipertensivos poderia ser baixo o suficiente para atingir uma média global de <US$ 18 por paciente por ano no setor público. Estas evidências do campo da economia em saúde serão um argumento convincente para que os governos se responsabilizem por programas de controle de hipertensão em escala nacional e os dotem de recursos financeiros.
Subject(s)
Health Services Accessibility , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Hypertension , Cardiovascular Diseases , Health Services Accessibility , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Hypertension , Cardiovascular Diseases , Health Services Accessibility , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Hypertension , Cardiovascular DiseasesABSTRACT
Electrochemotherapy is a selective electrical-based cancer treatment. A thriving treatment depends on the local electric field generated by pairs of electrodes. Electrode damage as deflection can directly affect this treatment pillar, the distribution of the electric field. Mechanical deformations such as tip misshaping and needle deflection are reported with needle electrode reusing in veterinary electrochemotherapy. We performed in vitro and in silico experiments to evaluate potential problems with ESOPE type II electrode deflection and potential treatment pitfalls. We also investigated the extent to which the electric currents of the electroporation model can describe deflection failure by comparing in vitro with the in silico model of potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum). The in silico model was also performed with the tumor electroporation model, which is more conductive than the vegetal model. We do not recommend using deflected electrodes. We have found that a deflection of ± 2 mm is unsafe for treatment. Inward deflection can cause dangerous electrical current levels when treating a tumor and cannot be described with the in silico vegetal model. Outward deflection can cause blind spots in the electric field.
Subject(s)
Computer Simulation , Electric Conductivity , Electrochemotherapy , Models, Theoretical , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Humans , NeedlesABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Generally, hypertension control programs are cost-effective, including in low- and middle-income countries, but country governments and civil society are not likely to support hypertension control programs unless value is demonstrated in terms of public health benefits, budget impact, and value-for-investment for the individual country context. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) established a standard, simplified Global HEARTS approach to hypertension control, including preferred antihypertensive medicines and blood pressure measurement devices. The objective of this study is to report on health economic studies of HEARTS hypertension control package cost (especially medication costs), cost-effectiveness, and budget impact and describe mathematical models designed to translate hypertension control program data into the optimal approach to hypertension care service delivery and financing, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Early results suggest that HEARTS hypertension control interventions are either cost-saving or cost-effective, that the HEARTS package is affordable at between US$ 18-44 per person treated per year, and that antihypertensive medicines could be priced low enough to reach a global standard of an average <US$ 5 per patient per year in the public sector. This health economic evidence will make a compelling case for government ownership and financial support for national scale hypertension control programs.
RESUMEN En general, los programas de control de la hipertensión son costo-eficaces, incluso en los países de ingresos bajos y medios. Aun así, es poco probable que los gobiernos nacionales y la sociedad civil apoyen los programas de control de la hipertensión a menos que se demuestre su valor en términos de beneficios para la salud pública, impacto presupuestario y valor de la inversión para el contexto individual del país. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) implementaron la iniciativa HEARTS, un enfoque mundial estandarizado y simplificado para el control de la hipertensión, que incluye los medicamentos antihipertensivos y los dispositivos de medición de la presión arterial de preferencia. El objetivo de este estudio es informar sobre los estudios en el ámbito de la economía de la salud relativos al costo de las medidas de control de la hipertensión previstas en HEARTS (especialmente, de los medicamentos), la costo-efectividad y el impacto presupuestario, así como describir los modelos matemáticos diseñados para traducir los datos de este programa en un enfoque óptimo para la prestación y el financiamiento de los servicios de atención de la hipertensión, especialmente en países de ingresos medianos y bajos. Los primeros resultados indican que las intervenciones de HEARTS para el control de la hipertensión son de bajo costo o costo-eficaces, que el conjunto de medidas HEARTS es asequible, a un precio que oscila entre US$ 18 y US$ 44 al año por paciente tratado, y que los medicamentos antihipertensivos podrían tener un precio lo suficientemente bajo como para alcanzar un estándar medio mundial de <US$ 5 por paciente al año en el sector público. Estos datos del ámbito de la economía de la salud serán argumentos convincentes para que los gobiernos se involucren en los programas de control de la hipertensión a escala nacional y les brinden apoyo financiero.
