ABSTRACT
In this work, the semi solid extrusion 3D printing process was utilized to incorporate anti-HIV drug Dolutegravir and its nanoparticles into the buccal film (BF) that was fabricated using the developed polymer ink. The composite made of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium alginate was processed into a 3D printing polymer ink with optimum viscosity (9587 ± 219 cP) needed for the seamless extrusion through the nozzle of the 3D printer. The formulated BFs were assessed for its physical properties like weight (0.414 ± 0.3 g), thickness (1.54 ± 0.02 mm), swelling index (18.5 ± 0.91%), and mucoadhesiveness strength (0.165 ± 0.09 N) etc, The structural integrity and the surface morphology of the developed BFs were investigated by scanning electron microscopy analysis. The chemical stability and the solid-state nature of the drug in the BFs were assessed by Fourier transform infrared and x-ray diffraction analysis respectively. Further the BFs were assessed for drug dissolutionin-vitroandex-vivo, to study the effect of polymer composition and printing condition on the dissolution profile of the drug in the simulated salivary fluid. The results demonstrated that the developed PVA based polymer ink for 3D printing utilizing pressure is a versatile approach in the context of manufacturing mucoadhesive BFs customized in terms of shape and the amount of drug loaded.
Subject(s)
Chitosan , Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring , Nanoparticles , Oxazines , Piperazines , Pyridones , Humans , Child , Chitosan/chemistry , Polymers/chemistry , Polyvinyl Alcohol/chemistry , Printing, Three-DimensionalABSTRACT
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have recently become very attractive for the scientific community due to their broad spectrum of applications in the biomedical field. The main advantages of AgNPs include a simple method of synthesis, a simple way to change their morphology and high surface area to volume ratio. Much research has been carried out over the years to evaluate their possible effectivity against microbial organisms. The most important factors which influence the effectivity of AgNPs against microorganisms are the method of their preparation and the type of application. When incorporated into fabric wound dressings and other textiles, AgNPs have shown significant antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and inhibited biofilm formation. In this review, the different routes of synthesizing AgNPs with controlled size and geometry including chemical, green, irradiation and thermal synthesis, as well as the different types of application of AgNPs for wound dressings such as membrane immobilization, topical application, preparation of nanofibers and hydrogels, and the mechanism behind their antimicrobial activity, have been discussed elaborately.
ABSTRACT
Advent of additive manufacturing in biomedical field has nurtured fabrication of complex, customizable and reproducible orthopaedic implants. Layer-by-layer deposition of biodegradable polymer employed in development of porous orthopaedic screws promises gradual dissolution and complete metabolic resorption thereby overcoming the limitations of conventional metallic screws. In the present study, screws with different pore sizes (916 × 918 µm to 254 × 146 µm) were 3D printed at 200 µm layer height by varying printing parameters such as print speed, fill density and travel speed to augment the bone ingrowth. Micro-CT analysis and scanning electron micrographs of screws with 45% fill density confirmed porous interconnections (40.1%) and optimal pore size (259 × 207 × 200 µm) without compromising the mechanical strength (24.58 ± 1.36 MPa). Due to the open pore structure, the 3D printed screws showed increased weight gain due to the deposition of calcium when incubated in simulated body fluid. Osteoblast-like cells attached on screw and infiltrated into the pores over 14 days of in vitro culture. Further, the screws also supported greater human mesenchymal stem cell adhesion, proliferation and mineralized matrix synthesis over a period of 21 days in vitro culture as compared to non-porous screws. These porous screws showed significantly increased vascularization in a rat subcutaneous implantation as compared to control screws. Porous screws produced by additive manufacturing may promote better osteointegration due to enhanced mineralization and vascularization.