RESUMO Geralmente, os programas de controle de hipertensão são custo-efetivos, inclusive em países de baixa e média renda, mas os governos dos países e a sociedade civil provavelmente não apoiarão tais programas a menos que demonstrem valor em termos de benefícios à saúde pública, impacto orçamentário e retorno sobre o investimento no contexto individual do país. A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e a Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) criaram a Global HEARTS, uma abordagem padrão e simplificada ao controle da hipertensão arterial, que inclui medicamentos anti-hipertensivos preferidos e dispositivos para aferição da pressão arterial preferidos. O objetivo deste estudo é relatar os estudos de economia em saúde que analisaram o custo (especialmente custos de medicamentos), custo-benefício e impacto orçamentário do pacote HEARTS para controle da hipertensão e descrever modelos matemáticos elaborados para traduzir os dados do programa de controle de hipertensão em uma abordagem ideal para a prestação e financiamento de serviços de atenção às pessoas com hipertensão, especialmente em países de baixa e média renda. Os primeiros resultados sugerem que as intervenções HEARTS para controle da hipertensão são de baixo custo ou custo-efetivas, que o pacote HEARTS é acessível (custando de US$ 18 a 44 por pessoa tratada por ano) e que o preço dos medicamentos anti-hipertensivos poderia ser baixo o suficiente para atingir uma média global de <US$ 18 por paciente por ano no setor público. Estas evidências do campo da economia em saúde serão um argumento convincente para que os governos se responsabilizem por programas de controle de hipertensão em escala nacional e os dotem de recursos financeiros.
ABSTRACT
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease in wheat. The use of resistant germplasm from diverse sources can significantly improve resistance to the disease. "Surpresa" is a Brazilian spring wheat cultivar with moderate FHB resistance, different from currently used sources. In this study, we aimed to identify and map the genetic loci for FHB resistance in Surpresa. A mapping population consisting of 187 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was developed from a cross between Surpresa and a susceptible spring wheat cultivar, "Wheaton." The population was evaluated for FHB by the point-inoculation method in three greenhouse experiments and four field trials between 2016 and 2018. Mean disease severity for Surpresa and Wheaton was 41.2 and 84.9% across the 3 years of experiments, ranging from 30.3 to 59.1% and 74.3 to 91.4%, respectively. The mean FHB severity of the NILs was 57%, with an overall range from 7 to 100%, suggesting transgressive segregation in the population. The population was genotyped using a two-enzyme genotyping-by-sequencing approach, and a genetic map was constructed with 5,431 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Four QTL for type II resistance were detected on chromosomes 3A, 5A, 6A, and 7A, explaining 10.4-14.4% of the total phenotypic variation. The largest effect QTL was mapped on chromosome 7A and explained 14.4% of the phenotypic variation; however, it co-localized with a QTL governing the days to anthesis trait. A QTL for mycotoxin accumulation was also detected on chromosome 1B, explaining 18.8% of the total phenotypic variation. The QTL for FHB resistance identified in the study may diversify the FHB resistance gene pool and increase overall resistance to the disease in wheat.
ABSTRACT
Following a case of iatrogenic selenium poisoning in a young pig, an experimental study was carry out. Sodium selenite was orally and parenterally administered to 13 pigs that were subdivided into three groups (G1, G2 and G3). The animals in groups G1 and G3 received sodium selenite intramuscularly (IM), G1 received a comercial formula, and G3 received sodium selenite mixed with distilled water at different dosages, and those in group G2 were fed commercial sodium selenite. Acute and subacute poisoning was observed in both groups, although the onset of clinical signs was slower in group G2. Only one pig (in group G1) that had received the highest dose showed a peracute course. Apathy, anorexia, dyspnea, vomiting, muscular tremors, proprioceptive deficit, ataxia and paresis of the hind limbs progressing to the front limbs evolving to tetraplegia were observed. Postmortem findings differed whether the animals received the injected (G1 and G3) or oral (G2) sodium selenite. The liver was moderately atrophic in some animals of G2. Some of the animals in groups G1 and G3 presented with lung edema. One pig in G3 had yellowish-brown areas in the ventral horns of the cervical intumescences of the spinal cord. The most important histological changes were present in the ventral horns of the cervical and lumbar intumescences of the spinal cord. In one animal, changes were present in the brainstem and mesencephalon. The initial lesion was a perivascular and astrocyte edema that progressing to lysis and death of astrocytes and neurons. In the chronic stage of the lesions, there were extensive areas of liquefaction necrosis with perivascular lymphocytic and histiocytic infiltration and occasional eosinophils. It seems that disruption of the blood-brain barrier due to astrocyte edema is the most likely mechanism of CNS lesion.(AU)
A partir de um caso de intoxicação iatrogênica por selenito de sódio injetável em suíno verificaram-se alguns aspectos patogenéticos não esclarecidos, o que ensejou o estudo experimental. Selenito de sódio foi administrado pelas vias oral e parenteral a 13 suínos, subdivididos em três grupos (G1, G2 e G3). Os grupos G1 e G3 receberam selenito de sódio por via intra-muscular (IM); (G1 - fórmula comercial e G3 - selenito de sódio misturado à água destilada, em diversas dosagens) e o grupo G2, por via oral (VO), misturado à ração. Quadros de evolução aguda e subaguda foram observados em todos os grupos, embora o início dos sintomas tenha sido mais lento no grupo G2. Um único porco (do grupo G1), que havia recebido a dose mais alta, apresentou evolução superaguda. Apatia, anorexia, dispneia, vômito, tremores musculares, déficit proprioceptivo, ataxia e paresia dos membros posteriores com progressão para os anteriores e evolução para tetraplegia foram observados. Os achados de necropsia foram diferentes entre os animais que receberam o selenito de sódio injetável (IM - G1 e G3) e oral (G2). Havia moderada atrofia hepática em alguns animais do G2. Parte dos animais dos grupos G1 e G3 apresentaram edema pulmonar. Em um suíno (G3) notaram-se áreas marrom-amareladas nos cornos ventrais da intumescência cervical. As alterações histológicas mais importantes ocorreram nos cornos ventrais do "H" medular das intumescências cervical e lombar. Em um animal, as alterações envolviam o tronco cerebral e o mesencéfalo. Inicialmente, a lesão caracterizava-se por edema perivascular e astrocitário que progredia para lise e necrose de astrócitos e neurônios. O estágio crônico das lesões caracterizava-se por extensas áreas de necrose liquefativa e infiltração perivascular linfocítica e histiocítica, com raros eosinófilos. Sugere-se que a ruptura da barreira hematoencefálica por edema astrocitário seja o mecanismo mais provável da lesão no SNC.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Swine , Central Nervous System/injuries , Sodium Selenite/toxicity , Iatrogenic Disease/veterinaryABSTRACT
Following a case of iatrogenic selenium poisoning in a young pig, an experimental study was carry out. Sodium selenite was orally and parenterally administered to 13 pigs that were subdivided into three groups (G1, G2 and G3). The animals in groups G1 and G3 received sodium selenite intramuscularly (IM), G1 received a comercial formula, and G3 received sodium selenite mixed with distilled water at different dosages, and those in group G2 were fed commercial sodium selenite. Acute and subacute poisoning was observed in both groups, although the onset of clinical signs was slower in group G2. Only one pig (in group G1) that had received the highest dose showed a peracute course. Apathy, anorexia, dyspnea, vomiting, muscular tremors, proprioceptive deficit, ataxia and paresis of the hind limbs progressing to the front limbs evolving to tetraplegia were observed. Postmortem findings differed whether the animals received the injected (G1 and G3) or oral (G2) sodium selenite. The liver was moderately atrophic in some animals of G2. Some of the animals in groups G1 and G3 presented with lung edema. One pig in G3 had yellowish-brown areas in the ventral horns of the cervical intumescences of the spinal cord. The most important histological changes were present in the ventral horns of the cervical and lumbar intumescences of the spinal cord. In one animal, changes were present in the brainstem and mesencephalon. The initial lesion was a perivascular and astrocyte edema that progressing to lysis and death of astrocytes and neurons. In the chronic stage of the lesions, there were extensive areas of liquefaction necrosis with perivascular lymphocytic and histiocytic infiltration and occasional eosinophils. It seems that disruption of the blood-brain barrier due to astrocyte edema is the most likely mechanism of CNS lesion.(AU)
A partir de um caso de intoxicação iatrogênica por selenito de sódio injetável em suíno verificaram-se alguns aspectos patogenéticos não esclarecidos, o que ensejou o estudo experimental. Selenito de sódio foi administrado pelas vias oral e parenteral a 13 suínos, subdivididos em três grupos (G1, G2 e G3). Os grupos G1 e G3 receberam selenito de sódio por via intra-muscular (IM); (G1 - fórmula comercial e G3 - selenito de sódio misturado à água destilada, em diversas dosagens) e o grupo G2, por via oral (VO), misturado à ração. Quadros de evolução aguda e subaguda foram observados em todos os grupos, embora o início dos sintomas tenha sido mais lento no grupo G2. Um único porco (do grupo G1), que havia recebido a dose mais alta, apresentou evolução superaguda. Apatia, anorexia, dispneia, vômito, tremores musculares, déficit proprioceptivo, ataxia e paresia dos membros posteriores com progressão para os anteriores e evolução para tetraplegia foram observados. Os achados de necropsia foram diferentes entre os animais que receberam o selenito de sódio injetável (IM - G1 e G3) e oral (G2). Havia moderada atrofia hepática em alguns animais do G2. Parte dos animais dos grupos G1 e G3 apresentaram edema pulmonar. Em um suíno (G3) notaram-se áreas marrom-amareladas nos cornos ventrais da intumescência cervical. As alterações histológicas mais importantes ocorreram nos cornos ventrais do "H" medular das intumescências cervical e lombar. Em um animal, as alterações envolviam o tronco cerebral e o mesencéfalo. Inicialmente, a lesão caracterizava-se por edema perivascular e astrocitário que progredia para lise e necrose de astrócitos e neurônios. O estágio crônico das lesões caracterizava-se por extensas áreas de necrose liquefativa e infiltração perivascular linfocítica e histiocítica, com raros eosinófilos. Sugere-se que a ruptura da barreira hematoencefálica por edema astrocitário seja o mecanismo mais provável da lesão no SNC.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Swine , Central Nervous System/injuries , Sodium Selenite/toxicity , Iatrogenic Disease/veterinaryABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: Following a case of iatrogenic selenium poisoning in a young pig, an experimental study was carry out. Sodium selenite was orally and parenterally administered to 13 pigs that were subdivided into three groups (G1, G2 and G3). The animals in groups G1 and G3 received sodium selenite intramuscularly (IM), G1 received a comercial formula, and G3 received sodium selenite mixed with distilled water at different dosages, and those in group G2 were fed commercial sodium selenite. Acute and subacute poisoning was observed in both groups, although the onset of clinical signs was slower in group G2. Only one pig (in group G1) that had received the highest dose showed a peracute course. Apathy, anorexia, dyspnea, vomiting, muscular tremors, proprioceptive deficit, ataxia and paresis of the hind limbs progressing to the front limbs evolving to tetraplegia were observed. Postmortem findings differed whether the animals received the injected (G1 and G3) or oral (G2) sodium selenite. The liver was moderately atrophic in some animals of G2. Some of the animals in groups G1 and G3 presented with lung edema. One pig in G3 had yellowish-brown areas in the ventral horns of the cervical intumescences of the spinal cord. The most important histological changes were present in the ventral horns of the cervical and lumbar intumescences of the spinal cord. In one animal, changes were present in the brainstem and mesencephalon. The initial lesion was a perivascular and astrocyte edema that progressing to lysis and death of astrocytes and neurons. In the chronic stage of the lesions, there were extensive areas of liquefaction necrosis with perivascular lymphocytic and histiocytic infiltration and occasional eosinophils. It seems that disruption of the blood-brain barrier due to astrocyte edema is the most likely mechanism of CNS lesion.
RESUMO: A partir de um caso de intoxicação iatrogênica por selenito de sódio injetável em suíno verificaram-se alguns aspectos patogenéticos não esclarecidos, o que ensejou o estudo experimental. Selenito de sódio foi administrado pelas vias oral e parenteral a 13 suínos, subdivididos em três grupos (G1, G2 e G3). Os grupos G1 e G3 receberam selenito de sódio por via intra-muscular (IM); (G1 - fórmula comercial e G3 - selenito de sódio misturado à água destilada, em diversas dosagens) e o grupo G2, por via oral (VO), misturado à ração. Quadros de evolução aguda e subaguda foram observados em todos os grupos, embora o início dos sintomas tenha sido mais lento no grupo G2. Um único porco (do grupo G1), que havia recebido a dose mais alta, apresentou evolução superaguda. Apatia, anorexia, dispneia, vômito, tremores musculares, déficit proprioceptivo, ataxia e paresia dos membros posteriores com progressão para os anteriores e evolução para tetraplegia foram observados. Os achados de necropsia foram diferentes entre os animais que receberam o selenito de sódio injetável (IM - G1 e G3) e oral (G2). Havia moderada atrofia hepática em alguns animais do G2. Parte dos animais dos grupos G1 e G3 apresentaram edema pulmonar. Em um suíno (G3) notaram-se áreas marrom-amareladas nos cornos ventrais da intumescência cervical. As alterações histológicas mais importantes ocorreram nos cornos ventrais do H medular das intumescências cervical e lombar. Em um animal, as alterações envolviam o tronco cerebral e o mesencéfalo. Inicialmente, a lesão caracterizava-se por edema perivascular e astrocitário que progredia para lise e necrose de astrócitos e neurônios. O estágio crônico das lesões caracterizava-se por extensas áreas de necrose liquefativa e infiltração perivascular linfocítica e histiocítica, com raros eosinófilos. Sugere-se que a ruptura da barreira hematoencefálica por edema astrocitário seja o mecanismo mais provável da lesão no SNC.
ABSTRACT
Electrochemotherapy is a combination of high electric field and anticancer drugs. The treatment basis is electroporation or electropermeabilization of the cell membrane. Electroporation is a threshold phenomenon and, for efficient treatment, an adequate local distribution of electric field within the treated tissue is important. When this local electric field is not enough, there is a regrown tumor cell; however, if it is stronger than necessary, permanent damage to the tissue occurs. In the treatment of dogs, electrochemotherapy is not yet an established treatment for mast cell tumor in veterinary medicine, although there are studies showing evidence of its effectiveness. In this study, we examined electrochemotherapy of dog mast cell tumor with numerical simulation of local electric field distribution. The experimental result was used to validate the numerical models. The effect of tumor position and tissue thickness (tumor in different parts of dog body) was investigated using plate electrodes. Our results demonstrated that the electrochemotherapy is efficient and flexible, and even when the tumor extends into the subcutis, the treatment with plate electrode eliminated the tumor cells. This result suggests that electrochemotherapy is a suitable method to treat mast cell tumors in dog.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Dog Diseases/therapy , Electrochemotherapy/methods , Mast Cells/pathology , Mastocytosis, Cutaneous/therapy , Mastocytosis, Cutaneous/veterinary , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage , Computer Simulation , Dog Diseases/pathology , Dogs , Mastocytosis, Cutaneous/pathology , Models, BiologicalABSTRACT
Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, China and South Africa--the countries known as BRICS--represent some of the world's fastest growing large economies and nearly 40% of the world's population. Over the last two decades, BRICS have undertaken health-system reforms to make progress towards universal health coverage. This paper discusses three key aspects of these reforms: the role of government in financing health; the underlying motivation behind the reforms; and the value of the lessons learnt for non-BRICS countries. Although national governments have played a prominent role in the reforms, private financing constitutes a major share of health spending in BRICS. There is a reliance on direct expenditures in China and India and a substantial presence of private insurance in Brazil and South Africa. The Brazilian health reforms resulted from a political movement that made health a constitutional right, whereas those in China, India, the Russian Federation and South Africa were an attempt to improve the performance of the public system and reduce inequities in access. The move towards universal health coverage has been slow. In China and India, the reforms have not adequately addressed the issue of out-of-pocket payments. Negotiations between national and subnational entities have often been challenging but Brazil has been able to achieve good coordination between federal and state entities via a constitutional delineation of responsibility. In the Russian Federation, poor coordination has led to the fragmented pooling and inefficient use of resources. In mixed health systems it is essential to harness both public and private sector resources.
Le Brésil, la Fédération de Russie, l'Inde, la Chine et l'Afrique du Sud les pays connus sous le nom de BRICS représentent quelques-unes des grandes économies ayant connu la croissance la plus rapide dans le monde et près de 40% de la population mondiale. Au cours des 2 dernières décennies, le groupe BRICS a engagé des réformes de son système de santé pour atteindre la couverture de santé universelle. Cet article aborde les 3 aspects clés de ces réformes: le rôle du gouvernement dans le financement de la santé; la motivation profonde derrière ces réformes; et la valeur des leçons tirées pour les pays non-BRICS. Bien que les gouvernements nationaux jouent un rôle majeur dans ces réformes, le financement privé constitue une part importante des dépenses de santé dans le groupe BRICS. Il existe une dépendance à l'égard des dépenses directes en Chine et en Inde et à l'égard d'une présence importante des assurances privées au Brésil et en Afrique du Sud. Les réformes de la santé du Brésil ont fait suite à un mouvement politique qui a fait de la santé un droit constitutionnel, alors que les réformes en Chine, en Inde, en Fédération de Russie et en Afrique du Sud ont représenté des tentatives visant à améliorer la performance du système public et à réduire les inégalités de l'accès aux soins. Les progrès vers la couverture de santé universelle ont été lents. En Chine et en Inde, les réformes n'ont pas abordé suffisamment le problème des paiements restants à charge. Les négociations entre les entités nationales et infranationales ont souvent été difficiles, mais le Brésil a pu parvenir à une coordination adéquate entre les entités fédérales et étatiques grâce à une délimitation constitutionnelle des responsabilités. Dans la Fédération de Russie, le manque de coordination a entraîné un regroupement fragmenté et une utilisation inefficace des ressources. Dans les systèmes de santé à financement mixte, il est essentiel de maîtriser à la fois les ressources des 2 secteurs: public et privé.
Brasil, la Federación de Rusia, India, China y Sudáfrica, los países conocidos como BRICS, son algunas de las grandes economías que más rápidamente están creciendo y representan casi el 40% de la población mundial. A lo largo de las últimas dos décadas, los BRICS han emprendido reformas en los sistemas sanitarios para avanzar hacia una cobertura universal de salud. Este artículo analiza tres aspectos clave de estas reformas: el papel del gobierno a la hora de financiar la salud, los motivos subyacentes de las reformas y el valor de las lecciones aprendidas de otros países distintos a los BRICS. Aunque los gobiernos nacionales tienen un papel destacado en las reformas, la financiación privada constituye una parte importante de los gastos sanitarios en estos países. Hay una dependencia de los gastos directos en China e India y una presencia significativa de seguros privados en Brasil y Sudáfrica. Las reformas sanitarias brasileñas tuvieron como resultado un movimiento político que hizo de la salud un derecho constitucional, mientras que las de China, India, la Federación de Rusia y Sudáfrica fueron un intento de mejorar el rendimiento del sistema público y reducir las desigualdades del acceso a este. El avance hacia la cobertura universal de la salud ha sido lento. En China e India, las reformas no han abordado adecuadamente el problema de los pagos directos. A menudo, las negociaciones entre las entidades nacionales y subnacionales han sido difíciles, pero Brasil ha sido capaz de lograr una buena coordinación entre las entidades federales y estatales a través de una descripción constitucional de la responsabilidad. En la Federación de Rusia, una mala coordinación ha tenido como resultado una mancomunación fragmentada y el uso ineficaz de los recursos. En los sistemas sanitarios mixtos, es fundamental emplear recursos tanto del sector público como del privado.
Subject(s)
Health Care Reform , Healthcare Financing , Universal Health Insurance , Brazil , China , Economic Development , Health Care Costs , Humans , India , Interinstitutional Relations , Resource Allocation/economics , Russia , South AfricaABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the potential health impact and cost-effectiveness of nationwide Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccination in India. STUDY DESIGN: A decision support model was used, bringing together estimates of demography, epidemiology, Hib vaccine effectiveness, Hib vaccine costs, and health care costs. Scenarios favorable and unfavorable to the vaccine were evaluated. State-level analyses indicate where the vaccine might have the greatest impact and value. RESULTS: Between 2012 and 2031, Hib conjugate vaccination is estimated to prevent over 200â000 child deaths (â¼1% of deaths in children <5 years of age) in India at an incremental cost of US$127 million per year. From a government perspective, state-level cost-effectiveness ranged from US$192 to US$1033 per discounted disability adjusted life years averted. With the inclusion of household health care costs, cost-effectiveness ranged from US$155-US$939 per discounted disability adjusted life year averted. These values are below the World Health Organization thresholds for cost effectiveness of public health interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Hib conjugate vaccination is a cost-effective intervention in all States of India. This conclusion does not alter with plausible changes in key parameters. Although investment in Hib conjugate vaccination would significantly increase the cost of the Universal Immunization Program, about 15% of the incremental cost would be offset by health care cost savings. Efforts should be made to expedite the nationwide introduction of Hib conjugate vaccination in India.
Subject(s)
Haemophilus Infections/economics , Haemophilus Vaccines/economics , Haemophilus influenzae type b/immunology , Immunization Programs/economics , Meningitis, Haemophilus/economics , Vaccines, Conjugate/economics , Bacterial Capsules , Child , Cost of Illness , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Decision Support Techniques , Haemophilus Infections/immunology , Haemophilus Infections/prevention & control , Health Care Costs , Humans , India , Meningitis, Haemophilus/epidemiology , Meningitis, Haemophilus/immunology , Vaccines, Conjugate/immunologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To estimate individual and household economic impact of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in selected low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). BACKGROUND: Empirical evidence on the microeconomic consequences of CVD in LMIC is scarce. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We surveyed 1,657 recently hospitalized CVD patients (66% male; mean age 55.8 years) from Argentina, China, India, and Tanzania to evaluate the microeconomic and functional/productivity impact of CVD hospitalization. Respondents were stratified into three income groups. Median out-of-pocket expenditures for CVD treatment over 15 month follow-up ranged from 354 international dollars (2007 INT$, Tanzania, low-income) to INT$2,917 (India, high-income). Catastrophic health spending (CHS) was present in >50% of respondents in China, India, and Tanzania. Distress financing (DF) and lost income were more common in low-income respondents. After adjustment, lack of health insurance was associated with CHS in Argentina (OR 4.73 [2.56, 8.76], India (OR 3.93 [2.23, 6.90], and Tanzania (OR 3.68 [1.86, 7.26] with a marginal association in China (OR 2.05 [0.82, 5.11]). These economic effects were accompanied by substantial decreases in individual functional health and productivity. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals in selected LMIC bear significant financial burdens following CVD hospitalization, yet with substantial variation across and within countries. Lack of insurance may drive much of the financial stress of CVD in LMIC patients and their families.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/economics , Hospitalization/economics , Income , Argentina , China , Cross-Sectional Studies , Demography , Female , Health Care Surveys , Health Expenditures , Humans , India , Logistic Models , Male , Middle Aged , Multivariate Analysis , TanzaniaABSTRACT
A case of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is described in a 9-month-old, male, mixed breed calf from Espírito Santo State, southeastern Brazil. MCF had not yet been described in this region. The clinical course was 5 days and clinical signs included proprioceptive deficits, depression, dyspnea, coughing, nasal discharge, and erosive-ulcerative lesions in the oral cavity. Necropsy findings included erosive-ulcerative lesions in the alimentary tract and bronchopneumonia. Histopathological exam revealed widespread lymphoplasmacytic vasculitis associated with fibrinoid necrosis of vessel walls, mainly in the vessels of carotid rete mirabile. The diagnosis of MCF was made based on clinical, necropsy and histological findings.(AU)
Subject(s)
Cattle , Cattle Diseases/virology , Malignant Catarrh/diagnosis , Autopsy/veterinary , Brazil , Virus Diseases/veterinaryABSTRACT
Por meio de revisão da literatura pertinente foram coligidos e são apresentados os principais dados relativos à intoxicação por selênio em animais domésticos. Foram abordados e discutidos os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos, anátomo e histopatológicos e patogenéticos atribuídos a Alkali Disease, Blind Staggers, intoxicação aguda e poliomielomalácia simétrica focal dos suínos. O trabalho tem como objetivo esclarecer pontos obscuros relativos à intoxicação por selênio, bem como alertar para os riscos que a suplementação com esse elemento pode representar.(AU)
Trough a critical literature review, the main data of selenium poisoning in domestic animals are presented. Epidemiological, clinical, anatomic and histopathological aspects attributed to Alkali Disease, Blind Staggers, acute poisoning and focal symmetrical poliomielomalacia of swine are discussed. The main objective of the paper is to clarify obscure points of selenium poisoning, as well to point out the risks that supplementation with this element can represent.(AU)
Subject(s)
Selenium/toxicity , Selenium/adverse effects , Animals, DomesticABSTRACT
Por meio de revisão da literatura pertinente foram coligidos e são apresentados os principais dados relativos à intoxicação por selênio em animais domésticos. Foram abordados e discutidos os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos, anátomo e histopatológicos e patogenéticos atribuídos a Alkali Disease, Blind Staggers, intoxicação aguda e poliomielomalácia simétrica focal dos suínos. O trabalho tem como objetivo esclarecer pontos obscuros relativos à intoxicação por selênio, bem como alertar para os riscos que a suplementação com esse elemento pode representar.
Trough a critical literature review, the main data of selenium poisoning in domestic animals are presented. Epidemiological, clinical, anatomic and histopathological aspects attributed to Alkali Disease, Blind Staggers, acute poisoning and focal symmetrical poliomielomalacia of swine are discussed. The main objective of the paper is to clarify obscure points of selenium poisoning, as well to point out the risks that supplementation with this element can represent.
Subject(s)
Animals, Domestic , Selenium/adverse effects , Selenium/toxicityABSTRACT
A administração por via oral das folhas dessecadas de Piptadenia macrocarpa (Benth. [=Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) Brenan], Piptadenia viridiflora (Kunth.) Benth. e Holocalyx glaziovii Taub. [=Holocalyx balansae Micheli], plantas cianogênicas da família Leguminosae Mimosoideae, revelou a sensibilidade do coelho à elas, caracterizando-se a intoxicação por sintomatologia de natureza neuromuscular. A dose letal de P. macrocarpa foi de 6 g/kg para a brotação dessecada, até 5 meses após sua coleta; 6 meses depois da coleta a planta havia perdido a toxidez. A dose letal de P. viridiflora foi também de 6 g/kg para a brotação dessecada, coletada dois meses antes dos experimentos; 10 meses após a coleta a planta havia perdido metade da toxidez. Com H. glaziovii foram realizadas duas séries experimentais; estabeleceu-se a dose letal entre 0,75 e 1,5 g/kg com a planta coletada 2 meses antes, também com perda aproximada de metade da toxidez no período de 12 meses. O experimentos indicam, que H. glaziovii, moída logo após a coleta e armazenada em vidros fechados com tampa plástica, conserva melhor a toxidez nos primeiros meses do que a planta guardada em sacos de algodão, porém, ao final de um ano, essa diferença deixa de existir. A toxidez das folhas dessecadas foi proporcional à intensidade das reações das mesmas ao teste do papel picro-sódico, com raras exceções (AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Rabbits , Plant Poisoning/veterinary , Fabaceae/toxicity , Plant Poisoning/pathologyABSTRACT
A administraçäo por via oral das folhas dessecadas de Piptadenia macrocarpa (Benth. [=Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) Brenan], Piptadenia viridiflora (Kunth.) Benth. e Holocalyx glaziovii Taub. [=Holocalyx balansae Micheli], plantas cianogênicas da família Leguminosae Mimosoideae, revelou a sensibilidade do coelho à elas, caracterizando-se a intoxicaçäo por sintomatologia de natureza neuromuscular. A dose letal de P. macrocarpa foi de 6 g/kg para a brotaçäo dessecada, até 5 meses após sua coleta; 6 meses depois da coleta a planta havia perdido a toxidez. A dose letal de P. viridiflora foi também de 6 g/kg para a brotaçäo dessecada, coletada dois meses antes dos experimentos; 10 meses após a coleta a planta havia perdido metade da toxidez. Com H. glaziovii foram realizadas duas séries experimentais; estabeleceu-se a dose letal entre 0,75 e 1,5 g/kg com a planta coletada 2 meses antes, também com perda aproximada de metade da toxidez no período de 12 meses. O experimentos indicam, que H. glaziovii, moída logo após a coleta e armazenada em vidros fechados com tampa plástica, conserva melhor a toxidez nos primeiros meses do que a planta guardada em sacos de algodäo, porém, ao final de um ano, essa diferença deixa de existir. A toxidez das folhas dessecadas foi proporcional à intensidade das reações das mesmas ao teste do papel picro-sódico, com raras exceções (au)
Subject(s)
Rabbits , Animals , Fabaceae , Plant Poisoning/veterinary , Plant Poisoning/pathologyABSTRACT
The effect of local treatment of nose of lepromatous type of patients with different formulations of rifampicin nasal drops/sprays was investigated in a large number of patients. The preparations were either sprayed or instilled into the nostrils after flushing the nostrils with normal saline at 37 degrees C. It was observed that 10 mg/ml of rifampicin was effective in reducing the BI and MI to zero in nose in seven days in majority of the patients. No untoward effect was seen in any of the patients. It is suggested that nasal sprays/drops may be able to prevent the transmission of hanseniasis, as nose is recognised to be an important portal of exit of M. leprae. Further when rifampicin drops/sprays are used as soon as the diagnosis is made, the nasal deformity may be prevented. It is believed that local treatment along with systemic therapy would go a long way in controlling the transmission of hanseniasis.
Subject(s)
Leprosy, Lepromatous/prevention & control , Mycobacterium leprae/drug effects , Nose/microbiology , Rifampin/therapeutic use , Administration, Intranasal , Humans , Rifampin/administration & dosageABSTRACT
O efeito do tratamento local do nariz de paciente do tipo lepromatoso com diferentes formulaçöes de rifampicina em gotas ou "sprays" nasais, foi investigado em um grande número de pacientes. As preparaçöes foram ou aspergidas ou instiladas dentro das narinas depois de sua limpeza por jato com soluçäo salina normal a 37-C. Observou-se que 10 mg/ml de rifampicina eram eficazes na reduçäo do BI e do MI a zero no nariz em sete dias na maioria dos pacientes. Näo foi visto efeito desagradável em qualquer dos paciente. Sugere-se que "sprays"/gotas nasais possam prevenir a transmissäo da hanseníase, uma vez que o nariz é reconhecido ser uma importante porta de saida de M. leprae. Além disso a deformidade nasal pde ser prevenida quando a rifampicina "sprays"/gotas é usada täo logo o diagnóstico é feito. Acredita-se que o tratamento local juntamente com a terapia sistêmica contribuiriam muito no controle da transmissäo da hanseníase
Subject(s)
Humans , Leprosy, Lepromatous/prevention & control , Nose Deformities, Acquired/drug therapy , Rifampin/therapeutic use , Administration, Intranasal , Mycobacterium leprae/drug effects , Nose/pathology , Rifampin/administration & dosageABSTRACT
The technique 'Jala Neti' as described in yoga is a general hygienic procedure to cleanse the nostrils effectively with a normal saline. The above mentioned technique was tried in three leprosy centres namely Jammikunt, Huzurabad and Warangal in Andhra Pradesh, India and was found to be acceptable to patients of leprosy. The technique has been found to be superior to the conventional method recommended to cleanse the nostrils in leprosy patients.